MGMT 363 Test 2
Expectancy Theory Map
**draw map from doc
The Effect of Justice on Theft During Pay Cut
*graph on doc
Revisit overall model
*on doc
Motivational Force Equation
(E --> P) x e[(P-->0)xV]
How does motivation relate to job performance and organizational commitment?
strong correlation to job performance moderate correlation to organizational commitment
How does trust influence organizational commitment?
strong positive effect because a sense of obligation develops along with trust
reputation
takes a long time to develop and a short time to destroy influences with whom customers wish to do business influences where employees want to work
Four Component Model
taking into consideration three important things in order to determine whether or not a person will act ethically while taking into account whether or not you have good/bad people and good/bad situations
2 types of morale principles
teleological/consequentialist deotological/ non-consequentialist
benevolence
the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives
moral intensity
the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency
Ethics
focus on right and wrong in reference to generally accepted norms of behavior
pre conventional
focuses on consequences of actions for the individual
utilitarianism
greatest good for the greatest number
Morale principles
guides for making moral judgements
What is the role of engagement?
high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort the higher your score the more engaged you are
principled stage
the most advanced, uses a set of defined, established moral principles sees beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals to what is inherently right
integrity
the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the truster finds acceptable
concentration of effect
how many will it impact? one person or everyone in the country?
Trust & Task Performance
increases performance because it allows people to use their effort towards doing the work instead of worrying about trust ability to focus distrust tax trust dividend
Deotological/non-consequentialist
intent is the most important ethics of duties ethics of rights virtue ethics
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivators?
intrinsic is you extrinsic is factors around you
virtue ethics
is right if you adhere to virtues such as honesty, mercy, loyalty, patience, and modesty
2 parts to informational justice
justification: do authors explain procedures thoroughly? truthfulness: are communications honest and candid?
potential for harm to others
magnitude of consequences, probability effect, temporal immediacy, concentration of effect
egoism
maximizes good for the person
Trust
the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions
ability
skills, competencies, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area
What is whistleblowing?
snitching
2 parts to social pressure
social consensus: everyone agrees that this is the right/wrong thing to do proximity : are the people physically close to you or far away?
What makes a goal an effective one?
specific and difficult
Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting?
specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, time-sensitive
6 parts of Procedural Justice:
voice, correct ability, consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, accuracy
temporal immediacy
when is it going to occur? tmrw or in ten years?
moral awareness
when someone recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance
especially ethical
you go above and beyond minimum
merely ethical
you obey laws and live up to contactual obligations
Distributive Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of outcomes
Informational Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of the communication provided to employees
interpersonal justice
reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities
moral judgement
reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or not
Justice
relate to perceptions of fairness regarding the behavior of the authority
ethics of rights
respect the rights of others
2 parts to interpersonal justice
respect: whether authorities treat employees in a dignified and sincere manner? propriety: do authorities make improper remarks about the employees?
What influences goal commitment?
rewards, publicity support, participation, resources (chart)
Expectancy Theory - how you can predict performance based on the theory.
??
What are the reactions to inequity and how do they differ in relation to positive and negative inequity?
?? look at different outcomes
How does trust relate to reputation?
A firm's reputation is one of its most prized possessions. Reputation reflects the prominence of a brand in the minds of the public and its perceived quality. It can be easily damaged.
What is psychological empowerment and what four beliefs make it up?
An intrinsic form of motivation derived from teh belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose Fostered by four beliefs: Meaningfulness Self-determination Competence Impact
bias suppression
Are procedures neutral and unbiased?
D.I.P
Direction - what do you do? Intensity- how hard do you do it? Persistence - how long do you do it?
What are the three types of trust and how do they relate to each other?
Disposition-Based Trust Cognition-Based Trust Affect-Based Trust
Be able to distinguish between the four types of organizational justice and how they might interact with each other. Also, be familiar with what contributes to the perceptions of each type of justice.
Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interpersonal Justice Informational Justice *red charts
Ethical behavior
Does the person act ethically?
Procedural Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes
What are the various ways that organizations apply motivational concepts in compensation systems?
Individual-Focused Unit-Focused Organization Focused
What are the various comparisons that people could make?
Job Equity, Company/Organization Equity, Occupational Equity, Educational Equity, Age Equity
What are the three components of performance?
Motivation x Ability x Opportunity
Expectancy Theory -Be familiar with expectancy theory including the three main components
Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things: That effort will result in performance That performance will result in outcomes That those outcomes will be valuable
What is the primary focus of equity theory? How is it determined?
Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other" Thus, motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employees.
Extrinsic & Intrinsic Outcomes Examples
Pay --> Employment bonuses --> interestingness promotions --> accomplishment praise --> personal expression job security --> (lack of) boredom
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological, Safety & Security, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization
Expectancy Theory - how those components can be influenced by organizations
Supportive Leadership Access to Resources Self-Efficacy
What are ethics?
The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
What is trust propensity?
a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon
Motivation
a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence
What are the components of cognition-based trust?
ability, benevolence, integrity
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
achievement, power, affiliation
Why is money so important? Why does pay have such a high value?
achievement, respect, freedom
whistleblowing
expose illegal or immoral actions by the organization to the public
What are the different personality types in relation to equity theory?
alter outcomes, alter inputs, alter comparison others inputs, change the comparison other, rationalization, leave the situation
need
based on the demands of the employee
ethics of duties
categorical imperative; should do no harm to society and respect human dignity
trustworthiness
characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
teleological/consequentialist
consequences are most important: utilitarianism egoism
moral attentiveness
degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences
What are the three components of motivation?
direction, intensity, persistence (DIP)
4 types of justice
distributive, procedural, interpersonal, informational
consistency
do all the rules apply to everyone over time
voice
do employees have a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making?
representativeness
do procedures consider the needs of all groups
accuracy
do procedures use correct information
equality
everyone receives the same outcomes
Alderfer's ERG theory -Frustration Regression
existence, relatedness, growth
3 parts to ethics
merely ethical, especially ethical, whistleblowing
How does trust influence job performance?
moderate positive relationship with job performance
4 parts to the four component model
moral awareness, moral judgement, moral intent, ethical behavior
2 parts to moral awareness
moral intensity, moral attentiveness
affect-based
not rooted in reason but based on how you feel about the trustee
equity
pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments are allocated based on what people put into the organization; based on performance
What increases moral intensity?
potential for harm to others and social pressure
stages of cognitive moral development
preconventional, conventional, principled
correctability
provides employees with a chance to request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively
conventional
references the exceptions of ones family and society
moral intent
reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action