MicroBio Ch.1

produced by bacteria and fungi.

Antibiotics

Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of

Antibiotics and insulin

Who is credited with first observing microorganisms

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine environmental samples for the presence of microorganisms

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

cell walls present - lack peptidoglycan

Archaea

cell walls contain a protein

Bacteria

A unicellular prokaryote

Bacterium

Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe

Bacterium Virus Yeast Protozoan

The claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

Bio genesis

Which of the following statements about biofilms is True

Biofilms in pipes can block the flow of water, Biofilms on medical devices cause infections, Biofilms on rocks provide food for animal life, Biofilms in your body protect mucous membranes from harmful microbes.

Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT

Blood

The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutrilze acids

Buffers

System of classification

Carl Woese

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by

Carolus Linnaeus

he theory that all living things are composed of cells

Cell Theory

Unicellular prokaryotes spread by sexual contact

Chlamydia

Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following diseases EXCEPT

Colon cancer

Which of the following statements about biofilms is false

Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics.

Gram-negative

Cytoplasmic membrane 2. Thin peptidoglycan layer (which is present in much higher levels in Gram-positive bacteria) 3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer 4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules 5. There is a space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space 6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan 7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two 8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present 9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone. 10. Most do not sporulate

Sulfa Drugs

Domagk

developes, chemotherapeutic Agent for syphilis

Ehrlich

the first scientist to pursue a magic bullet that could be used to treat infectious disease

Ehrlich

What is an emerging disease, and what are some of the sources for these new infectious diseases?

Emerging diseases are diseases that are new and changing. They also can increase in the future. Evolutionary changes is a factor that contribute to the development of the EID's. Diseases spread by transportation whether by human or animal can infect a person or animal and spread to different geographic locations. Deforestation can also lead to new EID's.

Cause for diarrhea

Escherich

What are the domains in the three-domain system?

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenners vaccination process?

Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity.

All cells possess a cell wall T or F

False

Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world.

False

Some viruses can contain both DNA and RNA. T or F

False

T or F Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or mad cow disease) is caused by a virus

False

The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present

False

Discovered penicillin, 1st antibiotic Bacteriology, immunology, chemo

Flemming

studied by mycologists

Fungal infections

Eukaryote

Fungus, Protozoa, Viruses, Helminthes

bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.

Gram-positive

high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Gram-positive

Cell Theory

Hooke

Salts and sugars work to preserve food by creating a

Hypertonic environment

used a filter to study tobacco mosaic disease

Ivanowski

Cowpox vaccination for small pox

Jenner

the physician first associated with vaccination

Jenner

Anthrax, Tb - Took down

Koch

Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by

Koch

Generalized term for any cell that has lust in its cell wall due to chemicals

L Forms - Luster forms

Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following

LDL receptor deficiency, cystic fibrosis, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, Duchennes muscular dystrophy

Koch's postulates

Laid down by Koch in 1800[s to show the relationship of a bacterium to a disease -The bacterium should be found in all cases and at all sites of the disease - The bacterium should be isolated from the infected specimen and maintained in a pure culture - The pure culture microbe should cause symptoms of the disease on inoculation into a host - The bacterium should be reisolated from the inoculated infected host

malaria is caused by plasmodium

Laveran

Antiseptic surgery

Lister

The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by

Lister

The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by

Louis Pasteur

Associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases

Microbes

microorganisms - living things that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Microbes

the study of the structure and function of macromolecules essential to life

Molecular biology

Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum?

Monotrichous

1st classification of bacteria

Muller

the study of molds, yeast, and mushrooms

Mycology

The smallest living things - These are unicellular prokaryotes. They live inside other cells

Mycoplasmas

Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses

Organelles

(2 vaccines) Germ Theory, Anthrax vaccine, Rabies

Pasteur

The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is

Pathogen

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes are cells that are enclosed in a special nuclear membrane. They include both bacterial and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have a distinct nucleus contains the cells genetic material which is also surrounded by a nuclear membrane. These cells are multicellular whereas prokaryotes are unicellular. The similarities between these two cells are just that, they are both cells. Another similarity is that they. Oth have cell membranes and ribosomes.

refers to the DNA resulting when bacterial genes are inserted in an animal genome

Recombinant DNA

ocky mountain spotted fever spread by ticks

Rickets

live inside cells - Transmited from one host to another by blood sucking insects - Ex- Rocky mountain fever

Rickettsias

Who is credited with first observing cells

Robert Hooke

Identified the cause of Anthrax

Robert Koch

killed virus - polio vaccine

Salk

introduced antiseptics to prevent fever

Semmelweiss

Studied outbreaks of cholera in London

Snow

Refers to living cells arising only from other living cells

Spontaneous generation

What was the function and importance of S-necked flasks in Louis Pasteurs experiments in disproving spontaneous generation?

The function of the s shaped flask was to prevent microbes and dustarticles from entering the flask.

available for all of the following diseases EXCEPT Strep Throat

Vaccinations

Father of microscope

Van Leeuwenhoek

Discover streptomnocin

Waksman

Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms

bioremediation, agriculture, gene therapy, alternative fuel production

Classification of organisms into three domains is based on

cellular organization.

Protozoan motility structures include

cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations

colon, upper respiratory system, mouth, skin

Gram-positive

cytoplasmic lipid membrane 2. thick peptidoglycan layer * teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids are present, which serve to act as chelating agents, and also for certain types of adherence. 3. capsule polysaccharides (only in some species) 4. flagellum (only in some species) * if present, it contains two rings for support as opposed to four in Gram-negative bacteria because Gram-positive bacteria have only one membrane layer. Gram-positive bacterium

Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes

decomposition of organic material infection food production O2 production

In which of the following situations would Kochs postulates be utilized?

determination of the cause of a patients illness in a hospital microbiology lab

Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea have

diverse cell wall compositions

Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following

drug production, increasing nutritional value of food, vaccine production. enhancing food longevity.

What are associated with viruses

envelope, capsid, spikes, nucleic acid

The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known

fermentation

Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT use of

genetically modified foods.

The major food producers for other living organisms is/are

higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae

Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT

increased morbidity.

Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following

microbial mutation, overuse of antibiotics. changes in the environment. modern transportation.

A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT

nucleus

The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Kochs postulates is to

obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal.

The first antibiotic to be utilized was

penicillin.

carbohydrate complex

peptidoglycan

Biogenesis refers to the development of life forms from

preexisting life forms

A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components

ribosomes, a cell wall, flagella, a cell membrane

Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following EXCEPT

synthesis of water.

A student has obtained a sample of pond water for study. Using the high-power lens, he observes several cells with nuclei. what can he conclude

that the cells are NOT bacteria

Tumbles occur when

the flagella rotate clockwise

Explain the germ theory of disease and discuss why this theory is essential to the treatment of infectious disease

the man who used the germ theory for medical procedures. If there wasn't a belief in this theory, we wouldn't be able to treat disease. People would still believe that diseases were punishment

Virus are not considered living organisms because

they cannot reproduce by themselves.