mid-term for criminal justice & public policy
________ is the legal system created in England after the Norman Conquest and still used in the United States today.
common law
Line activities of police include all of the following EXCEPT:
communications
A person accepts society's cultural goals and decides to continue with his current job to achieve the goals. According to Merton's strain theory, the person's response to the strain falls under the category of ________.
conformity
A(n) ________ is a document that specifies the components of a government, the duties of each component, and the limits of their power.
constitution
All of the following are sources of law in the United States EXCEPT:
corpus delicti.
Certain offenders in prison have been convicted of crimes without DNA testing. Several of these offenders request to get the test done to prove their innocence. However, several district attorneys contest these requests and argue that the tests are unnecessary as the offenders have already been proven to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The failure of states to accommodate DNA requests is reflective of the ________.
crime control model
The ________ is an officially compiled statistical measure of the incidence of crime in the United States.
crime index
Determinism is the idea that:
criminal behavior is a product of biological, psychological, and social forces that are beyond a person's control.
________ is a body of laws in which people are punished by the government for specific prohibited actions.
criminal law
After Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court held that the exclusionary rule applies only to ________.
criminal trials
For a behavior to be considered a crime, it must be:
defined by society as a crime.
In a trial, State Attorney Daniels has given sufficient proof of all elements of the crime. The jury must find the defendant:
guilty
About ________ of all calls to police result in the dispatch of a police officer.
half
Jeremy Bentham proposed that people acted in a way that brought them the greatest pleasure and the least pain and that they would not commit crime if the pain of punishment was greater than what might be gained from carrying out the crime. This idea was known as Bentham's ________.
hedonistic calculus
A(n) ________ is a rule that gives clarity on the behavior or action that is appropriate and expected in a given situation.
norm
In general, ________ are more likely to support community policing.
officers of color
Only about ________ of agencies have early warning systems in the United States.
one-third
Individuals may receive an early release from prison based on their compliance with certain standards when they are free. These individuals are under ________.
parole
Ninety-five percent of criminal cases are settled by:
plea bargains
During the ________, local government leaders selected members of their party to be police officers as a reward for party loyalty. In this patronage system, it was whom the police knew, rather than what they knew, that was important.
political era of policing
Criminologists recognize two major schools of thought or belief systems as among the first attempts to organize a view of crime causation ________ schools of criminology.
the classical and the positivist
Since ________, the UCR, or the Uniform Crime Reports, requires authorities to provide additional information when a crime appears to have been motivated by hate.
1996
The current sample size of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is ________ households.
76,000
A man breaks into an empty house, steals a few household items, and sneaks out of a window undetected. Which of the following did the man commit?
A burglary
Which of the following is the best predictor of criminal behavior?
A history of past criminal behavior
________ is a survey in which individuals, who are guaranteed confidentiality, reveal offenses that they have committed but for which they may or may not have been arrested and held accountable.
A self-report
Which of the following is an indicator that a police department has implemented community policing strategies?
All of the answers are correct.
While intoxicated, a man breaks into a home he thinks is his own and falls asleep on the couch. When the residents of the home find him, they call the police. The man is arrested for breaking and entering. The presiding judge sentences the man to commit to an in-house treatment center for 30 days. What type of sentence did the man receive?
An alternative sentence
________ is the belief that criminals are evolutionally primitive or subhuman people characterized by certain "inferior" identifiable physical and mental characteristics.
Atavism
________ is considered the central nervous system of policing that coordinates the performance of law enforcement activities.
Communications
________ is a policing strategy that focuses on reducing crime and disorder, such as loitering and graffiti, by involving residents in the job of policing.
Community-oriented policing
According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, ________ is the act of pledging and promising to people and institutions.
commitment
How is there a disparity in granting bail?
Defendants who are poor will have to stay in jail prior to their trial.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about a follow-up investigation?
Detectives make the majority of arrests after a complete follow-up investigation.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the crime control model?
It advocates strong procedural protections that would support human rights.
Which of the following is an example of a showup?
John is sitting in the back of a police car, and the police are showing John to a witness.
Which U.S. Supreme Court case helped to shape the role of the courts in the U.S. justice system by giving the Supreme Court the right of judicial review and the authority to interpret law?
Marbury v. Madison
The ________ is a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant was unable to know what he or she was doing or to distinguish right from wrong.
McNaughtan Rule
________ is the criminal intent or mental state of the defendant at the time of the crime.
Mens rea
Which of the following is NOT a result of fragmentation?
One agency is well coordinated. Everyone in this agency knows their responsibilities and performs them as expected without any overlap of service.
Which of the following is true of the structure of the law enforcement system?
Policing in the United States has always been highly localized.
Which of the following is NOT one of Cesare Beccaria's criteria for punishment?
Severity
In 2006, which of the following rules did the Supreme Court pass concerning suspected terrorists?
Special military courts could not try suspected terrorists being held at Guantanamo Bay.
________ due process means that the government cannot unfairly, or without just cause, deprive people of certain liberties.
Substantive
Which of the following is true of the use of force?
The probability of using force and the amount of force significantly increase when the suspect is antagonistic.
Which of the following acts gave the government wide authority to engage in various kinds of electronic surveillance?
The USA PATRIOT Act
Which model advocates the assembly-line justice?
The crime control model
Which of the following is NOT provided by the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
The dark figure of crime
Which group experiences more property crimes than the other age groups?
The elderly
Which of the following statements is FALSE about warrants in the Fourth Amendment?
The government must obtain a warrant before agents can conduct any reasonable search.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of the self-defense claim?
The offender must be taller and heavier than the victim.
Tommy is arrested on charges of attempted murder. He goes to his bail hearing in a small state court in Texas. At the bail hearing, the judge rules that Tommy's bail is $5 million. Tommy claims that this is a violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. The judge still denies his request for lesser bail. Why can the judge impose such a high bail for Tommy?
The privilege against excessive bail does not apply to state defendants and only applies to federal defendants.
Which of the following statements is true about the percentages of African Americans, Latinos, and women in the local law enforcement agencies as of 2013?
There are more African Americans than Latinos in local law enforcement agencies.
The police are looking for Trevor Brown, a suspect in a murder. Detective Lewis obtains Trevor's cell phone number from an informant and calls him. When Trevor receives the call, the detective immediately begins asking questions about the evening of the murder. Detective Lewis does not have to read Trevor his Miranda rights because:
Trevor Brown is not in Detective Lewis's custody.
________ are interviews with individuals who have been personally affected by specific crimes.
Victim surveys
The Supreme Court first articulated the exclusionary rule in the ________ case.
Weeks v. United States
In the Crime Index, the Part I offenses comprised seven felonies: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Congress later mandated the addition of ________ to the Part I offenses.
arson
Which of the following is an example of crimes against persons?
battery
Adopted children are most likely to grow up to be criminals if their:
biological parents are criminals.
John Jones is on trial for murder. The prosecutors have decided to charge him with a(n) ________ crime, which means if convicted, he would be eligible for the death penalty.
capital
Behaviors that society considers deviant:
change over time and across locations
Larry's fingerprints were found on the murder weapon that was used in the murder of his wife, Jennifer. This is ________ evidence.
circumstantial
Mark often steals household items from Walmart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because anyone else would have done the same thing in his situation. The neutralization technique Mark is using to support his actions is ________.
denial of victim
The ________ is the chief federal law enforcement department in the United States.
department of justice
Appellate courts:
determine whether legal errors were made at trial.
In most states, high courts have ________ appeals.
discretionary
In the United States, federal courts consist of ________.
district courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court
A judges' responsibility is to ensure that the trial proceeds according to the rules of:
due process
When investigating a case of arson, Detective Rodriguez questions the crowd around the crime scene and believes one of the witnesses to be the culprit. He places the suspect under arrest. Which function of policing does arresting suspects fall under?
enforcing the law
The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects residents from "unreasonable searches and seizures."
fourth
The ________ is when police reasonably believe that the warrant or law authorizing a search or seizure is legitimate, but it later turns out it is not.
good faith exception
Failure to license a dog properly would be considered a(n):
infraction
A killing resulting from an offender's careless actions is called ________.
involuntary manslaughter
An example of a court of limited jurisdiction is a:
juvenile court
Maintaining order is also known as:
keeping the peace
The level of mens rea where the offender is certain in the result of the actions, regardless of whether the offender wants them to happen, is referred to as:
knowingly
A first-time offender is charged with misdemeanor for marijuana possession. This offense can best be classified under ________ of the wedding cake model
layer 4
Police driving around certain neighborhoods in the night to keep a watch is an example of ________.
preventive patrols
The ________ exception allows police to interrogate suspects without first warning them of their rights if there is a significant threat to innocent bystanders.
public safety
In order for an act to be a search or seizure, the target of the act must have a(n) ________ expectation of privacy.
reasonable
The U.S. Marshals Service is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:
regulating firearms and explosives
When appellate court judges ________ a case, they send it back to the trial court.
remand
As part of the ________ step in the SARA model of problem-oriented policing, a department will most likely learn how other jurisdictions have dealt with the same problem.
response
A person rejects society's cultural goals, lacks the means to achieve them, and responds to the resulting strain by basically dropping out of the race and ceasing to try to succeed. According to Merton's strain theory, this person's response to the strain falls under the category of ________.
retreatism
The ________ Amendment entitles criminal defendants to the help of an attorney at trial.
sixth
The first publicly funded city police departments in the United States were ________.
slave patrols created to keep slaves from rebelling or running away
Most criminal cases are prosecuted in ________ courts.
state
A state's high court is often called the ________.
state supreme court
Police detectives believe that Anna is a drug dealer. They do not have evidence to prove this, but, nonetheless, they search her home. This is a violation of ________ due process.
substantive
A police department's internal affairs unit consists of ________.
sworn personnel from within the agency
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail shall not be required?
the 8th amendment
The earliest known record of written law is:
the Code of Ur-Nammu.
According to Freud, which part of personality is associated with unconscious drives that demand pleasure and instant gratification?
the id
Who decides whether a suspect is charged with a crime?
the prosecutor
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution affords all of the following rights EXCEPT:
the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts to personality proposed by Sigmund Freud?
the superid
In a retention election, who decides whether a state judge has performed well enough to stay on the bench?
the voters
During the political era of policing, police were NOT ________.
thought of primarily as law enforcers
The person who is appointed to assist victims with every aspect of the postvictimization period is called a:
victim advocate
The ________ test established by the Supreme Court means that confessions are inadmissible unless made willingly.
voluntariness
