Midterm 1

Undisputed bipedal early hominins lived in ________ about 4 million years ago a. West Africa b. China c. North America d. East Africa

East Africa

Most archaeologists believe that the ______ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication. a. Fertile Crescent b. Sahara Desert c. African savanna d. Kansas plain

Fertile Crescent

The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species? a. H. erectus and H. ergaster b. H. ergaster and H habilis c. H. habilis and H. rudolfensis d. H. rudolfensis and H. erectus

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

In 1994, ______ published The Bell Curve, a book arguing that there is a casual link between race and intelligence a. Hernstein and Murray b. Boas and Weber c. Sapir and Wharf d. Ember and Ember

Hernstein and Murray

What is the currently accepted scientific name of the Neandertals? a. Homo neandertalensis b. Homo sapiens neandertalensis c. Homo heidelbergensis d. Homo ergaster

Homo neandertalensis

Only _____ fossils have been found in North and South America. a. Homo sapiens b. Homo neadertalensis c. Homo erectus d. Homo habilis

Homo sapiens

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere? a. Louis Leakey b. Bronislaw Malinowski c. Claude Levi-Strauss d. Margaret Mead

Margaret Mead

The middle Paleolithic period in Africa is called the ______. a. Mesolithic b. Middle Stone Age c. Neolithic d. Upper Paleolithic

Middle Stone Age

When did hominoids first appear? a. Holocene b. Eocene c. Oligocene d. Miocene

Miocene

________ has proposed a theory of state origin stressing population growth, circumscription, and war a. Elman Service b. Harvey Weiss c. Robert Carneiro d. Gregory Johnson

Robert Carneiro

Which recently discovered species is providing a glimpse into the poorly understood period of hominoid evolution? a. Australopithecus anamensis b. Australopithecus afarensis c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis d. Paranthrobus robustus

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

In 1859, Charles Darwin published _______. a. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection b. The Descent of Man c. The Voyage of the Beagle d. Fauna of the Galapagos Island

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Which of the following is true of conformity studies across cultures? a. The degree of conformity is relatively stable across cultures b. The degree of conformity varies, but most studies still show a conformity effect c. The number of studies showing in a conformity effect is about equal to those that find no effect d. There is no conformity effect in most non-Western societies

The degree of conformity varies, but most studies still show a conformity effect

Why do we not know whether bipedalism developed quickly or gradually? a. There are very many bipedal hominoids but very few quadrupedal ones for comparison b. Bipedalism seems to have appeared and disappeared from the fossil within a few million years c. There are no transitional or early bipedal fossils through which we can study the development of bipedalism d. The fossil record is very slim for the period between 8 and 4 million years ago

The fossil record is very slim for the period between 8 and 4 million years ago

________ theorized that long-distance trade led to the state. a. Ember and Ember b. Sapir and Whorf c. Carneiro and Harris d. Wright and Johnson

Wright and Johnson

Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields of anthropology? a. biological anthropology b. applied anthropology c. anthropological linguistics d. archeology

applied anthropology

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic? a. toolmaking b. writing c. art d. hunting

art

Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________. a. fossil b. artifact c. ecofact d. feature

artifact

In the Near East, dogs seem to have been domesticated ______. a. alongside the shift to nomadic pastoralism b. before the rise of agriculture c. as a food source d. only within the last few hundred years

before the rise of agriculture

What is an adaptation? a. a genetic change that gives the carrier a better chance of survial and reproduction b. an alteration in a gene due to a chemical misalignment c. selective breeding to increase the frequency of a particular trait in a population d. a behavioral trait that makes one more popular and influential

a genetic change that gives the carrier a better chance of survival and reproduction

Which of the following is a major source of new culture? a. peer pressure b. tradition c. revolution d. individual variation

individual variation

A __________ might study speech patterns in varying social contexts a. sociolinguist b. anthropological linguist c. historical linguist d. ethnologist

sociolinguist

What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children? a. television, movies, and the Internet b. diet, health, and activity levels c. their setting and the people within it d. family structure and history

their setting and the people within it

The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the _______. a. Mousterian b. Acheulian c. Oldowan d. Osteodontokeratic

Acheulian

Later Stone Age settlements in ______ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America. a. India b. Australia c. Africa d. the Artic

Africa

The earliest known modern-looking found so far lived in _______. a. Asia b. Europe c. Australia d. Africa

Africa

Why did cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East? a. The population in Mesoamerica was not interested in the development of cities b. Agriculture started later in the New World than in the Old World c. It was easier to domesticate large animals like cattle and horses without cities d. the climate of Mesoamerica was not suitable for building cities

Agriculture started later in the New World that in the Old World

_______ rule describes what seems to be a general relationship between body surface area and temperature? a. Allen's b. Darwin's c. Robert's d. Bergmann's

Bergmann's

Homo erectus dates from around ______ million years ago. a. 2.8 b. 3.8 c. 1.8 d. 4.8

1.8

Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about _______ years ago. a. 200,000 b. 300,000 c. 50,000 d. 160,000

160,000

By about __________ B.C.E, archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations. a. 4500 b. 3500 c. 5500 d. 2500

3500

Cities first appeared in the Near East about __________. a. 5500 BCE b. 4500 BCE c. 3500 BCE d. 2000 BCE

3500 BCE

Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived about ______ million years ago. a. 7 b. 5 c. 3 d. 2

7

The first clear indication of changeover to food production took place in the Near East about _______ B.C.E. a. 4,000 b. 10,000 c. 8,000 d. 2,000

8,000

If we think of the history of the universe in terms of 12 months, the history of humanlike primates would have taken up only about______. a. 10 minutes b. 3 hours c. 90 minutes d. 1 hour

90 minutes

Before it was determined that it should have its own genus, Ardipithecus ramidus was classified with which group? a. Homo b. Australopithecus c. Paranthropus d. Sahelanthropus

Australopithecus

Which hominin species was first discovered? a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Ardipithecus ramidus d. Kenyanthropus platyops

Australopithecus africanus

Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today? a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Charles Darwin c. Aristotle d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Carolus Linnaeus

Why do we still not know when human language emerged? a. It is a difficult topic to explore archaeologically b. There is so much archaeological evidence that it is hard to put it all together c. Anthropologists are not very interested in this topic d. Language originated in a common ancestor, which we have not yet identified

It is a difficult topic to explore archaeologically

How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees? a. It is faster for short spurts b. It is more efficient over long distances c. It uses far more energy d. It allows the body to carry more weight

It is more efficient over long distances

Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique was developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size. This was called the ______ method. a. Levalloisian b. Oldowan c. Paleolithic d. Mousterian

Levalloisian

Which theorist was pivotal in the theoretical approach of evolutionism? a. Julian Steward b. Franz Boas c. Clifford Geertz d. Lewis Henry Morgan

Lewis Henry Morgan

Which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus? a. Acheulian b. Mousterian c. Prehistoric d. Lower Paleolithic

Lower Paleolithic

What do Neandertal skeletons tell researchers about their levels of activity? a. Neandertal activity levels were comparable to early Homo sapiens b. There is no way to determine physical features from the remains identified c. Neandertals made strenuous use of their bodies d. Neandertals engaged in less strenuous activity that early Homo sapiens

Neandertals made strenuous use of their bodies

Where were bananas probably first domesticated? a. New Guinea b. Costa Rica c. Iraq d. Tanzania

New Guinea

Where did the Leakey family conduct their paleoanthropological excavations? a. Olduvai Gorge b. Hadar c. Swartkrans d. Laetoli

Olduvai Gorge

Why did the Upper Paleolithic cultures rely on hunting for food? a. There was ni suitable vegetation b. The people were tired of farming c. There were vast supplies of meat available d. The land was not suitable for raising livestock

There were vast supplies of meat available

Why did 20th-century anthropologists become interested in psychology? a. They did not believe that human nature was completely revealed in Western societies b. Psychology was just becoming popular as an academic discipline c. Greater contact with other cultures was showing a surprising variety of psychological patterns d. they were trying to distance themselves from sociologists by focusing more on the individual

They did not believe that human nature was completely revealed in Western societies

Which pair of scientists is famous for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule? a. Watson and Crick b. Darwin and Wallace c. Lyell and Cuvier d. Malthus and Marx

Watson and Crick

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as _______. a. an indication that parents are too busy foraging for food to play with their kids b. a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies c. a sign of bad parenting by uneducated adults d. a more adaptive alternative to beating their children

a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies

Who are the Denisovans? a. an isolated population of late Homo erectus b. a recently discovered hominin species c. a hybrid group of H. antecessor and H. sapiens d. a population descended from H. neandertalensis

a recently discovered hominin species

Which of these is the earliest evidence of art? a. pottery b. cave paintings c. carvings d. architecture

carvings

Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in ______. a. mud dwellings b. volcanic ash depositis c. wood huts d. caves and rock shelters

caves and rock shelters

The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called ______. a. transplanting b. cloning c. reproduction d. mutation

cloning

The ideal cultural traits of a society __________. a. consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave b. consist of the culutural patterns that most people always exhibit c. generally reflect the way a society was in the past d. are usually followed by the most respected members of a community, but not necessarily by others

consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave

The first known form of writing found in Sumer and dating to around 3000 BCE is known as ________. a. spiral form b. cuneiform c. hieroglyphics d. alphabetics

cuneiform

What happens to a species when environments change? a. There is no change in a species' evolution b. they will all go extinct and be replaced by new species c. they will grow bigger in response to the environmental change d. different traits will become adaptive

different traits will become adaptive

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________. a. gathering b. farming c. animal herding d. hunting

hunting

Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by ________. a. Paranthropus robustus b. Homo sapiens c. early Homo d. Australopithecus

early Homo

The traditional Inuit concept of inummarik, or "a genuine person," includes a lifelong process of ________. a. family commitment b. ecological involvement c. educational achievement d. financial security

ecological involvement

The earliest Neolithic societies were __________. a. egalitarian b. hierarchical c. ranked d. stratified

egalitarian

In addition to the genes, physical variations in human populations may be due to the _____. a. season b. weather c. environment d. time of day

environment

The method of _______ shows that a theory seems to be wrong a. guessing b. proving c. falsification d. testing

falsification

Gregor Mendel was a pioneer in the field of ______. a. medicine b. physics c. chemistry d. genes

genes

Dual-inheritacne theory relates to the roles of ______ and ______ in transmitting traits to future generations. a. genes; culture b. culture; lineage c. genes; diet d. diet; lineage

genes; culture

All primates have grasping ______. a. legs b. tails c. hands d. elbows

hands

Anthropology is literally the study of__________ a. humans b. fossils c. history d. religion

humans

Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples' cultures and ________. a. helps us adopt other peoples' customs for our own uses b. ensures that our culture will never change c. reminds us of how much our culture has evolved d. keeps us from understanding our own customs

keeps us from understanding our own customs

Humans are unusual among mammals in our _______. a. close connections between mothers and their infants b. long post-reproductive lifespan for females c. high lifetime reproductive rates in males d. tendency to live in social groups of unrelated adults

long post-reproductive lifespan for females

Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica, __________ were located near seasonally abundant resources. a. mesobands b. macrobands c. microbands d. broadbands

macrobands

The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated __________. a. wheat b. barley c. maize d. rice

maize

The goal of applied anthropology is to _______ a. understand human evolution b. limit anthropology to an academic setting c. make anthropological knowledge useful d. focus solely on Western cultures

make anthropological knowledge useful

Why is it incomplete to simply call anthropology "the study of humans"? a. the focus of anthropology is on pre-human organisms b. many other disciplines also study humans c. anthropologists study only certain aspects of human life d. anthropologists study all species of mammals

many other disciplines also study humans

Populations that live closer to the equator tend to have _______. a. less cultural/ethnic diversity b. more environmental unpredictability than northern or southern latitude populations c. more cultural/ethnic diversity than northern or southern latitude populations d. minimized ethnogenesis compared to northern or southern latitude populations

minimized ethnogenesis compared to northern or southern latitude populations

The Y-5 pattern of hominids refers to a feature on the _______. a. cerebral cortex b. molars c. femurs d. incisors

molars

Full bipedalism may have made possible _______. a. larger male pelves b. more efficient toolmaking c. a complex social hierarchy d. multiple births

more efficient toolmaking

Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something ______ us exerting a strong ______ power on us. a. outside; coercive b. outside; limiting c. inside; limiting d. inside; coercive

outside; coercive

Hypoxia is a condition of _____. a. malnutrition b. protein deficiency c. oxygen deficiency d. hypertension

oxygen deficiency

The idea that an understanding of personality might help us explain connections between primary and secondary institutions os called ________. a. personality integration of culture b. personality and social integration c. personal-culture synchrony d. personal-social connection

personality integration of culture

Participant-observation refers to the ______. a. practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society b. use of a laboratory to standardize measurements c. observation of how people interact in carefully contrived situations d. employment of natives to gather information from their peers

practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society

The oldest definite primates, adapids and omomyids, are classified as early ______. a. cercopithecines b. hominins c. prosimians d. anthropoids

prosimians

As with humans, other primates need play time to help develop normally. This is because play ________. a. creates a status-free social system b. is a necessary activity in adult primate life c. provides a way to learn social skills d. determines one's place in the social hierarchy

provides a way to learn social skills

The Japanese concept of self is often described as ________. a. neighborly b. individualistic c. relational d. egocentric

relational

With the drying trend of 16 to 11 million years ago, the area called the ______ expanded in Africa. a. desert b. rain forest c. savanna d. bush

savanna

Which if these illnesses is due to abnormality of the red blood cells? a. sickle-cell anemia b. Hodgkin's disease c. Alzheimer's d. HIV/AIDS

sickle-cell anemia

The fossil and archeological records indicate that early hominins were _______ beings. a. lonely b. independent c. social d. overcrowded

social

How does the everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition? a. The academic definition reflects traits that are only possessed by a segment of the population b. The common usage deals only with patterns that have been passed down for generations c. The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired d. The academic definition is narrower than the common usage

the common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired

What is culture? a. the religion, language, and values of a population b. the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves c. advanced knowledge of literature and fine arts d. traditional beliefs that have been unchanged over generations

the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves

Archeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at _______. a. the society's population b. how extensively agriculture was used to produce food c. the differences in house size and furnishing d. how animals were domesticated

the differences in house size and furnishing

What is the conceptual opposite of ethnocentricism? a. an understanding of the nuances of other cultures b. the glorification of other cultures c. thinking your own culture is better than others d. believing that all cultures are essentially the same

the glorification of other cultures

What do anthropologists mean when they say that city-states "arose independently" in various regions of the world? a. The people developed a complex society without any contact from outside populations b. there was no trade involved in the development of the city-state c. the states emerged without colonization or conquest from other states d. the state had no political connections to the surrounding villagers

the states emerged without colonization or conquest from other states

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many of non-Western societies? a. cross-cultural psychology is basically flawed in its ability to measure differences b. concepts such as conversation and formal operational thinking are not known in other cultures c. cross-cultural psychology is a new, and therefore untested, field d. the tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures

the tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that _______. a. even with natively familiar test materials, Tiv children never reached an understanding of conservation to match the European children b. the Tiv children had a stronger understanding of conservation than European children when tested with earth, nuts, and numbers c. there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers d. the Tiv children reached an understanding of conservation at an earlier age than European children, regardless of the testing method

there was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding of conservation of earth, nuts, and numbers

How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture? a. They ignore all but the most common few variations b. They describe all the possible variations instead of looking for patterns c. They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior d. They focus on the most unusual variations and the people involved in them

they use variations to define acceptable limits of behavior

How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures? a. They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution b. They believed they were lacking in important knowledge that other cultures already possessed c. They were extremely relativistic in their thinking, seeing all cultures as morally equivalent d. There was a rift between ethnocentric and relativistic evolutionist at the time

they viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution

Captive bonobos show grammatical knowledge similar to that of a(n) ________. a. adult b. two-year-old child c. parrot d. domestic dog

two-year-old child

The anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in __________ a. abnormal characteristics within a population b. differences in individual behavior c. behavioral changes over time d. typical characteristics of populations

typical characteristics of population

To measure something is to say how it compares with other things on some scale of _______. a. society b. classification c. variation d. quality

variation

Charles Darwin was not the first person to discuss evolutionary processes, but he is famous because he ________. a. was the first person to provide a comprehensive, well-documented explanation of natural selection b. studied apes extensively and began to draw comparisons with human biology c. was among the first scientists to explain how traits are passes from one generation to the next d. was able to see that the environment played no role in evolution

was the first person to provide a comprehensive well-documented explanation of natural selection

An explanation is an answer to a _______ question. a. who b. what c. why d. where

why