MGT 300 Exam 1
What are the 5 factors of a task environment?
1)customers 2)competitors 3)regulatory agencies 4)special interest groups 5)suppliers
What are the 5 factors of the general environment?
1)technological 2)economic 3)sociocultural 4)legal/political 5)international
Success in the new workplace depends on the strength and quality of _________.
Collaborative teams
_____________, part of the organization's task environment, are those companies that directly compete for the same customers using similar products or services.
Competitors
Juan Perez, the President of WV Railroad, must acquire, analyze, and interpret information received from various sources and to make complex decisions. He will need to rely primarily on his
Conceptual Skills
Each of the following is one of the three basic steps in planning except: • setting objectives • defining the mission • developing a systematic approach to achieve objectives • identifying and assessing conditions affecting objectives
Defining the mission
Who created the Total Quality Management Approach
Deming
Henry Gantt
Developed production scheduling methods Used graphic methods and created the Gantt chart
Carl Barth
Developed slide rule
Mary Parker Follet
Developed the law of the situation and integrated conflict resolution
Henri Fayol
Developed universal functions of management Developed universal management principles
_______________ strategy seeks its competitive advantage by targeting some unique product or service attributes that consumers see as advantageous over the attributes of competing products.
Differentiation
Elton Mayo & F.J. Roethlisberger
Discovered Hawthorne effect Developed informal organization within formal organization Emphasized human element of management
Which management author is credited for introducing the concept of the 'knowledge worker'?
Drucker
Simple/Dynamic Environment.
In this environment, the organization interacts with relatively few key factors, but those that do affect it are dynamic and constantly changing. Precious metals mining, for example, uses a relatively straightforward technology, competition is clearly defined, and government agency requirements are fairly well understood. However, changes tend to occur frequently in demand, prices, and regulatory requirements.
What was Frank's adjustment of the scientific management method?
Increased efficiency without fatiguing employees
Efficiency
a manager's ability to achieve goals through the minimal use of necessary resources
Effectiveness
a manager's ability to set and achieve goals
What are the Hawthorne Studies/Effect?
a powerful incentive toward increased production was due not solely to physical working conditions or financial rewards but also to the Hawthorne effect, whereby workers felt important and appreciated because they were chosen as subjects for a scientific study.
Suppliers
firms that provide the resources, information, raw materials, and other components or activities as inputs for firms
"Let manufacturers be free to make what they please, and let them be free to trade when they please."
laissez-faire (Adam Smith)
The Industrial Revolution
one of the fastest and greatest periods of change and growth in world history
Consumer groups
support consumer interests in their relationship with big business
Simple/Stable Environment
organizations are involved with relatively few key factors and these factors either do not change or change slowly over time. This is the easiest cell in the matrix to manage, for there is relatively little uncertainty in the external environment. However, other organizations may also find it easy to manage, resulting in relative parity among managers and management techniques.
Globalization
the opening of markets to competitors throughout the world
Controlling
the process of determining the ways and means of following-up to ensure that actual performance is leading to goal attainment
Management
the process of effectively and efficiently planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of employees in combination with other resources to achieve organizational objectives
Planning
the process of establishing objectives and determining how best to achieve them
Human Relations
the process of motivating individuals to achieve a balance of objectives that yield greater human satisfaction and achieve organizational goals
Planning
the process of setting goals and determining the actions necessary to attain them
Vertical integration
strategy of extending a business's scope by taking an activity or function backward toward sources of supply or forward toward the end user
Acceptance Theory of Authority
subordinates will accept orders only if they understand them and are able and willing to comply with them. A key assumption of this theory is that the relationship between a leader and a subordinate is a reciprocal process.
Organizational Culture
the shared philosophies, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns that form the organization's core identity.
What are the 4 important variables to predict competitor behavior?
(1) competitiveness of the industry, (2) the mobility of competitors into or out of the market, (3) the availability of substitute products from other industries, and (4) the relative bargaining power of key players such buyers from the market or sellers to it
What are Fayol's 14 principles of management?
(1) division of work, (2) authority and responsibility, (3) discipline, (4) unity of command, (5) unity of direction, (6) subordination of individual interests to general interests, (7) remuneration of employees, (8) centralization, (9) the scalar chain, (10) order, (11) equity, (12) stability of personnel, (13) initiative, and (14) esprit de corps
What are the 8 areas companies should set objectives?
(1) market standing, (2) productivity, (3) physical and financial resources, (4) profitability, (5) innovation, (6) manager performance and development, (7) worker performance and attitudes, and (8) public and social responsibility.
What are the 4 categories of a complexity/change environmental matrix?
(1) simple/stable, (2) complex/stable, (3) simple/dynamic, and (4) complex/dynamic
What are 3 main reasons special interest groups exist?
(1) the feeling that government, business, and other various powerful organizations are unresponsive to people's needs and wishes; (2) the fact that media attention has been an ally of such groups; and (3) the knowledge that favorable rulings in the courts have made many such groups financially feasible.
What are the two factors of environmental complexity?
(1) the number of key issues operating in the organizational environment (2) the similarity of these factors
How did Follet believe conflict could be resolved?
1) voluntary submission of one side, (2) struggle and victory of one side over the other, (3) compromise, or (4) integration—known today as joint problem solving or principled negotiation
What are the two factors of the framework of external environments?
1)Degree of complexity 2)Degree of change
What 2 management approaches combine to create the contemporary approach?
1) Classical 2) Behavioral
What are the 3 goals of the systems approach?
1) To define relationships both internal and external to the organization 2) To observe and understand the pattern of these relationships 3) To discern the overall purpose of the relationships
What two assumptions should be realized for the behavioral approach?
1) managers must regard the organization as an operating system designed to produce and distribute a good or service efficiently and effectively. 2) the organization is viewed as a social system through which individuals try to find expression for their hopes and aspirations as well as satisfy their economic needs.
What are the 3 types of environments in an organization?
1)General 2)Task 3)Internal
What are the "DO's" of setting objectives?
1. Be specific 2. Set challenging but realistic objectives 3. Establish results-oriented objectives 4. Set a realistic deadline 5. Keep objectives in balance 6. Involve subordinates 7. Follow up
What are the 3 types of managerial skills?
1. Conceptual skills 2. Technical skills 3. Human relations skills
What are managers' duties in scientific management?
1. Develop a science for each element of a worker's job that would replace the old rule-of-thumb method 2. Select, train, teach, and develop workers scientifically (in the past, workers had chosen their own method of production and trained themselves as best they could) 3. Cooperate with employees to ensure that all work was done in accordance with the best available methods of operation 4. Use incentive wages to motivate workers to produce more
What are the "DO NOT's" of setting objectives?
1. Do not move the goalposts 2. Do not have so many objectives that they become meaningless 3. Do not set as objectives things that you have complete control over 4. Do not use words that end in IZE
What are the 5 key parts to the MBO process?
1. Linking organizational goals 2. Focusing managerial planning 3. Involving subordinates in objective setting 4. Establishing SMART performance objectives 5. Increasing communication and interaction
What are the 3 primary functions most organizations are built around?
1. Operations: production, manufacturing, or the generation of service 2. Marketing: distribution, promotion, sales 3. Finance: acquisition and use of funds, budgeting
What are the 3 basic steps of planning?
1. Setting an objective. 2. Identifying and assessing present and future conditions affecting the objective. 3. Developing a systematic approach by which to achieve the objective.
What are the 5 basic steps of controlling?
1. Setting performance standards (goals) 2. Determining methods for measuring performance 3. Measuring actual performance 4. Comparing performance with established standards (goals) 5. Taking corrective action when necessary to bring actual performance in line with the standard
What changes followed the use of the factory system?
1. a higher standard of living 2. extensive changes in management, shifting production from workers' homes to factories 3. new fuel- and water-powered machines that supplanted the effort and energy of human and animal power
Planning is more _______________ when it is done by a single person or group such as at the corporate level.
Centralized
What are the 4 key points of the laissez faire system of economy?
1. government should not interfere with economic affairs 2. if entrepreneurs were left alone to pursue their own self-interest, they would be guided by an "invisible hand" that would cause them to act in "the interest of the whole society." 3. Natural laws, such as the law of supply and demand, would also regulate economic activities to the greater benefit of society 4. a mutual interest existed among workers, who worked harder for more money, and owners, who benefited from the profits derived from the increased production.
What are the two main concepts of administrative management?
1. universality of basic management principles 2. there is a body of knowledge related to the functions of management that can—and should—be taught
What are the 4 elements of bad strategy
1.A failure to face the problem 2.Mistaking goals for strategy 3.Bad strategic objectives 4.Fluff
Integration
A method of constructive conflict resolution whereby the people involved look for ways to resolve their differences so that everyone gets what he or she wants.
Corporate Downsizing
A popular technique designed to eliminate layers of hierarchy and reduce the number of employees in general and managers in particular
social forces
A society's values and lifestyles
____________ consists of a unique company business (within a larger diversified firm) that has its own mission, product or service lines, competition, customers, threats, and opportunities.
A strategic business unit
Who is considered the world's first economist/wrote "The Wealth of Nations"?
Adam Smith
Robert Owen is known as being • the father of human resource management. • socially responsible for his time. • a successful entrepreneur. • all of the above • none of the above
All of the above
Total Quality Management
Approaching quality improvement from a total corporate, process-oriented, and customer-driven concept
Max Weber developed the concept of ____________ which eliminated problems associated with favoritism and nepotism.
Bureaucracy
Short range plans
Can cover anywhere from a day to a year
What was once the most common form of production systems?
Cottage systems
Generic Strategies
Created by Michael Porter, can be adopted by any type of organization, be it a manufacturing, high-tech, or service organization
Demographic forces
Each country's population size, density, age, gender make up, growth rates, and other associated characteristics
When a manager learns that the minimum wage has risen that will impact employment/unemployment, the company is being affected by which of the factors in the general environment?
Economic
How an organization goes about coordinating its resources to accomplish a plan is a key part of the management function of
Effectiveness
What are the two key factors of managerial performance?
Effectiveness and efficiency
A manager's ability to accomplish goals through the minimal use of necessary resources is referred to as:
Efficiency
Whose system of interchangeable parts was the forerunner of the assembly line?
Eli Whitney
Chester Barnard
Emphasized organizational systems Developed subordinate acceptance theory of authority Highlighted importance of leadership
Max Weber
Emphasized role of bureaucracy
Henry Ford
Expanded mass production, assembly line
Frank Gilbreth
Expanded principles of time and motion study
1) A SWOT analysis concentrates only on the internal aspects of a firm. (Type: True or False)
False
Organizations are generally considered to be part of a closed system.
False
Peter F. Drucker
Father of modern management
What are two key things to keep in mind with the environmental complexity/change matric?
First, firms and industries are not locked into one quadrant but may change over time. This gives managers another reason to be always scanning their environments for signs of these possible changes. Second, the ideas about whether to treat the environment as more open or more closed can be related to the speed of change or the amount of complexity.
What two problems are bad strategy based upon?
First, organizations have problems choosing which direction to take the organization and, as a result, either try to include too much in their sphere of influence or try to encapsulate competing directions in which to take the company into one vision. A second problem is that organizations use boilerplate language when performing the strategic planning process below and thus the words really mean nothing
What are the 3 ways time can affect planning?
First, there is considerable time required to effectively plan any endeavor. Second, it is often necessary to proceed with each planning step without full information concerning the variables and alternatives because of the time required to gather the data and calculate all the possibilities. Third, the span of time that will be included in the plan must be considered and addressed.
___________ are firms that provide the resources, information, raw materials, and other components or activities as inputs for firms.
Suppliers
Which of the people you studied in chapter 2 is known for the $5 day, a wage that at the time was almost twice the previous rate for a nine-hour day?
Ford
Who expanded on scientific management practices?
Frank Gilbreth
Founder of scientific management
Frederick W. Taylor
What are the two types of managers?
Functional and general
A manager's _______ skill is demonstrated in the way a manager relates to other people and interacts effectively with them
Human
__________ is defined as opening of markets to competitors throughout the world and is one of the main reasons business environments today are so dynamic.
Globalization
The human relations movement came out of which management theory/approach?
Hawthorne Studies
Who identified the 10 top roles in management?
Henry Mintzberg
What is the model for the Behavioral Approach
High Morale Job Satisfaction Increased Performance
Those macro or general environmental factors that affect all firms and industries arising from outside of the firm's country of origin are referred to as
International factors
What are the 3 categories of managerial roles?
Interpersonal, informational, decisional
Empowerment
Is the process of granting employees authority to make key decisions within their enlarged areas of responsibility.
What are the 4 categories of regulation?
Legal rights of employees Consumers Competition in the marketplace Ecological environment
Who published the first book on management psychology?
Lillian Gilbreth
What level of management was Taylor's main concern?
Lower level
Contingency Approach
Management approach advocating the combined use of various other approaches, based on the assumption that different conditions and situations require the application of different management techniques
Complex/Dynamic Environment.
Managers in this environment have the most difficult managerial challenge of all, for organizations operating here face a great many complex environmental factors which change rapidly. Biotechnology firms, stem cell researchers, and cell phone manufacturers would be examples of industries which are complex and dynamic.
What were the downfalls of scientific management?
Managers neglected to pay proper attention to the human element
_________________ believed that conflict could be resolved by 1) voluntary submission by one side, 2) struggle and victory of one side over the other, 3) compromise or 4) integration.
Mary Parker Follet
Operations Research
Method of pooling the knowledge of research specialists to develop quantitative models that behave similarly to real-world situations confronting decision makers.
Frederick W. Taylor
Motion and Time studies Worker incentive programs Philosophy of gain sharing by increasing productivity
Scientific Management was formally developed by • Fayol. • Owen. • Deming. • Weber. • none of the above
None of the above
Organizations are generally considered to be part of an ________________, which means that the firm is not only affected by the environment but also affects the environment
Open system
_______________ is the shared philosophies, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns that form the firm's core identity.
Organizational Culture
Complex/Stable Environment.
Organizations operating in this environment interact with many important and dissimilar factors. However, the factors do not tend to change frequently or dramatically. Finally, for these first two cells on the matrix, one consideration is what happens when the environment is no longer stable and there is an environmental jolt which upsets the industry and reshapes the environmental landscape. This reshaped environment may or may not remain stable and may shift to one of the two remaining classifications.
How an organization goes about coordinating its resources to accomplish a plan is a key part of the management function of
Organizing
Which of the following is not a formal function of management? • Planning • Controlling • Organizing • Leading • Performing
Performing
Lillian Gilbreth
Pioneered in selection, placement, and training of personnel
Robert, a top-level manager at an advertising agency, spends a significant part of his work day identifying goals for future organizational performance and deciding how to attain these goals. This involves which management function?
Planning
What function is considered the foundation of management?
Planning
_____________________ is defined as the process of establishing objectives and determining how to best achieve them.
Planning
What are the 4 functions of management
Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling
During the industrial revolution emphasis was placed on
Quantity of output
One of the first practitioners of social responsibility in management was the successful industrial executive and management pioneer ___________________________
Robert Owen
When our aging society's preference healthy eating and living increase, the company is being affected by which of the factors in the general environment?
Socio-cultural
When we read that more men are staying home and taking care of the children while the wife works, that is an example of which general environmental factor?
Socio-cultural
It involves decisions made by top management. It involves ultimate allocation of large amounts of resources (time, money, labor, physical capacity). It has significant long-term impact. It deals with issues that are future oriented. It involves more than one function of the business (accounting, marketing, etc.). It focuses on the organization's interaction with the external environment.7
Strategic planning
________________________ is defined as those activities that involve defining the organization's vision, mission, setting objectives, and developing strategies to help it operate successfully.
Strategic planning
The ______________, also known as the operating or industry environment, refers to elements within the external environment that interact directly with the organization.
Task Environment
Which of the following managerial skills is most important at lower organizational levels?
Technical Skills
What is considered the forerunner of modern human resource management?
The Guild System
What was the beginning point of behavioral management studies?
The Hawthorne Studies
Management theories were resurrected during what time period?
The Renaissance
Universality of Management
The functions of management must be performed by managers in all types of organizations, in all cultures of the world. Management is universal in that it includes a systematic body of knowledge comprising principles, guidelines, and other components of management theory
_________________ also known as its macroenvironment, comprises the five factors—technological, economic, sociocultural, legal/political, and international—that affect all industries and firms.
The general environment
What did the findings of the Hawthorne studies become the basis of?
The human relations movement
_____________________________ can be defined as approaching quality improvement from a total corporate, process-oriented, and customer driven concept.
Total Quality Management
Non-managerial employees may also include high skill level employees like engineers
True
_______________ is a diversification strategy that emphasizes adding businesses that have little in common but may be undervalued relative to the purchase price.
Unrelated diversification
A production supervisor is more likely to be involved with planning horizons of how long?
Up to one year
_______________ is the strategy of extending a business's scope by including an activity backward toward suppliers or forward toward the end user.
Vertical Integration
Cottage System
Work was performed in the homes of workers in rural or semi rural areas. An independent merchant capitalist would pay the master craftsman for the actual production in their simple thatched cottages
Task environment
composed of those external factors that interact directly with the organization
What was Oliver Sheldon's take on business management?
a business has a "soul" and that management has social responsibilities "as a major partner in the community," alongside capital and labor.
Horizontal integration
a growth strategy implemented by acquiring another firm in the same industry whose products or services are similar
Technology
accomplishing work "using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.
Legal/Political Factors
activities of federal, state, and local governments that may have a significant impact on organizations
Strategic planning
activities that involve defining the organization's vision, mission, setting objectives, and developing strategies to enable it to operate successfully in its environment
General Environment
also known as the macroenvironment, is composed of five factors external to the organization and industry that indirectly affect an organization
Scientific Management
an approach that advocates increasing production while improving employees' working conditions and increasing earnings.
What is the BCG matrix based on?
based on two strategic variables: the various industries' growth rates and the SBU's relative market share.
Focus Strategy
can be used for either the low-cost or differentiation approach and seeks to zero in on the needs of a particular market segment
Sociocultural Factors
can help shape the general environment of organizations. Two important categories of these are (1) demographic forces and (2) social forces
What new production system advanced the industrial revolution?
coal driven steam engine
Charles Babbage
credited with writing the first treatise on management in the industrial age
Organizational mission
defines the fundamental, unique purpose that the organization attempts to serve and identifies its products or services and customers
Centralized planning
done by a single person or group such as a corporate planning department
Decentralized planning
each division or department is responsible for planning its own operations, with little if any guidance from the central planning group
Human Relation Skills
effective communication, conflict handling, trust building, listening, and supporting behaviors necessary to lead, motivate, and get along with subordinates, peers, bosses, and even outsiders
Behavioral Approach to management
emphasized favorable treatment of employees rather than focusing solely on their performance or the organization itself
Objectives
end results toward which organizational activities are aimed
Balanced Scorecard Approach
firms start off developing the strategy by exploring what business the company should be in and why, outlining the key issues the company faces, and deciding how best to compete. Next, through the balanced scorecard, it translates the strategy to objectives and measures that can be clearly communicated to all employees. At this stage, managers also need to identify and authorize resources for the strategic initiatives started to help achieve the objectives that have been set. In the third stage, firms plan operations to lay out the specific actions that will accomplish the strategic objectives. Priorities are set for process improvement plans, sales plans, allocation of resources, and capital budgeting. The fourth stage monitors the progress of strategic and operational plans through operational review meetings and assesses and identifies barriers to progress on objectives through strategy review meetings. Finally, stage 5 tests and adapts the strategy to changing conditions or because some underlying assumptions are found to be incorrect
Administrative Management
focuses on the process of management concerned with planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling activities in such a manner that organizational objectives are achieved.
Resource Based Strategies
focuses on what resources and capabilities a firm does better than its rivals
Organizational vision
forward-looking, graphic, inspirational, and yet feasible idea of the course and direction that the CEO and top managers have charted for the company's future focus of its resources
Each of the following is considered one of Scientific Management's four principles EXCEPT: • develop a science for each element of a worker's job that would replace the old rule of thumb method. • use incentive wages to motivate workers. • select, train, teach, and develop workers scientifically. • cooperate with employees. • give employees autonomy to do their work their way.
give employees autonomy to do their work their way.
Intermediate-range plans
have a span of one to three year
Cash cows
have reasonably high market shares that are competing in mature, slow growing industries
Bureaucracy
having specialized jobs, rigorous rules of behavior, clear-cut authority and responsibility, employment and promotions based upon merit and seniority, and lifelong employment
What are some of the support functions of an organization?
human resources, maintenance, research and development, legal, purchasing, and community relations
What is the basic hypothesis of MBO
if one is strongly attached to a goal, one is willing to expend more effort to reach it than if one were less committed to it
Stars
in fast-growth markets with large relative market share. In order to support their dominant position, substantial resources are required by stars; however, they offer excellent opportunities for future growth and profitability
Question Marks
in high-growth industries but with small market shares. They have appeal because of the industry's high-growth potential. However, in order to maintain their position in a growing industry, or if there is an attempt to increase market share, companies normally would be required to make major financial outlay
Guild System
in this system, clear-cut differences among master craftsmen, journeymen, and apprentices existed
Internal Environment
includes factors over which the organization has a large degree of control, such as its culture, organizational structure, policies, and people
What are the 3 components of a system?
inputs, operations (or transformation processes), and outputs
Systems Approach
integrated universal management functions and strategic planning with consideration of external factors
Long range plans
involve activities from three to five years or longer ahead aka strategic planning
Decisional Roles
involve making decisions that affect people (e.g., employees and customers)
Interpersonal Roles
involve working directly with other people, such as subordinates, superiors, peers, or people outside the organization.
What is the management science approach?
involves mathematical models and advanced technology that can be used to solve a wide variety of problems in decision and operation management
Management by Objective
involves superior and subordinate managers in an organization coming together to set common goals, defining each individual's major area of responsibility in terms of the results expected of him or her, and using those measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members
Dogs
low relative market share, competing in industries with little growth. Their industries are mature or in decline, and typically these SBUs have strong competition with low profit margins.
Drucker created MBO, which means
management by objectives (MBO), a method of redesigning an organization to allow managers and subordinates to set their own goals
Trial and Error Method Management
managers and workers kept trying different methods until they found one that worked
What 3 factors of production were emphasized during the industrial revolution?
new production system, a new economic doctrine, and a new factory system which all were created through quantity input
Closed system
not interactive with or influenced by the outside environment
General manager
oversee a total operating unit, including all the functional (primary and support) activities of the unit
Customers
part of the organization's task environment, are those groups that buy goods or services from organizations
Stakeholders
people or groups, both inside and outside the firm, that have a vested interest in the ongoing activities of a particular company
What function is considered the most important of management?
planning
Special Interest Groups
powerful players in the organization's task environment, such as labor unions and social cause groups.
Social Cause groups
pursue a variety of social interest and causes
Informational Roles
require a manager to receive important information and disseminate it among the appropriate people (stakeholders)
Functional manager
responsible for any one primary or support function, such as production or human resources
Differentiation
seeks its competitive advantage by targeting some unique product or service attributes that consumers see as advantageous over the attributes of competing products
Classical Approach to Management
sought efficiency in organization and operations
Economic Factors
the business cycle which has a direct bearing on the nation's gross domestic product (GDP), the level of business investment (from both private investment and government programs), and total sales.
Open system
tends to be in a dynamic relationship with its environment, receiving inputs from both internal and external sources, transforming them in some way, and producing outputs for the internal and external environments
Technical Skills
the ability to use the knowledge, tools, and techniques of a specific discipline or field, such as engineering, accounting, production, nursing, or sales
Environmental Change
the frequency and extent of changes in the organizational environment
Related diversification
the industries are similar to each other and have commonalities that the firm can leverage
Organizing
the management function of determining the resources and activities required to achieve the organization's objectives and combining them to create a formal structure, assigning responsibility, and delegating authority to carry out assignments
Conceptual Skills
the mental ability needed to acquire, analyze, and interpret information received from various sources and to make complex decisions
How are management levels determined?
the number of employees, the activities performed, and the managers' titles
Concentration
the strategy followed by a firm that operates with a single line of business
Diversification
the strategy of entering a business or businesses that are in a different industry than the current business(es)
Unrelated diversification
the various businesses have little in common
Competitors
those companies that directly compete for the same customers using similar products or services
Technological Factors
those macro- or general environmental factors affecting firms and industries arising from changes in expertise or know-how that affects and transforms the inputs-to-outputs ratio
Cost Leadership Strategy
to seek to gain competitive advantage by producing goods or services more cheaply than the competition while still providing the customer with basic wants and needs
Principle of Transfer of Skill
to the extent a machine becomes more automatic and able to produce large quantities accurately and rapidly, the worker using it requires less skill and becomes a machine tender rather than a skilled craftsman
Leading
utilizing influence to motivate employees to achieve goals
Feudal System
was best adapted to rural and agrarian production, included serfs submitting to their lords and being bound to the land, but they could not be sold
