MGMT 436 CHAPTER 4

Most educational theories historically have been developed exclusively to educate children. True or False

TRUE

The stimulus generalization approach is more appropriate for open skills as opposed to closed skills. True or False

TRUE

The working storage and semantic encoding processes of learning both relate to short-term memory. True or False

TRUE

_____ is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn new knowledge and skills. a. Self-efficacy b. Self-actualization c. Self-esteem d. Self-concept

a. Self-efficacy

Good decisiveness, practical application of ideas, and hypothetical deductive reasoning are characteristics of individuals with a _____ learning style. a. converger b. diverger c. assimilator d. accommodator

a. converger

In the context of expectancy theory, _____ relates to trainees' beliefs that they perform the trained skill. a. expectancy b. instrumentality c. self-efficacy d. valance

a. expectancy

Which of the following statements is true of closed skills? a. They require the trainee to adapt the general principles to fit a wide range of circumstances. b. They refer to training objectives that are linked to general learning principles. c. They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job. d. They are more difficult to train than open skills.

b. They refer to training objectives that are linked to general learning principles.

Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to _____. a. state or describe previously stored information b. apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems c. execute a physical action with precision and timing d. choose a personal course of action

b. apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems

The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n) _____. a. reflective observation b. concrete experience c. abstract conceptualization d. active experimentation

b. concrete experience

In expectancy theory, the belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome is called _____. a. valence b. instrumentality c. maintenance d. generalizing

b. instrumentality

In the learning processes, semantic encoding typically involves _____. a. informing learners of the lesson objective b. providing learning guidance to individuals c. providing learners cues that are used in recall d. providing feedback about performance correctness

b. providing learning guidance to individuals

Behavior modeling is a training method that is primarily based on _____. a. goal setting theory b. social learning theory c. expectancy theory d. reinforcement theory

b. social learning theory

_____ relates to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems. a. Cognitive strategy b. Motor skill c. Attitude d. Verbal information

a. Cognitive strategy

_____ use concrete experience and reflective observation and are good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives. a. Divergers b. Assimilators c. Convergers d. Accommodators

a. Divergers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)? a. Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their knowledge with others. b. They are not naturally occurring in companies; hence, they have to be forced. c. Social interaction is discouraged; hence, learning occurs off the job. d. They make it tedious for employees to share best practices, learn from one another, and improve business processes.

a. Employees are reluctant to participate without an incentive and fear sharing their knowledge with others.

Adult learning theory assumes that adults enter a learning experience with a subject-centered approach to learning. True or False

FALSE

Automatization of tasks increases memory demands. True or False

FALSE

Closed skills are highly influenced by managers, peers, and the work environment. True or False

FALSE

Identical elements are maximized when the learning environment matches the trainee as closely as possible. True or False

FALSE

In error management training, trainees are instructed that errors hamper learning and should largely be avoided. True or False

FALSE

In general, it is best to promote a performance orientation among trainees. True or False

FALSE

In the context of adult learning theory (andragogy), group discussions would likely be less appropriate than the traditional lecture method. True or False

FALSE

Individuals with a learning orientation find that errors and mistakes cause anxiety. True or False

FALSE

Instrumentality is similar to self-efficacy. True or False

FALSE

Open skills are those that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job. True or False

FALSE

Providing self-management training is an example of an internal learning condition. True or False

FALSE

The stimulus generalization approach emphasizes near transfer of training. True or False

FALSE

Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees? a. Emphasizing trained task performance b. Emphasizing competition among trainees c. Ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes d. Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

d. Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

Developing a computer program that meets customer specifications is an example of an intellectual skills learning outcome. True or False

TRUE

For more complex tasks, relatively long rest periods appear to be beneficial for learning. True or False

TRUE

It is best to include a combination of examples and practice, rather than all practice. True or False

TRUE

Juan, an operations manager has been assigned to train a group of older employees in the logistics department. He has to train them to use new computer software. He begins by reminding them that they were quick in learning the old software. Juan is trying to _____. a. increase the employees' self-efficacy b. deter expectancies of the employees c. create motor reproduction d. raise the valence of the behavior

a. increase the employees' self-efficacy

Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves _____. a. perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered b. trying out the observed behaviors to see if they result in the same reinforcement that a model received c. motivating trainees by having employees who have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them d. determining the degree of support for using newly acquired capabilities

a. perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered

According to the _____, transfer will be maximized when the tasks, materials, equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment. a. theory of identical elements b. stimulus generalization approach c. cognitive theory of transfer d. information processing theory

a. theory of identical elements

Which of the following statements is true of training? a. Recognizing employees' preferences regarding how they want to learn is not advisable. b. It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed. c. Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training. d. Transfer of training involves having employees who already have mastered the learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainee

b. It is important to realize that for training to be effective, both learning and transfer of training are needed.

_____ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning. a. Automatization b. Self-regulation c. Elaboration d. Generalization

b. Self-regulation

Which of the following examples best reflects an attitude as a learning outcome? a. State three reasons for following company safety procedures. b. Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements. c. Gain a greater appreciation for work-life balance. d. Shoot a gun and consistently hit a small moving target.

c. Gain a greater appreciation for work-life balance.

Which learning outcomes relate to the ability to design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements? a. Cognitive strategies b. Attitudes c. Intellectual skills d. Motor skills

c. Intellectual skills

Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy? a. It focuses on memorization of training content. b. It focuses on learning through repetition of training content. c. It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material. d. It requires the trainee to relate the training material to other, more familiar knowledge, skills, or behaviors.

c. It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

_____ refers to practicing a task continuously without breaks. a. Overlearning b. Whole practice c. Massed practice d. Continuous learning

c. Massed practice

_____ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance. a. Generalizing b. Semantic encoding c. Retrieval d. Gratifying

c. Retrieval

Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to _____. a. master a task that is completed alone b. maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills c. acquire personal knowledge based on experience d. enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment

c. acquire personal knowledge based on experience

_____ refers to individual control over one's thinking. a. Modeling b. Instrumentality c. Valence d. Metacognition

d. Metacognition

Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning? a. Providing trainees opportunities to practice new skills b. Strong messages provided to trainees from credible sources c. Verbal persuasion d. Recall of training content

d. Recall of training content

Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on _____. a. goal setting theory b. information processing theory c. expectancy theory d. reinforcement theory

d. reinforcement theory