Micro

The heat resistance of bacterial endospores has been linked to high concentrations of which of the following?

Calcium dipicolinate

____ _______ in endospores removes water and leaves the endospore very dehydrated.

Calcium dipicolinate

All bacteria have a cell wall.

False

True or false: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.

False

In order to destroy endospore-forming bacteria in canned foods, canning is carried out under which of the following conditions?

Pressurized steam at 120C for 20 minutes

Peptidoglycan in the cell ______ provides the structural support necessary to protect bacteria from lysis due to internal pressure.

Wall

The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single _______ strand of DNA.

circular

When a rod-shaped bacterium is short and plump it is called a(n) _______ and if it is gently curved it is called a(n) ______

coccobacillus, vibrio

Identify the area between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria.

periplasmic space

Capsules protect bacteria against immune cells generally referred to as

phagocytes

The cell membrane consists of a(n) _____ bilayer with embedded _____

phospholipid, proteins

Identify the major structure component of the cell membrane. Multiple choice question.

phospholipids

Which is the major component of cytoplasm?

water

The small, circular pieces of DNA of bacterial cells which can carry the traits for antibiotic resistance or toxin production are called _____

plasmids

The mycoplasmas are bacteria that naturally lack cell walls and as such, their cellular morphology is described as __________ because it varies so greatly.

pleomorphic

Mycoplasmas are known for causing primary atypical _____

pneumonia

The Gram-_________ cell wall contains peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid.

positive

Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria. a. cell wall b. biofilm c. capsule d. cell membrane

A and D

Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?

A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell Provide a site for energy reactions Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis

What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?

A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.

What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?

Bacillus Coccus Spirillum

_____ ______is the rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax.

Bacillus anthracis

main function of the glycocalyx a. protein synthesis b. Cell division c. protection d. Adherence

C and D

Identify the spore-forming bacterium that causes botulism.

Clostridium botulinum

_____ _______ is the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus.

Clostridium tetani

What is a spherically-shaped bacterial cell termed?

Coccus

A palisades arrangement of cells is typical in which of the following bacteria?

Corynebacteria

_______ diphtheriae and ______ pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.

Corynebacterium , Streptococcus

Which of the following is the major factor that stimulates endospore formation?

Depletion of nutrients

This arrangement is formed when two rod shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate

Diplobacilli

This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached

Diplococci

Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria?

Endospore

Which of the following is formed during bacterial sporulation?

Endospore

Fungal spores function in both survival and reproduction, while bacterial endospores function in survival only.

False Bacterial endospores are not part of a reproduction cycle.

Capsules and slime layers are both types of which of the following?

Glycocalyx

Lipopolysaccharides are a component of the outer membrane of which of the following cell types?

Gram-negative cells

Endotoxin is toxic to which of the following cells

Human and other mammalian cells

Identify the two important diseases caused by mycobacteria.

Leprosy and Tuberculosis

Which of the following occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures?

Lysis

Tears and saliva contain ________ an enzyme which digests peptidoglycans and breaks down bacterial cell walls.

Lysozyme

Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium that can cause which of the following diseases?

Meningitis

Endotoxins (LPS) can stimulate fever and shock during which gram-negative infections?

Meningitis and Typhoid fever

Which of the following is part of the cell wall of mycobacteria?

Mycolic acid and Peptidoglycan

Which bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols?

Mycoplasma

Which causes primary atypical ("walking") pneumonia? Mycobacteria Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma

How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?

One

This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side by side cells

Palisades arrangement

Which of the following antibiotics affect the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria, thereby making them susceptible to lysis?

Penicillin and Cephalosporin

The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is a homogeneous sheath of which of the following?

Peptidoglycan

Lysozyme digests which of the following in the bacterial cell wall?

Peptidoglycans

The _________ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria and is a site for the temporary storage of enzymes.

Periplasmic

A bacillus is a bacterial cell with which of the following shapes?

Rod

the ____________ is a protective covering in some bacteria. It is composed of thousands of copies of a single protein.

S layer

Identify the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria.

Slime layer and capsules

This arrangement is formed when rod shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other

Streptobacilli

This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells

Tetrad

The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of

actin

Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall of which of the following organisms?

bacteria

The canning food industry must be sure their process destroys which of the following bacteria that can cause food poisoning?

botulinum

What cell envelope component is not a static structure?

cell membrane

Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell?

cell membrane

Which of the following prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure?

cell wall

The cell envelope encloses the _______

cytoplasm

Which of the following is the intracellular gelatinous solution?

cytoplasm

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is classified as is a(n)

endotoxin

Besides phospholipids, the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contains _______________ that function as antigens and receptors and __________________ that anchor the phospholipids into the peptidoglycan layer.

lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins

Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause illness when it adheres to the epithelial cells of the _______

lungs

All bacteria possess a cell _____ but not all bacteria possess a cell ______

membrane, wall

The _______ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.

mycoplasma

The cell envelope of gram-__________ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.

negative

In prokaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is aggregated in a central area called the ______

nucleoid

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ________

peptidoglycan

Fungal spores function in _______, while bacterial spores function in _______.

reproduction; protection

What structural difference is found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells?

single cell membrane

Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation?

slime layer

Bacteria called __________ display a serpentine mode of movement as a consequence of their periplasmic flagella called axial filaments.

spirochetes

The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for _________ in bacteria.

sporulation