MGMT 6802 Test 1

We build stereotypes through a four-step process. Which of the following is not part of the process?

Appraisal 1) categorization, 2) inferences, 3) expectations, and 4) maintenance.

Alyson plans on applying Herzberg's theory to motivate her team of four customer service associates. The critical first step is to eliminate sources of dissatisfaction and the second step would be to

Build motivators

Juliet often takes office supplies home for her personal use. This is an example of

CWB - Counterproductive work behavior

As a senior student representative on the ethics advisory board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college exams is unethical. You never cheated on any exam. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" at your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?

Cognitive dissonance

________ is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions.

Cognitive dissonance

Nathan is dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented, while Martin is relaxed and unworried. Nathan is likely to score high on

Conscientiousness

________ is the personality trait with the strongest positive relationship with job performance.

Conscientiousness

"What are the different needs that activate motivation's direction, intensity, and persistence?" This statement reflects which theories of motivation?

Content Theories

Job ________ represents employees' attempts to proactively shape their work characteristics. This could involve expectations to define and create their own job boundaries.

Crafting

________ is the first step on the three-step journey (or approach) of the Organizing Framework.

Defining the problem

________ occurs when employment decisions about an individual are based on reasons not associated with performance or related to the job.

Discrimination

________ is the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions.

Emotional Intelligence

Owen leads a team tasked with developing a client tracking system. He is nervous and worried, afraid that if this assignment doesn't go well, he won't be promoted. Jack, a team member, is relaxed, unworried, and secure in the feeling that they have all the necessary resources and talents to make this work. Jack is likely to score high on

Emotional Stability

Which of the following is the least fixed of a person's individual differences?

Emotions

________ is the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles.

Employee Engagement

Besides leading to increases in job performance, job satisfaction, and affective commitment, proactive personality is also linked to intentions to be a(an)

Entrepreneur

The idea underlying the ________ model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work.

Equity

________ are the three elements of expectancy theory.

Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

All the employees in Mustafa's unit are performing poorly on one specific aspect of their jobs during the month of June; however, they are performing well on all other parts of their job. This is likely to be attributed to

External factors

Jennifer wins an art contest. She attributes the outcome to luck. Jennifer is likely to have

External locus of control

People who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive are likely to score high on

Extraversion

When Jackson exceeds his sales goal for the month he will get a 20 percent bonus along with recognition in the monthly corporate newsletter. This is an example of which type of motivation?

Extrinsic

According to the Ajzen model, someone's intention to engage in a particular behavior is not necessarily a strong predictor of that behavior.

False

Organizations should use selection based on attitudes and emotions to choose which employees to hire.

False

There is only one best way to manage people, teams, or organizations. A particular management practice that worked today will work tomorrow. This is called the contingency approach.

False

There is only one model of the causes of job satisfaction.

False

Characterized as an assessment of how confident you are in your own abilities, which CSE trait can be improved via job design, self-management, and creativity?

Generalized self-efficacy

Calvin is a customer-service representative who handles phone inquiries. He has a goal of handling 12 calls per hour. When he gets a customer with a complex situation, he tends to become short with that person to keep the call short. This is an example of

Ill-conceived goals

________ are goals and incentives set to promote a desired behavior, but instead encourage a negative one.

Ill-conceived goals

________ is(are) when we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior that is carried out through third parties.

Indirect Blindness

________ refers to the amount of effort that we invest in an activity.

Intensity

________ are the key links between ________ in Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior.

Intentions; attitudes and planned behavior

People with ________ see themselves as masters of their own fate.

Internal locus of control

At its most basic, a person's behavior can be attributed to either ________ or ________ factors.

Internal, External

Sofia has been putting in a lot of overtime. Her supervisor keeps telling her that she will be rewarded. To date, Sofia has seen no change in her status or pay. This reflects a

Low instrumentality

In some business situations, you will make recommendations to solve a problem. Which of the following actions can help improve the quality of your recommendations?

Make sure that your recommendations address the causes of the problem.

Working on developing ________ is a strategy that will encourage engagement and allows you to readily focus on the task at hand.

Mindfulness

Which of the following statements is true?

Motivated blindness occurs when we overlook the unethical behavior of another because it's in our interest to remain ignorant.

With a high level of organizational commitment, employees will have greater ________ outcomes toward pursuing organizational goals and decisions.

Motivation

________ is the psychological process that arouses our interest in doing something.

Motivation

Herzberg's theory predicts managers can motivate individuals by incorporating ________ into an individual's job.

Motivators

Of the following options, which is the best action to address any type of diversity issue?

Mutual adaptation

________ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.

Needs

Frances quit her job because she felt that her department's reward system favored men. This would be diagnosed as a(n) ________ level problem.

Organizational

________ is the interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and managing people at work.

Organizational Behavior

In the Integrative Framework, which of the following is an outcome?

Organizational Turnover

Mason is highly satisfied with his job. He receives consistently strong evaluations and volunteers to train new employees. Mason exhibits positive job performance and

Organizational citizenship behaviors

Angela works for a company that does not provide good health benefits or career opportunities. Her ________ is most likely to be negative.

POS - Perceived Organizational Support

________ matters because it gives you credibility with your peers and those you manage.

Performance

The fundamental attribution bias says that we tend to over-attribute others' behaviors to ________ factors.

Personal

________ is the combination of stable physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that gives individuals their unique identity.

Personality

Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except

Proactivity

________ skills are increasingly needed in today's complex world in order to achieve superior performance where workers at all levels of the organization are called upon to think critically, take ownership of problems, and make real-time decisions.

Problem-solving

The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called ________ justice.

Procedural

A(n) ________ theory attempts to describe how various person and environmental factors affect motivation.

Process

Claire works for Content Consultants. She telecommutes and has great flexibility in her work schedule. In return, Content Consultants expects to have satisfied clients who hire them again. Claire receives consistently high evaluations. Despite that, the company now wants her to work out of the main office. Claire feels that Content Consultants has breached a

Psychological contract

Which of the following is not a technique by which managers can reduce the effect of implicit cognition in hiring?

Rely on stereotypes.

Used in the social perception process as part of Stage 2 (encoding and simplification) a ________ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.

Schema

At the Palisades Power Generation facility, ___________ is used to follow strict operation procedures and standards. Efficiency is critical for maximizing profitability and all job functions are researched to the highest extent to meet the industry standards.

Scientific Management

Practicing mindfulness daily, taking timeouts, keeping track of strengths and weaknesses, taking self-assessments and listening are all practical advice for building your

Self-awareness

________ theory assumes that competency, autonomy, and relatedness influence our behavior and well-being.

Self-determination

________ are both elements of hedonism.

Self-enhancement and openness to change

Bill receives a compliment on a recent campaign; he attributes the success to his creativity. Mark's campaign didn't do well; he blames his team for not pulling together. These are examples of

Self-serving bias

Person factors and ________ are the two broad categories of OB concepts and theories.

Situation Factors

A(n) ________ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group.

Stereotype

Sharon observes her older co-worker, Robert, being rude to a new trainee. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new trainees. Sharon believes that Robert resents the younger management trainees, who he refers to as "know-it-alls." She talks to him about ________ to help him understand.

Stereotyping

Saying, "You've got to pay your dues" is another way to promote the status quo. This is an example of the ________ option that organizations can use to address any type of diversity issue.

Suppress

________ is one element that allows employees to balance their work lives and family lives.

Telecommuting

The idea of perceived organizational support is that if treated well, employees are motivated by

The norm of reciprocity

At Regal Company, employees and teams had higher performance, greater job satisfaction, and increased organizational commitment when their managers showed ________ behaviors.

Theory Y

According to self-determination theory, a manager should provide tangible resources, time, contacts, and coaching to improve employee competence.

True

Based on Schwartz's Value Theory, if you value achievement over universalism, you will spend your evening working hard on your term paper so that you can get a good grade, rather than volunteering at the soup kitchen.

True

Casual attributions are the suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

True

Ethical dilemmas are situations with two choices, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner.

True

In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction arise from different sets of factors.

True

Knowledge and consideration of both personal and situation factors and the interplay between the two are equally important.

True

Personal attitudes affect behavior via intentions.

True

Problem solving is a systematic process for closing the gap between an actual and a desired outcome.

True

Relatively flexible individual differences (IDs) include attitudes and emotions, and managers can help manage these type of differences.

True

The interactional perspective states that behavior is a function of interdependent person and situation factors.

True

When major league baseball officials failed to notice they had created conditions that encouraged players to use steroids, this was an example of "motivated blindness."

True

________ are relatively stable and can stem from our parents' beliefs, our experiences in childhood and throughout our life, and from our religious or spiritual beliefs.

Values

Mack works for a small biotech firm. When the firm presents the results of its clinical trials to the FDA, Mack realizes that the results are not accurate. He reports this to the FDA. Mack is a(n)

Whistle-blower

Deep-level characteristics of diversity

are those that take time to emerge in interactions, such as attitudes, opinions, and values

The three key elements of equity theory are outputs, inputs, and a(n)

comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs.

Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

There are two key situational characteristics that affect perception: the ________ of the interaction, and the culture and race ________ between perceivers and targets.

context; consistency

Managers should attempt to raise subordinates' self-efficacy by all of the following except

creating routine jobs that are boring but easy to perform.

People who are high on openness to experience are likely to demonstrate

curiosity and broad-mindedness.

The first of the basic elements for selecting an effective solution is to

determine the criteria for the decision.

Perception is the process that

enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

The millennial generation is described as

entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.

In 2017, women represented 30 percent of college presidents. This is up from 23 percent the year prior. This is an example of the ________ being lowered.

glass ceiling

People with an internal locus of control

have stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.

The goal of the job characteristics model is to

increase intrinsic motivation in jobs.

In the Organizing Framework,

inputs lead to processes, which lead to outcomes.

Individual-level work outcomes include all except

job attitude

The use of implicit cognitions

leads people to make biased decisions

Katherine does especially well in her language courses, but struggles in chemistry. She has ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Job enrichment is based on the ________ theory of job satisfaction.

motivator-hygiene

Regarding the relative importance of personal and technical skills,

personal skills become more important as job level increases.

External factors include all of the following except

putting forth effort.

Ethics is primarily concerned with

right and wrong

The two basic dimensions of Schwartz's model of values are

self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness to change/conservation.

Karrin notices immediately that one of the members assigned to her team in a marketing class is a middle-aged man. This is a(n) ________ characteristic.

surface-level

In an ethical dilemma,

there are two choices, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner.

In McClelland's acquired needs theory,

we learn needs as we live our lives.