Micro
The heat resistance of bacterial endospores has been linked to high concentrations of which of the following?
Calcium dipicolinate
____ _______ in endospores removes water and leaves the endospore very dehydrated.
Calcium dipicolinate
All bacteria have a cell wall.
False
True or false: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.
False
In order to destroy endospore-forming bacteria in canned foods, canning is carried out under which of the following conditions?
Pressurized steam at 120C for 20 minutes
Peptidoglycan in the cell ______ provides the structural support necessary to protect bacteria from lysis due to internal pressure.
Wall
The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single _______ strand of DNA.
circular
When a rod-shaped bacterium is short and plump it is called a(n) _______ and if it is gently curved it is called a(n) ______
coccobacillus, vibrio
Identify the area between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria.
periplasmic space
Capsules protect bacteria against immune cells generally referred to as
phagocytes
The cell membrane consists of a(n) _____ bilayer with embedded _____
phospholipid, proteins
Identify the major structure component of the cell membrane. Multiple choice question.
phospholipids
Which is the major component of cytoplasm?
water
The small, circular pieces of DNA of bacterial cells which can carry the traits for antibiotic resistance or toxin production are called _____
plasmids
The mycoplasmas are bacteria that naturally lack cell walls and as such, their cellular morphology is described as __________ because it varies so greatly.
pleomorphic
Mycoplasmas are known for causing primary atypical _____
pneumonia
The Gram-_________ cell wall contains peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid.
positive
Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria. a. cell wall b. biofilm c. capsule d. cell membrane
A and D
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane?
A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell Provide a site for energy reactions Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.
What are the three most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Bacillus Coccus Spirillum
_____ ______is the rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax.
Bacillus anthracis
main function of the glycocalyx a. protein synthesis b. Cell division c. protection d. Adherence
C and D
Identify the spore-forming bacterium that causes botulism.
Clostridium botulinum
_____ _______ is the anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes tetanus.
Clostridium tetani
What is a spherically-shaped bacterial cell termed?
Coccus
A palisades arrangement of cells is typical in which of the following bacteria?
Corynebacteria
_______ diphtheriae and ______ pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Corynebacterium , Streptococcus
Which of the following is the major factor that stimulates endospore formation?
Depletion of nutrients
This arrangement is formed when two rod shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
Diplobacilli
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached
Diplococci
Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria?
Endospore
Which of the following is formed during bacterial sporulation?
Endospore
Fungal spores function in both survival and reproduction, while bacterial endospores function in survival only.
False Bacterial endospores are not part of a reproduction cycle.
Capsules and slime layers are both types of which of the following?
Glycocalyx
Lipopolysaccharides are a component of the outer membrane of which of the following cell types?
Gram-negative cells
Endotoxin is toxic to which of the following cells
Human and other mammalian cells
Identify the two important diseases caused by mycobacteria.
Leprosy and Tuberculosis
Which of the following occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures?
Lysis
Tears and saliva contain ________ an enzyme which digests peptidoglycans and breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme
Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium that can cause which of the following diseases?
Meningitis
Endotoxins (LPS) can stimulate fever and shock during which gram-negative infections?
Meningitis and Typhoid fever
Which of the following is part of the cell wall of mycobacteria?
Mycolic acid and Peptidoglycan
Which bacteria have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols?
Mycoplasma
Which causes primary atypical ("walking") pneumonia? Mycobacteria Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma
How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?
One
This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side by side cells
Palisades arrangement
Which of the following antibiotics affect the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria, thereby making them susceptible to lysis?
Penicillin and Cephalosporin
The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is a homogeneous sheath of which of the following?
Peptidoglycan
Lysozyme digests which of the following in the bacterial cell wall?
Peptidoglycans
The _________ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria and is a site for the temporary storage of enzymes.
Periplasmic
A bacillus is a bacterial cell with which of the following shapes?
Rod
the ____________ is a protective covering in some bacteria. It is composed of thousands of copies of a single protein.
S layer
Identify the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria.
Slime layer and capsules
This arrangement is formed when rod shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other
Streptobacilli
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells
Tetrad
The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of
actin
Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall of which of the following organisms?
bacteria
The canning food industry must be sure their process destroys which of the following bacteria that can cause food poisoning?
botulinum
What cell envelope component is not a static structure?
cell membrane
Which of the following acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell?
cell membrane
Which of the following prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure?
cell wall
The cell envelope encloses the _______
cytoplasm
Which of the following is the intracellular gelatinous solution?
cytoplasm
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is classified as is a(n)
endotoxin
Besides phospholipids, the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell wall contains _______________ that function as antigens and receptors and __________________ that anchor the phospholipids into the peptidoglycan layer.
lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause illness when it adheres to the epithelial cells of the _______
lungs
All bacteria possess a cell _____ but not all bacteria possess a cell ______
membrane, wall
The _______ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.
mycoplasma
The cell envelope of gram-__________ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.
negative
In prokaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is aggregated in a central area called the ______
nucleoid
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ________
peptidoglycan
Fungal spores function in _______, while bacterial spores function in _______.
reproduction; protection
What structural difference is found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells?
single cell membrane
Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation?
slime layer
Bacteria called __________ display a serpentine mode of movement as a consequence of their periplasmic flagella called axial filaments.
spirochetes
The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for _________ in bacteria.
sporulation