MGMT 363 Test 2

Expectancy Theory Map

**draw map from doc

The Effect of Justice on Theft During Pay Cut

*graph on doc

Revisit overall model

*on doc

Motivational Force Equation

(E --> P) x e[(P-->0)xV]

How does motivation relate to job performance and organizational commitment?

strong correlation to job performance moderate correlation to organizational commitment

How does trust influence organizational commitment?

strong positive effect because a sense of obligation develops along with trust

reputation

takes a long time to develop and a short time to destroy influences with whom customers wish to do business influences where employees want to work

Four Component Model

taking into consideration three important things in order to determine whether or not a person will act ethically while taking into account whether or not you have good/bad people and good/bad situations

2 types of morale principles

teleological/consequentialist deotological/ non-consequentialist

benevolence

the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives

moral intensity

the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency

Ethics

focus on right and wrong in reference to generally accepted norms of behavior

pre conventional

focuses on consequences of actions for the individual

utilitarianism

greatest good for the greatest number

Morale principles

guides for making moral judgements

What is the role of engagement?

high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort the higher your score the more engaged you are

principled stage

the most advanced, uses a set of defined, established moral principles sees beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals to what is inherently right

integrity

the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the truster finds acceptable

concentration of effect

how many will it impact? one person or everyone in the country?

Trust & Task Performance

increases performance because it allows people to use their effort towards doing the work instead of worrying about trust ability to focus distrust tax trust dividend

Deotological/non-consequentialist

intent is the most important ethics of duties ethics of rights virtue ethics

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivators?

intrinsic is you extrinsic is factors around you

virtue ethics

is right if you adhere to virtues such as honesty, mercy, loyalty, patience, and modesty

2 parts to informational justice

justification: do authors explain procedures thoroughly? truthfulness: are communications honest and candid?

potential for harm to others

magnitude of consequences, probability effect, temporal immediacy, concentration of effect

egoism

maximizes good for the person

Trust

the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions

ability

skills, competencies, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area

What is whistleblowing?

snitching

2 parts to social pressure

social consensus: everyone agrees that this is the right/wrong thing to do proximity : are the people physically close to you or far away?

What makes a goal an effective one?

specific and difficult

Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting?

specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, time-sensitive

6 parts of Procedural Justice:

voice, correct ability, consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, accuracy

temporal immediacy

when is it going to occur? tmrw or in ten years?

moral awareness

when someone recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance

especially ethical

you go above and beyond minimum

merely ethical

you obey laws and live up to contactual obligations

Distributive Justice

reflects the perceived fairness of outcomes

Informational Justice

reflects the perceived fairness of the communication provided to employees

interpersonal justice

reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities

moral judgement

reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or not

Justice

relate to perceptions of fairness regarding the behavior of the authority

ethics of rights

respect the rights of others

2 parts to interpersonal justice

respect: whether authorities treat employees in a dignified and sincere manner? propriety: do authorities make improper remarks about the employees?

What influences goal commitment?

rewards, publicity support, participation, resources (chart)

Expectancy Theory - how you can predict performance based on the theory.

??

What are the reactions to inequity and how do they differ in relation to positive and negative inequity?

?? look at different outcomes

How does trust relate to reputation?

A firm's reputation is one of its most prized possessions. Reputation reflects the prominence of a brand in the minds of the public and its perceived quality. It can be easily damaged.

What is psychological empowerment and what four beliefs make it up?

An intrinsic form of motivation derived from teh belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose Fostered by four beliefs: Meaningfulness Self-determination Competence Impact

bias suppression

Are procedures neutral and unbiased?

D.I.P

Direction - what do you do? Intensity- how hard do you do it? Persistence - how long do you do it?

What are the three types of trust and how do they relate to each other?

Disposition-Based Trust Cognition-Based Trust Affect-Based Trust

Be able to distinguish between the four types of organizational justice and how they might interact with each other. Also, be familiar with what contributes to the perceptions of each type of justice.

Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interpersonal Justice Informational Justice *red charts

Ethical behavior

Does the person act ethically?

Procedural Justice

reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes

What are the various ways that organizations apply motivational concepts in compensation systems?

Individual-Focused Unit-Focused Organization Focused

What are the various comparisons that people could make?

Job Equity, Company/Organization Equity, Occupational Equity, Educational Equity, Age Equity

What are the three components of performance?

Motivation x Ability x Opportunity

Expectancy Theory -Be familiar with expectancy theory including the three main components

Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things: That effort will result in performance That performance will result in outcomes That those outcomes will be valuable

What is the primary focus of equity theory? How is it determined?

Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other" Thus, motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employees.

Extrinsic & Intrinsic Outcomes Examples

Pay --> Employment bonuses --> interestingness promotions --> accomplishment praise --> personal expression job security --> (lack of) boredom

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological, Safety & Security, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization

Expectancy Theory - how those components can be influenced by organizations

Supportive Leadership Access to Resources Self-Efficacy

What are ethics?

The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms

What is trust propensity?

a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon

Motivation

a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence

What are the components of cognition-based trust?

ability, benevolence, integrity

McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory

achievement, power, affiliation

Why is money so important? Why does pay have such a high value?

achievement, respect, freedom

whistleblowing

expose illegal or immoral actions by the organization to the public

What are the different personality types in relation to equity theory?

alter outcomes, alter inputs, alter comparison others inputs, change the comparison other, rationalization, leave the situation

need

based on the demands of the employee

ethics of duties

categorical imperative; should do no harm to society and respect human dignity

trustworthiness

characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust

teleological/consequentialist

consequences are most important: utilitarianism egoism

moral attentiveness

degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences

What are the three components of motivation?

direction, intensity, persistence (DIP)

4 types of justice

distributive, procedural, interpersonal, informational

consistency

do all the rules apply to everyone over time

voice

do employees have a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making?

representativeness

do procedures consider the needs of all groups

accuracy

do procedures use correct information

equality

everyone receives the same outcomes

Alderfer's ERG theory -Frustration Regression

existence, relatedness, growth

3 parts to ethics

merely ethical, especially ethical, whistleblowing

How does trust influence job performance?

moderate positive relationship with job performance

4 parts to the four component model

moral awareness, moral judgement, moral intent, ethical behavior

2 parts to moral awareness

moral intensity, moral attentiveness

affect-based

not rooted in reason but based on how you feel about the trustee

equity

pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments are allocated based on what people put into the organization; based on performance

What increases moral intensity?

potential for harm to others and social pressure

stages of cognitive moral development

preconventional, conventional, principled

correctability

provides employees with a chance to request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively

conventional

references the exceptions of ones family and society

moral intent

reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action