Mid 19th Century Conservative Monarchies

What was the phrase of the Italian Unification?

Risorgimento Italian unity "Resurgence" or "Revival"

Emperor Louis Napoleon III

1851-President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire. After his successful coup, Napoleon will rule France with a combination of conservatism and liberalism. As emperor, Napoleon III modernized Paris.

The Dreyfus Affair, 1894

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Officer in the French army, was accused of being a spy, and other crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army. He was tried, convicted of treason, and sent to Devil's Island Prison in French Guiana in South America (brutal conditions)

Outcome of The Panama Canal scandal 1892

All but one of accused went unpunished → lack of evidence Anti-Semitism: two German Jews were also involved→ received the most press coverage The scandal showed corrupt gov't

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French (1849)

Attempts made in the revolutions of 1848 to unite Italy Austria and France eventually ended uprisings

The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Austria and Hungary become independent, but had a common Habsburg ruler Separate: legislative bodies, laws, taxes Common: military & foreign policy Habsburg Empire now called Austria-Hungary

Austro-Prussian War

Austria goes to war with Prussia and leaves Venetia open to invasion Piedmont-Sardinia easily takes & annexes Venetia from Austria

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Austria refuses to leave Holstein Prussia easily defeats Austria→ Prussia annexes Schleswig and Holstein

Problems in Austria

Austrian Monarchy was weakening Crimean War, Italian unification & German unification all defeats for Austria Nationalism was causing many ethnicities in the Hapsburg Empire to grow discontented

Wilhelm I

Became King of Prussia in 1861 Kaiser of a united Germany in 1871 appointed Bismarck

The French Third Republic

Began with the fall of Napoleon III Responsible for paying off the war indemnity to Germany after the treaty of Frankfurt

Danish "Schleswig" War (1864)

Bismarck sends Prussia to war with Denmark to take Schleswig- a German speaking region controlled by Denmark Austria fights with Prussia

North German Confederation (1867)

Bismarck then established a new North German Confederation→ Prussia controlled

The Dual Alliance of 1879: Germany & Austria

Bismarck tried to create alliances to maintain "balance of power" He feared Russia's size and population → two countries would aid each other in war with Russia

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

British lady with the lamp Crimean War was the first war to have women as nurses She established organization and hygiene for soldiers Writes nursing manual in 1859 that is the basis for modern nursing

Garibaldi & "Red Shirts" unite with Cavour

Cavour and Victor Emanuel ask Garibaldi to invade Sicily & Southern Italy He does so easily

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of the Prussian parliament/Reichstag Junker Conservative Realpolitik Mastermind of German unification under Prussian dominance

Pope Pius IX

Controlled Rome and the Papal States held governing power in the Papal States/Rome

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers

Courbet submitted this piece to the salon of Paris art exhibition. Created a great shock. Poverty is emphasized, contrast of old/young→ born poor = die poor Reaction to the labor unrest of Revolutions of 1848

The Dreyfus Affair: The Truth

Dreyfus was innocent French army officers wanted to blame him since he was a Jew and pinned the crime on him Support for Dreyfus: A French Lieutenant Colonel, George Picquart, came upon evidence that Dreyfus was innocent.

Hyper Nationalism

Extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it.

Significance of Crimean War

France and Britain work together Austria and Russia were enemies Industrial Revolution and new weapons, along with improvements in medicine, changed warfare significantly The revolutions of 1848 killed the Concert of Europe, the Crimean War put the nail in the coffin

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

France paid a huge indemnity (war debt) & was occupied by German troops until it was paid France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany (region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry)

Napoleon's Wars

Goes to war against RUSSIA in the Crimean War Goes to war against AUSTRIA in campaigns to unite Italy Takes Algeria in North Africa & regions in Southeast Asia Invades Mexico, but campaign eventually fails Goes to war with PRUSSIA → Napoleon III's downfall

The Panama Canal scandal 1892

Gov't officials took bribes from company to withhold news from public → serious economic debt & failing project One billion francs affecting 800,000 investors

The Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria & Italy

Italy angered over French activity in N. Africa b/c they were trying to develop an imperialist presence

What happens when the French troops leave Rome?

Italy is united

Gustave Flaubert

Leading French novelist of the 1850-1860's Madame Bovary (1857) - contempt for bourgeois life/smugness and hypocrisy of the middle class

Giuseppi Mazzini

Liberal/Radical Wanted to see Italy united under a democratic republic with universal male suffrage. wrote about nationalism and unification Young Italy

Napoleon III's Foreign Policy

Main goal- Bring back France's former glory achieved under his uncle's rule - Nationalism

Berlin Conference (1884)

Major European powers meet in Berlin to discuss how Africa will be colonized by European powers without war Reminiscent of the old Concert of Europe in that it was an attempt to avoid war Shows Germany's influence

Bismarck: Workers Accident Insurance (1884)

Medical bills paid by government if worker is injured on the job Pension would be paid to injured workers who could no longer work

Giuseppi Garibaldi

Military leader, exiled to South America after earlier attempts to unite. Wanted to see Italy united under a republic.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Napoleon III declares war on Prussia in 1870 due to a scandal Bismarck used nationalism to get the southern and more Catholic German states to join the North German Confederation in the war The Prussian army, with its efficient General Staff, employed railroads and artillery more effectively than the French.

Cavour & Napoleon Secretly Meet at Plombiéres (1858)

Napoleon needs to repay Cavour since he helped France in the Crimean War Cavour Asks Napoleon for support in taking all of Northern Italy from Austria Cavour offers Savoy and Nice as payment for French support

Modern Paris

Napoleon ||| puts Haussman in charge of this project Goal was to create a capital city worthy of France Streets widened Street lights Modern sewage and waste systems Old buildings torn down and rebuilt Paris went from a medieval city to a modern 19th century city Their work won the support of both the middle and working class.

Realism( 1848-1860s)

New style of painting and literature Rejection of Romanticism Real, honest, gritty Often depicted lower classes

Social Programs under Bismarck

No socialist/communist political parties No socialist publications/newspapers No socialist party members in the Reichstag (Hated Marxist socialism)

Austro-Sardinian War

Piedmont-Sardinia takes Lombardy Napoleon double-crosses Cavour & strikes a treaty with Austria that prevents Cavour from taking Venetia

Ferdinand de Lesseps

President of French company that worked on the Suez & Panama canals Panama Canal → plagued with construction problems

Count Camillo Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia Brains behind Italian Unification

Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program

Problem: loyalty to Pope over Kaiser Reduced power of clergy: take marriage and education out of the hands of clergy German government supervised the education of Catholic priests overall failure

King Victor Emmanuel II

Ruler of Sardinia in 1849

Tsar Alexander II

Russia Absolute monarch No functional legislative bodies All land owned by Boyers who paid no taxes 95% of Russia was made up of impoverished peasants/serfs → tied to land So he sucks

The Crimean War

Russia vs. Ottoman Empire(Great Britain, France, Austria, Piedmont-Sardinia) Russia's purpose for war- Protect Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire and gain a warm water route through Black Sea, take Constantinople

Carbonari Insurrections (1820-1821)

Secret liberal society early revolutions put down by the Concert of Europe Put idea of Italian unity on the minds of Italians

Charles Dickens

Set in the early industrial age- exposes problems David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol

Bismarck: Compensation for Ill Workers (1883)

Sick workers paid by government when unable to work

German Unification

The single most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914 It fundamentally altered the Balance of Power in Europe.

Zionist Movement

Theodore Herzl, an Austrian journalist, started arguing for a state/return to homeland for Jews A sort of Jewish nationalism Many Jews returned to Palestine This will eventually lead to the Jewish state of Israel (1948)

Outcome of the Crimean War

Treaty of Paris 1856 Russia Lost! they don't get the black sea, and are weakened significantly Ottoman Empire is legit

Problems after Italian Unification

Very little was settled or ended by unification 3% could vote

Reforms of Tsar Alexander II

Wants to modernize Russia Emancipation Edict (1861): serfs freed, but did not own land Zemstvos: created local governments through elected assemblies of representatives, very local, like county gov'ts, did not create a "national assembly" to represent the nation These reforms were not enough to make a difference

Piedmont-Sardinia

a state in southern Europe ruled by an Italian family The state had a constitution and a parliament was a liberal monarchy Significance- viewed as a possible unifier for Italy

The Alliance System: Big Idea

Without Concert System, only way to maintain balance of power was through militarization Alliances pitted Europe's strongest countries against each other → greater degrees of militarization

Bismarck : Old Age Workers Pension (1889)

Workers retire at 70 & receive gov't paid pension until death

nihilism

belief in nothing Nihilism was an intellectual rebellion Many formed a secret society in the 1870's called "The People's Will" - desired to overthrow government Assasinated Tsar Alexander II by throwing a bomb at his carriage in 1881.

Edouard Manet, Olympia (1863) Paris

created a scandal at the Paris Salon of 1865 Appropriates from Titian's Venus of Urbino Unlike Venus, Olympia is cold, uninviting, and making direct eye contact with the viewer. Having a mistress was common for upper class Parisian men of the time. "Olympia" is a common stage name for courtesans/prostitutes in Paris

President Louis Napoleon ||| 1848-1852

elected to a four year term shared power with a National Assembly dominated with Conservatives who limited voting rights and increased the church in education he represented a vision of national unity & social progress

Realpolitik

politics based on PRACTICAL objectives rather than ideals