Microbiology chapter 14

The ______ lymph nodes are located in the groin.

inguinal

Host defenses can be divided into _____________ or inborn, nonspecific protections; and ___________ or adaptive, specific immunities.

innate; acquired

Skin is protected by the insoluble protein called _______.

keratin

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin?

keratin

The primary infection-fighting blood cells are called _____.

leukocytes

the spleen filters blood but not ________

lymph

which of the following are lymphoid organ?

lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

The ________ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the _________ system.

lymphatic

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and plays a role in specific immune reactions while residing in tissues is called a(n) ______.

macrophage

The largest phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte which is involved with specific immune reactions is called a tissue ______.

macrophage

Of the granulocytes, _____ cell is a specialized tissue cell that stores (and releases) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine.

mast

Of the granulocytes, ______ cell is a specialized tissue cell that stores (and releases) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine.

mast

________ are specialized tissue cells that trigger inflammatory reactions such as allergic symptoms.

mast cells

A(n) _______ is a large leukocyte that can develop into a tissue macrophage.

monocyte

Circulating phagocytes that mature into macrophages are called ______.

monocytes

The agranulocytic leukocytes are include two general types, the _______ and _______.

monocytes; lymphocytes

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

The _____ _____ system is a network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body.

mononuclear phagocyte

Which two of the following body compartments must be in communication for effective immune function?

mononuclear phagocyte system the blood stream

Which type of granulocyte actively engulfs and kills bacteria?

neutrophil

Of the granulocytes, ______ are short lived phagocytes that actively engulf and kill bactera.

neutrophils

which of the following are a granulocytic white blood cell?

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Which is a second line host defense mechanism?

phagocytosis inflammation fever

Hair follicles, skin glands, and unbroken skin are _____ barriers that protect portals of entry against pathogens invading the body.

physical / anatomical

The clear portion of blood that does not contain clotting factors is known as ______.

serum

What term is used to describe the clear fluid derived from clotted blood?

serum

Which of the following is more often used in immune testing and therapy?

serum

________ is used more often than plasma in immune testing and therapy because plasma contains clotting factors.

serum

Lymph moves only through the contraction of ________ muscles.

skeletal

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels only through contraction of _________ muscles around lymphatic ducts.

skeletal

The unbroken _________ is a formidable barrier to the entry of microbes and is classified as a component of the first line of defense.

skin

Along with MALT tissue, ______-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and _______-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) also provide defense against microbes.

skin; gut

Along with MALT tissue,__________ -associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) and _______-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) also provide defense against microbes.

skin; gut

The __________ is a lymphoid organ located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

spleen

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and are released as mature T cells, which subsequently settle in which two secondary lymphoid organs?

spleen and lymph nodes

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called _____ cells.

stem

_______ cells are pluripotent, undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.

stem

The _________ is the site of T-cell maturation and shrinks in size with age.

thymus

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the pharyngeal region, and plays a major role in T-cell maturation?

thymus

True or false: A chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates cell development, inflammation, and immunity is called a cytokine.

true

True or false: Inborn physical barriers or chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

true

True or false: Lymphatic fluid is a plasma-like fluid that moves in and out of tissues, transporting numerous white blood cells but lacking red blood cells.

true

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.

unidirectional

Where is the spleen located?

upper left abdomen

The liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called ________.

whole blood

____ ______ is a liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma.

whole blood

Major functions of the lymphatic system

1. provide a route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system properly 2. to act as a "drain-off" system for the inflammatory response and; 3. to render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

Which of the following are examples of GALT?

Appendix Peyer's patches Lacteals

A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies is known as a(n) _____ lymphocyte.

B

________ cells are white blood cells that give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

B

________ are motile granulocytes that function in inflammatory events.

Basophils

Which of the following are granulocytic white blood cells?

Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils

Which of the following is characteristic of both nonspecific and specific host defenses?

Both involve a leukocyte response

________ are a line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes.

Dendritic cells

Of the granulocytes, ______ are involved in immunologic responses to protozoal and helminth worm infections and inflammatory reactions.

Eosinophils

________ are the granulocytes that are mostly involved in immunologic responses to protozoal and helminth worm infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions.

Eosinophils

What is GALT an acronym for?

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

______ , more commonly called white blood cells, are primary infection-fighting blood cells.

Leukocytes

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus

_____________ fluid is a plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, containing large numbers of white blood cells but lacking red blood cells.

Lymphatic

Identify two correct statements regarding lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels are generally subject to low pressure. Lymphatic vessels have thin walls.

Which two of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels are correct?

Lymphatic vessels have thin walls. Lymphatic vessels are prevalent in the hands and feet.

Of the agranulocytes, ______ are the group that includes T cells, B cells and Natural Killer cells.

Lymphocytes

T and B cells are what type of leukocytes?

Lymphocytes

________ are the group of agranulocytic leukocytes that includes B cells, NK cells, and T cells.

Lymphocytes

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells?

Lymphocytes Monocytes

Which of the following terms is used to describe the lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal surfaces in the body?

MALT

Which of the following is NOT a granulocytic white blood cells?

Monocytes

_________ associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, is lymphoid tissue associated with mucus-producing tissue surfaces.

Mucosa

Lymphocytes include ________ cells.

NK, T, & B

Which actions of skin components are important to the removal of microbes from the skin?

Outer layers of skin sloughing off Flushing effect of sweat glands Desquamation of hair follicle cells

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical barrier?

Phagocytes

_______ is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.

Plasma

________is the fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors; and in which blood cells are normally suspended.

Plasma

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

Skin

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?

Stomach

Nonspecific host defenses include all of the following except ______.

antibody production

Where are axillary lymph nodes located?

armpit

The ___________ lymph nodes are located in the armpits.

axillary

Along with mast cells, _______ are types of granulocytic leukocytes that mediate function in inflammatory events.

basophil

Activities in which two of the following body compartments must be communicated to the other for effective immune function?

extracellular fluid-filled spaces lymphatic system

True or false: The spleen filters lymph but not blood.

false

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

filter the lymph

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

filters out microbes for phagocytosis

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

formed elements

A type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules is called a(n) ________..

granulocyte

A(n) ______ is any type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules.

granulocyte

The two types of leukocytes with different staining patterns that can be distinguished microscopically are ______.

granulocytes agranulocytes

The two types of leukocytes distinguished microscopically by their staining patterns are ______.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located?

groin

The acronym GALT stands for _____- associated ________ tissue.

gut; lymphoid

Naive T lymphocytes develop specificity and differentiate to mature T cells under the influence of ______.

hormones

A(n) ___________ is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

A(n) _______ cell is a large, antigen-processing cell characterized by long, thin cell processes.

dendritic

The process by which a change in gene expression causes immature cells to express different cell surface markers and respond to new signals is called ______.

differentiation

Which process causes cells to become more specialized over time, through changes in gene expression?

differentiation