Metabolism & Digestive System Exam

The net yield of glycolysis from a single glucose molecule includes __________.

2 NADH and 2 ATP

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body; (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct (2) Common hepatic duct (3) Cystic duct (4) Left and right hepatic ducts

4, 2, 1

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called __________.

ATP

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is __________.

Absorption

The __________ cells of the mucosa have microvilli and digestive enzymes on their surface.

Absorptive

Feces consist of __________. water undigestible food bacteria sloughed-off epithelial cells All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Functions of the liver include __________. production of many blood proteins interconversion of nutrients detoxification of harmful chemicals bile production All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Hepatocytes phagocytize cells. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. convert ammonia to urea. remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following apply to the small intestine? Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. Mixing and propulsion of chyme. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? Pancreas Ascending colon Duodenum Descending colon All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements concerning metabolic reactions is true? Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions. Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids. The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism. Anabolic reactions release energy. Catabolic reactions consume energy.

Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.

Which of the following statements is true? Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions. Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.Correct The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism. Anabolic reactions release energy. Catabolic reactions consume energy.

Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP?

Beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.

The enteric plexus

Both "Helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract" and "Contains parasympathetic neurons" are correctCorrect

Which of the following are energy nutrients? Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Proteins, water, and minerals Lipids, minerals, and vitamins Vitamins, lipids, and carbohydrates Water, minerals, and vitamins

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

The digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides is an example of __________.

Catabolism

Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by __________.

Cholecystokinin

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system? Cellular respiration Food selection Elimination of undigested foodCorrect Regulation of blood pH Integration and coordination of other systems

Elimination of undigested food

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

Epiglottis

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? EsophagusCorrect Salivary glands Pancreas Gallbladder

Esophagus

Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? Greater omentum Lesser omentum Transverse mesocolon Falciform ligament Round ligament

Falciform ligament

Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP

False

Which of the following events takes place during the absorptive state? Protein is converted into glucose in the process of deamination. Glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats. Ketones are produced from fatty acids. Fats are converted into glucose via beta oxidation. Glycogen is converted to glucose.

Glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats.

Which of the following is the correct sequence?

Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chainCorrect

Which of the following organs can store glycogen? Spleen and pancreas Kidney and adrenal gland Large and small intestines Liver and muscles Stomach and pancreas

Liver and muscles

Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? Chemical digestion Mass movements Mastication Mixing waves Neutralization

Mass movements

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? Mastication of food Absorption of nutrients Complete digestion of food Mixing by segmental contractions

Mastication of food

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?

Mucosa

Which of the following is correctly matched? Mucosa - controls peristalsis Serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels Submucosa - lamina propria Serosa - increased surface area Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to __________.

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? Colon Liver Pancreas Gallbladder Spleen

Pancreas

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

Peristalsis

__________ is the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Propulsion

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be __________.

Retroperitoneal

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called __________.

Segmental contraction

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

The jejunum and duodenum

During glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.

True

When oxygen accepts electrons, water is produced as a byproduct.

True

Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate? Pepsin - protein Amylase - starch Trypsin - nucleic acids Lipase - fat Deoxyribonucleases - DNA

Trypsin - nucleic acids

Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?

Vitamins

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition? Pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal Esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal Voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

Enterokinase __________.

activates trypsinogen

One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that

aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include __________.

amylase, maltase, and sucrase

Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called __________.

beta oxidation

Cholesterol

can be manufactured by most tissues.

Minerals

can serve as buffers and components of enzymes.

Essential nutrients

cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called __________.

chyme

A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a/an __________ protein.

complete

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

convert chyme to feces.

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include __________.

disaccharidases

Bile

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the

energy content of food.

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of __________.

fatty acids

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the __________ phase of gastric secretion.

gastric

The process that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is __________.

gluconeogenesis

The primary source of energy for most cells is __________.

glucose

Excess glucose in animals is stored as __________.

glycogen

When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.

glycogenesis

The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining

The villi, microvilli, and plicae circularis function to

increase surface area for absorption.

Mastication

increases the surface area of food particles.

The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the

intermembrane space to the matrix

Transamination

involves removing an amine group from an amino acid

The defecation reflex

is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to __________.

lactic acid

The body's main energy storage molecules are __________.

lipids

The formation of triglycerides is called __________.

lipogenesis

Bile is produced by cells of the __________.

liver

Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood as __________.

monosaccharides

An essential amino acid

must be supplied in the diet

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is __________.

pancreatic juice

The abdominal cavity is lined with __________.

parietal peritoneum

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________.

pyruvate

When chyme enters the duodenum, __________ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

secretin

Complex carbohydrates include

starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

The gallbladder __________.

stores bile

The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the __________ glands.

submandibular

A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a __________.

triglyceride

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are __________.

triglycerides

Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin C