MicroBio Ch.1
produced by bacteria and fungi.
Antibiotics
Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of
Antibiotics and insulin
Who is credited with first observing microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine environmental samples for the presence of microorganisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
cell walls present - lack peptidoglycan
Archaea
cell walls contain a protein
Bacteria
A unicellular prokaryote
Bacterium
Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe
Bacterium Virus Yeast Protozoan
The claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
Bio genesis
Which of the following statements about biofilms is True
Biofilms in pipes can block the flow of water, Biofilms on medical devices cause infections, Biofilms on rocks provide food for animal life, Biofilms in your body protect mucous membranes from harmful microbes.
Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT
Blood
The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutrilze acids
Buffers
System of classification
Carl Woese
The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by
Carolus Linnaeus
he theory that all living things are composed of cells
Cell Theory
Unicellular prokaryotes spread by sexual contact
Chlamydia
Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following diseases EXCEPT
Colon cancer
Which of the following statements about biofilms is false
Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics.
Gram-negative
Cytoplasmic membrane 2. Thin peptidoglycan layer (which is present in much higher levels in Gram-positive bacteria) 3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer 4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules 5. There is a space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space 6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan 7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two 8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present 9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone. 10. Most do not sporulate
Sulfa Drugs
Domagk
developes, chemotherapeutic Agent for syphilis
Ehrlich
the first scientist to pursue a magic bullet that could be used to treat infectious disease
Ehrlich
What is an emerging disease, and what are some of the sources for these new infectious diseases?
Emerging diseases are diseases that are new and changing. They also can increase in the future. Evolutionary changes is a factor that contribute to the development of the EID's. Diseases spread by transportation whether by human or animal can infect a person or animal and spread to different geographic locations. Deforestation can also lead to new EID's.
Cause for diarrhea
Escherich
What are the domains in the three-domain system?
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenners vaccination process?
Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity.
All cells possess a cell wall T or F
False
Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world.
False
Some viruses can contain both DNA and RNA. T or F
False
T or F Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or mad cow disease) is caused by a virus
False
The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present
False
Discovered penicillin, 1st antibiotic Bacteriology, immunology, chemo
Flemming
studied by mycologists
Fungal infections
Eukaryote
Fungus, Protozoa, Viruses, Helminthes
bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.
Gram-positive
high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Gram-positive
Cell Theory
Hooke
Salts and sugars work to preserve food by creating a
Hypertonic environment
used a filter to study tobacco mosaic disease
Ivanowski
Cowpox vaccination for small pox
Jenner
the physician first associated with vaccination
Jenner
Anthrax, Tb - Took down
Koch
Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by
Koch
Generalized term for any cell that has lust in its cell wall due to chemicals
L Forms - Luster forms
Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following
LDL receptor deficiency, cystic fibrosis, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, Duchennes muscular dystrophy
Koch's postulates
Laid down by Koch in 1800[s to show the relationship of a bacterium to a disease -The bacterium should be found in all cases and at all sites of the disease - The bacterium should be isolated from the infected specimen and maintained in a pure culture - The pure culture microbe should cause symptoms of the disease on inoculation into a host - The bacterium should be reisolated from the inoculated infected host
malaria is caused by plasmodium
Laveran
Antiseptic surgery
Lister
The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by
Lister
The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by
Louis Pasteur
Associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases
Microbes
microorganisms - living things that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Microbes
the study of the structure and function of macromolecules essential to life
Molecular biology
Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum?
Monotrichous
1st classification of bacteria
Muller
the study of molds, yeast, and mushrooms
Mycology
The smallest living things - These are unicellular prokaryotes. They live inside other cells
Mycoplasmas
Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses
Organelles
(2 vaccines) Germ Theory, Anthrax vaccine, Rabies
Pasteur
The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is
Pathogen
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes are cells that are enclosed in a special nuclear membrane. They include both bacterial and archaea. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have a distinct nucleus contains the cells genetic material which is also surrounded by a nuclear membrane. These cells are multicellular whereas prokaryotes are unicellular. The similarities between these two cells are just that, they are both cells. Another similarity is that they. Oth have cell membranes and ribosomes.
refers to the DNA resulting when bacterial genes are inserted in an animal genome
Recombinant DNA
ocky mountain spotted fever spread by ticks
Rickets
live inside cells - Transmited from one host to another by blood sucking insects - Ex- Rocky mountain fever
Rickettsias
Who is credited with first observing cells
Robert Hooke
Identified the cause of Anthrax
Robert Koch
killed virus - polio vaccine
Salk
introduced antiseptics to prevent fever
Semmelweiss
Studied outbreaks of cholera in London
Snow
Refers to living cells arising only from other living cells
Spontaneous generation
What was the function and importance of S-necked flasks in Louis Pasteurs experiments in disproving spontaneous generation?
The function of the s shaped flask was to prevent microbes and dustarticles from entering the flask.
available for all of the following diseases EXCEPT Strep Throat
Vaccinations
Father of microscope
Van Leeuwenhoek
Discover streptomnocin
Waksman
Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms
bioremediation, agriculture, gene therapy, alternative fuel production
Classification of organisms into three domains is based on
cellular organization.
Protozoan motility structures include
cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.
Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations
colon, upper respiratory system, mouth, skin
Gram-positive
cytoplasmic lipid membrane 2. thick peptidoglycan layer * teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids are present, which serve to act as chelating agents, and also for certain types of adherence. 3. capsule polysaccharides (only in some species) 4. flagellum (only in some species) * if present, it contains two rings for support as opposed to four in Gram-negative bacteria because Gram-positive bacteria have only one membrane layer. Gram-positive bacterium
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes
decomposition of organic material infection food production O2 production
In which of the following situations would Kochs postulates be utilized?
determination of the cause of a patients illness in a hospital microbiology lab
Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea have
diverse cell wall compositions
Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following
drug production, increasing nutritional value of food, vaccine production. enhancing food longevity.
What are associated with viruses
envelope, capsid, spikes, nucleic acid
The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known
fermentation
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT use of
genetically modified foods.
The major food producers for other living organisms is/are
higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae
Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT
increased morbidity.
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following
microbial mutation, overuse of antibiotics. changes in the environment. modern transportation.
A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT
nucleus
The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Kochs postulates is to
obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal.
The first antibiotic to be utilized was
penicillin.
carbohydrate complex
peptidoglycan
Biogenesis refers to the development of life forms from
preexisting life forms
A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components
ribosomes, a cell wall, flagella, a cell membrane
Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following EXCEPT
synthesis of water.
A student has obtained a sample of pond water for study. Using the high-power lens, he observes several cells with nuclei. what can he conclude
that the cells are NOT bacteria
Tumbles occur when
the flagella rotate clockwise
Explain the germ theory of disease and discuss why this theory is essential to the treatment of infectious disease
the man who used the germ theory for medical procedures. If there wasn't a belief in this theory, we wouldn't be able to treat disease. People would still believe that diseases were punishment
Virus are not considered living organisms because
they cannot reproduce by themselves.
