Midterm Internation Migration

aquisition of citizenships by immigrants

has typically been based on some combination of these criteria: - Length of residency - Good character -Absence of criminal convictions -Oath of loyalty to the nation state -Relinquishment of other citizenships -sufficient income -cultural competence: knowledge of nation's language, history, political system, culture

Republican Citizenship

The state includes all those who belong to a political community based on constitution and laws. Newcomers are admitted but they have to adhere to our political rules and national culture (e.g. France)

Globalization

The widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of social life

Nation

A community of people whose members are bound together by a sense of solidarity, common culture, and national consciousness A nation is really an ethnic group (typically, one that has a state) so this traditional view implies that states gaines legitimacy from the existence of an ethnically homogenous group (the nation) in it with shared interests and common aspiration

social closure

the process by which a group creates rules and practices to exclude others in order to obtain resources and competitive advantages

more forced

- High constraint/ low capability

which migration theory is right?

- Different migration theories are not in direct competition or contradiction, but rather they are complementary - Each of them focuses on a different level of analysis (macro, meso, micro) and a different aspect of migration - each theory provides important and valid insights on certain aspects of migration - for example, neoclassical theory can explain migration of highly educated and skilled ppl between wealthy countries; globalization and NELM theories explain migration in situations of oppression and poverty; network theory can explain the continuation of migration as a self-reinforcing process even after original determinants cease to exist

Globalization theory

- Economic globalization (e.g. foreign direct investments) and neoliberal policies that deregulate cross-border flows of capital, technology and services have allowed corporations from the global North to penetrate the economy of poorer countries in the Global South - This has led to economic restructuring in poorer countries (particularly agriculture) - Economic restructuring has destroyed traditional livelihoods, created more inequality and displaced a large number of people in the South: these people have been forced to emigrate

Migration systems and cumulative causation

- Feedback mechanisms: Migration causes flows of information, ideas, resources frm destination country (e.g. UK) back to origin country (e.g India) - These encourage further migration from origin to destination (e.g. From India to UK) - For example favorable info about life in UK, or new aspirations and models of life that Indian migrants learn in the UK and transmit to families and friends back in India - Cumulative causation: "Migrants induces changes in social and economic structures that make additional migration likely" (Massey 1990)

example of cumulative causation in Migration system

- Financial remittances increase inequality, feeling of relative deprivation and therefore migration aspiration in country of origin; they also increase resources to emigrate (capabilities) - social remittances= Flows of ideas, behavioral repertoires, identities, social capital, from destinatons back to origin countries. They increase both aspirations and capability to migrate - Culture of migration = develops in country of origin: migration becomes the norm and not migrating is associated with failure - Ethnic niches form in the destination labor market, which create demand for immigrant workers

Theories of migration

- Functionalist Theories ( push-pull models, neoclassical theory, Human capital theory) - Historical-structural theories (Globalization theory, segmented labor market theory, New economics of labor migration NELM, Migration network theory, transnationalism theory, migration systems theory, migration transition theories, capabilities and aspirations)

Transnationalism theory

- However, migrants don't necessarily decide to interupt ties with origin country and assimilate to destination - Migrants often maintain social, economic, and political networks that lead them to live in two societies at the same time - They may be economically and socially integrated in destination country, but at the same time keep engaging in social, economic, cultural, and political activities in origin country - Transnational activities may involve the economic, political, and sociocultural domains, e.g.

Segmented labor markets

- In advanced economies and global cities, adual or segmented labor market has developed 1. The primary market requires highly educated and skilled workers (e.g. financial services) 2. The secondary market reauires lower-skilled manual workers for manufacturing and services (catering, cleaning, care) - While manufacturing can be outsourced abroad, services need local labor supply - Secondary jobs tend to be occupied by people who are disadvantaged in terms of gender, race, irregular legal status - Globalization creates the supply of immigrant - segmented labor markets creates demand - states and coporations benefit from controlling and exploiting labor force in the secondary market - Irregular migration allows them to do just that, creating an unprotected, vulnerable, and more controllable workforce

Immigrant assimilation

- In migration studies, the term "immigrant assimilation" refers to a process of gradual decline in differences and sepation between immigrant group and natives - by which immigrant group and native majority become utimately indistinguishable - this is a precise and, in principle, politically neutral, non-normative concept - a process of progressive reduction in differences, distinctionc and separation between immigrants and natives - Assimilation theories are theories about how and why assimilation of immigrants into receiving society happens - the term "assimilation" has also been used in political and public discourse with political and normative meanings, in support of an assimilationist view - I.e the Idea that migrants should abandon their culture and society of origin and should adopt culture and traits of receiving country - In practice, idea that they should all become the same as White people of European Ancestry

Micro level

- Individual choices, behaviors, practices, habits, motives, goals, etc.

Continuation is different from initiation

- Initiation and continuation of migration are two distinct processes that may have different causes and explanation - Migration from country A to B can start because of certain reason - and then become a self-reinforcing process that continues for different reasons - Network migration: more migration creates more migrant networks which create more migration - Network migration is just one aspect if general cumulative causation of migration: migration creates conditions that further facilitate migration itself

meso level

- Intermediate structures and institutions, e.g. families, social networks, neighborhoods, local communities

Sending and receiving countries

- It is simplistic to think that global migration mostly comes froma set of "sending" countries (poor countries from the south) and goes to a set of "receiving" countries (rich countries in the West/North) - Substantial migration is a SOUTH-SOUTH or ASIA-SOUTH (e.g. China to Africa, Caribbean countries) - In particular, many migrants move to neighboring countries rather than between continents - Arab states in the Middle East (particularly the Gulf) recive some of the largest immigration flows - Simultaneaous immigration/emigration: Prominent immigration countries may be at the same time important emigration countries, e.g. Germany and Italy

Migration motives

- Labor or economic migration is the most important and common migration type - Family migration us mainly linked to family reunification

examples of inaccurate governement categories

- Low skilled migrant workers described as "temporary workers" even years or decades or residence - High-skilled migrants in research and education who have lived in the country for several years but are still admitted on "temporary exchange" or "temporary work" visas - Contradictions of mixed-status families: "temporary" and "permanent" residents in the same family

temporary vs permanent migrants

- Many temporary migrants end up staying, i.e. becoming permanent even though governement classifications don't catch up and still consider tham as temporary - Many permanent migrants decide to return to origin country ( so theyr were not as permanent) - In general, circumstances change and migrants' plans do too, while the temporary/ permanent labels often lag behind - Migration is a countinous and fluid process, not a one-off move from one sending country to one receiving country

Migrants' conditions in origin countries

- Migrants who go to Western countries are not among the poorest in their origin countries - In many cases, they are from middle-upper class, with higher degrees and wealth than most, even when they are employed in low-skill jobs in Western Countries - Migration is a luxury - if you are very poor, you don't have the resources needed to migrate - Better opportunities or lifestyles in another country - Most of Migrants are not forced: they have agency, freedom, and choose to emigrate

Human Capital theory

- Migration is a person's investment to increase the productivity of human capital - those who can gain more from the investment are more likely to emigrate: - I.e. migration is selective - just like in education, people invest in migration if the revenue in terms of lifetime benefits is higher than the costs

Neoclassical theory

- Migration is caused by wage differentials between countries - Workers move from labor-surplus, low-wage countries to labor-scarce, high-wage countries - individuals are rational actors who act in isolation (e.g. from families, social networks, social groups) and understand that migration will increase their income - They indentify the countries that maximize their income, and go where their productivity and wages are highest

Internal vs International migration

- Migration is internal if it happens within the same country, international otherwise - the notion and definition of (international) migration is fundamentally linked to the development of countries and nation-states: Migration "began" as a concept when nation-states formed and started to have to control their resident population for political (e.g. assigning citizenship rights), military (e.g conscription), economic (e.g. taxation) purposes

Migration system theory

- Migration often arises from other, previous relationships between countries due to colonization, political influence, wars, trade, cultural ties. - E.g., Migration between India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the UK, resulting from previous British colonization - Mexico-US migration linked to US expansion in the South-West in the 1800s and recruitment of Mexican workers in the US in the 1900s - Migration is explained by the formation of a migration system= Network of countries (or regions, cities within countries) that exchange large and stable number of goods, capital, information, ideas and people - Migration is just one of the flows happening within these broader networks of exchange - These exchange happen in both directions: E.g. migrants go from country A to country B, while trade, investments, political influence to from country B to A

Neoclassical equilibrium

- Migration redults from disequilibria between countries (e.g. in terms of quantity of labor, wages, productivity) and converges toward equilibrium - Migration optimized the allocation of factors: 1. Labor becomes more abundant in destinations (which used to have too little labor) and more scarce in origin countries (which used to have too much labor) 2. Capital flows in the opposite direction through investments: from migration destinations (which have more capital) to origins ( which have less) 3. Over time, wages and capital become more and more similar between origin and destination countries, origins and destinations becomes increasingly similar, equilibrium takes the place of disequilibrium, and migration slows downand stops

Political Salience of Migration

- Migration was not an important political issue in EU and US between 1945 and 1980 - Migration is a broader globacl process of transformation

informal racism

- Racist attitudes and behaviors on the part of individual members of the dominant group - These imply making predictions about a person's characters, abilities, behaviors based on what you believe in their race

Has migration been increasing?

- Relative to the world population, international migration has been STABLE globally over the past 60 years - International migrants have consistently been about 3% OF GLOBAL POPULATION

New Economics of Labor migration (NELM)

- Started as a critical response to neoclassical theory - Migration decision is not taken by isolated individuals, but by families or households - A family may take the decision that one or more of its members should migrate for reasons such as: 1. Risk Sharing 2. Investment 3. Relative deprivation - so migration can occur with no wage differential between countries (unlike in neoclassical theory) - rather than wage differentials, the main reasons behind the (family) decision to migrate are: 1. Lack of social security ( higher risk) 2. Poor access to insurance and credit (higher risk, inability to invest) 3. Income/Wealth flutuations (Higher risk) 4. High inequality (relative poverty)

Important types of (internal and international mobility that are non-migratory:

- They don't meet the criteria for migration, in particular the change in usual residence -Examples: Commuting, tourism, shopping mobility, business-related mobility, study exchanges, family visits

critiques to traditional transnationalism theory

- Transnationalism and assimilation are not in contrast: sometimes the most integrated immigrants are also the most transnational ones - While sustained social relationships and communications with origin country are common, the "amount" of transnationalism should not be overstated: in some communities, onely a minority of immigrants engage in regular transnational activies in business, politics, and socialcultural domain

Climate change and migration

- climate refugees - Climate change will likely add one more cause to a number of determinants of migration by creating more environemental degradation and undermining livelihoods in certain origin countries - However, current discourses about climate change and migration are often too simplistic - we know that in cases of environmental disasters people tend to move over short distances rather than internationally - these displacement are often temporary, as many people try to return to origin areas.

culturalism

- culturism is the new racism - instead of identifying group as different and inferior because of an immutable race, dominant groups now identify groups as different and inferior because of an immutable culture

ethnic minority

- ethnic group in a society that denies immigrant settlement, does not grant citizenship to immigrants and refuses cultural diversity - ethnic group is seen by majority as a threat to economic well-being, public order and national identity - social construction of an ethnic minority: ethnic minorities are the product of a view of society that creates ethnic hostility and xenophobia ethnic minorities may be the creation of the very people who fear them - Ethnic minority is formed when a group of people assigned a subordinate position by dominant groups based on socially constructed markers of phenotype, origin, culture - Has some degree of internal, collective consciousness based on shared language, traditions, religion, history, experiences - power asymmetry (vs dominant group) is more important than population size in the definition of a minority - Other definition: Others (dominant groups) ascribe undesirable characteristics and inferior social position to the ethnic group - self-definition: Group members develop a consciousness of belonging together in the same group, based on shared characteristics and similar experiences with others - there is an external social construction due to similar interactions with out-group (i.e., majority) members (e.g African migrants in Italy, Latinos in the US) - there is an internal construction through the internal development of ethnic identity by minority members (E.g "Turkish" identity in Germany)

situational view

- ethnicity only exists when it is invoked (by choice) by in-group members for self-identification - For the same ethnicity, ethnic markers (i.e, characteristics that define the ethnic in-group) change over time (culture, language, history, physical appearance) - ethnic boundaries (between ethnic in-group and out-group) also change (who is in or out of the group) - such change would not be possible if ethnicity were primordial

ethnic community

- ethnick group in a society that is open to immigrant settlement, grants citizenship to immigrants and accepts cultural diversity - ethinic group is seen by majority as natural, legitimate component of a multicultural society

why do we bother to explain migration?

- even if there is a lot of variation, there are also regular patterns in international migration around the world

Mobility is a stratifying factor

- eveybody cannot afford to move and migrate: migration is a luxury - just like income, wealth, education, gender, and race, mobility is a major stratifying facoru in our societies - this means that mobility is a dimension of inequality between people: - the extent to which people are able to move has important consequences for individuals on a number of outcomes, including wealth, health, well-being, quality of life

three major historical trends

- historical transition of europe from land of emigration, exploration and settlement elsewhere (American, African, and Asian colonies) to land of immigration - Dramatic increase of immigration to Europe both in absolute numbers and as a percentage of resident population - Diversification of immigrant population in Europe in terms of national origin, ethnicity, gender and educational level

Assimilation may be segmented

- in the destination society there is not a single, homogenous and monotholic "mainstream" to which all immigrants assimilate - The destination society is itself divided and stratified by SES, social class, race/ethnicity, etc. - before immigrants arrive, the destination society is composed of different social classes, ethnic group , etc. - different immigrant groups may assimilate to diiferent segments or part of destination society and culture

what is race?

- in the popular notion, race is understood as the set of visible markers of a phenotype (skin color, facial features, type of hair, etc.) - in the social sciences, the single term race/ethnicity is normally used to indicate a signle concept - in popular discourse, "race" i s more common in the US, ethnicity is more common in Europe for a number of historical reasons (nazim and Holocaust in Europe, history of the African "race" in the US) - According to the traditional, essentialist or realist view, race is a real thing inherent in human biology and genes - the social sciences have long refuted race realism os essentialism

macro level

- large-scale structures, institutions, and processes, e.g. political economy, international relationships, migration law, labor markets, etc

More voluntary

- low constraint / high capability

Ethnic diversity in the nation state

- migration entails ethnic deiversity in receiving countries - This challenge to traditional views of the relationship between state and nation - For nationalists, ethnic/immigrant groups are nations without a state, infiltrating and threatening another nation's state

scientific racism

- pseudo-scientific arguments that support and justify race realism, racial inferiority, and racial oppression

institutional or structural racism

- structures (laws, policies, administrative practices) that systematically discriminate agaisnt dominated group

main arguments against race realism

- there is more within-race than between-race genetic variation - No single gene or set gene has ever been found that identities or predicts "black", "asian", "caucasian", etc - the same person belongs to different races depending on space (country) and time (historical periods), so how can race be in the genes? (I.e. race is social and cultural more than biological) - Even biological differences between races (e.g. higher mortality amon African Americans) can be explained by social causes - races does not exist as a fixed charateristic in human nature, biology or genes - Instead, race is the product of societies and social behaviors: it is a social construct (remember definition of social construct) - In particular, race is the product of racist views, behaviors and practices in a society - so race is not the cause of racism, it's the consequence of racism

the guestworker model ( Europe migration)

- thi smodel was adopted in different versions in 1945-1973 by West European countries like Germany, UK, Belgium, France, Switzerland - this countries experienced strong growth of industrial sector - with national governements leading, investing and intervening to drive economic expansion - a problem for industrial expansion was the shortage of low-skilled factory labor - one way in which governements promoted industrial expansion was by actively recruiting low-skilled factory workers from foreign countries on behalf of manufacturing companies - workers were recruited from "European periphery" of Southern Europe and North Africa (e.g. Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Morocco) - Immigration as temporary

three historical incorporation types

1- The classical immigration countries (e.g Canada, Australia) 2- Former colonial empires (e.g. France, UK) 3- Guest worker Immigration countries (E.g. Germany, Now Asian and Gulf countries) -The distinction between the 3 types is not absolute or static certain countries had characteristics of more than one model most countries have shifted away from one, original model

Four main phases in European immigration

1. 1945-1973: guestworker and post-colonial immigration (1973 oil crisis) 2. 1973-1989: Economic restructuring and settlement of "guestworkers" (1989 fall of Berlin Wall) 3. 1989-2008: Neoliberal globalization and EU integration (2008 Great Recession) 4. Since 2008: New labor migration and politicization /securitization of immigration

two defning features of migration

1. Change in usual residence 2. Crossing of (internal or international) borders

Four models or ideal types of citizenship

1. Imperial 2.Folk or ethnic 3. Republican 4. Multicultural

four main conditions or criteria to obtain citizenship in modern nation states

1. Jus sanguinis 2. Jus soli 3. Marriage to a citizen 4. Jus domicilii

agency vs structure

A major fault line in sociology and the social sciences between theories and scholars that assign more weight to individual agency, and theories and scholars that attribute more important to structure in determining social phenomena and outcomes

Human capital

A person's knowledge, skills and competences (e.g. from education, training), that can be used to yield returns/advantages

Self-reinforcing process

A process that created conditions and structures which subsequently reinforce and facilitate the process itself

(financial) capital

A set of financial assest that can be invested in productive activities to yield returns

neoliberalism

An aggregate of economic ideas and policies adopted since the 1970's in capitalist countries, which are based on the notion that free market, privatizations, and reduction of governement regulations are the most efficient means to allocaate resources and promote development

Neoliberalism

An aggregate of economic ideas and policies adopted since the 1970's in capitalist countries, which are based on the notion that free market, privatizations, and reduction of governement regulations are the most efficient means to allocate resources and promote development

Risk sharing

Diversify income sources (e.g. through remittances) to reduces risk of poverty in markets with little access to insurance

primordialist view

Ethnicity results from being born into a particular religious and linguistic community with specific social practices Congruity of blood, speech, custom ethnicity is not chosen and not socially constructed: it's pre-social, similar to animal instinct

Immigrant incorporation

Incorporation= the process by which immigrants become part of a destination society this is the most neutral term, with no positive or negative connotation, no implication about final result, and no normative connotation we may have positive incorporation (immigrants 's attainment of equal life chances and outcomes as native-born, mainstream society) or negative incorporattion (separation, conflict with majority, no citizenship, low SES, etc.)

Migration network theory

Focus on social ties, network and migrants' agency - Migrants maintain social ties with other migrants, and with families and friends in origin countries - for those in origin countries, these ties are a form of social capital that makes migration easier - Migration happens and spreads through networks connecting migrants, former migrants, and non-migrants in origin countries - E.g. in the 1970's 90% of surveyed Mexican immigrants had obtained residence in the US through family and employer connections (portes and bach 1985) - Migrants who are already settled operate as "bridgeheads" for conational family and friends who want to migrate, reducing risks and costs of subsequent migration - so migrants' agency created social ties and networks - In turn, these from meso-structures that facilitate further migration - Migration is a diffusion process A) Migration creates network between people in origin countries and people in destination countries B) Expanding networks cause the probability of further migration to rise C) Further migration in turn expands migration networks even more so migration is also a self-reinforcing process

The Aspirations-capabilities model

Human mobility (including migration) enhances a person's general capabilities both - Instrumentally: when mobility is used to reach other goals (like finding a better job) - and intrinsically: when mobility is the goal itself (it improves your well-being) - individual migration is determined by both capabilities and aspirations to migrate - People's capability to migrate is increased by factors like income, education, social capital, better communication/transportation technology - similar factor increase people's aspirations to migrate - at the beginning, development increases both capability and aspiration to migrate, so emigration may continue despite initial development - further development of a country increases capability to migrate, but may decrease aspiration to migrate: in this case, emigration will slow down - still, migration capabilities and aspirations remain significant also in rich and industrialized countries s development never completely stops emigration

quasi-citizenship

Immigrant status conferring certain rights (e.g. permanenet residence, work) but not others (e.g. voting) examples? Work visas and green cards in the US

assimilation may have negative consequences

In traditional assimilation theories, assimilation is implicitly seen as a positive process but we now know that assimilation may actually have negative consequences too E.g. the "Latino health paradox" Assimilation is associated with worsening health among certain latino group and deeper health disparities

Important trends in Contemporary migration

Increase in absolute number of international migrants - International migrants pop has remained aprox 3% of global population, but absolute number of migrants has gone from aprx 100 million in 1960s to aprx 250 million in 2020s (Global pop has increased in parallel Globalization of migration - Increase (absolute and relative) in long-distance migration between continents (e.g. Africa to Europe, Latin America to North America) - Growing share of migrants are from non-European countries, number of migrants from global South has increased - this also means that ethnic cultural diversity of migrant population has increased substantially Growing concentration of migration into specific immigration regions of the world: Western Europe, North America, Arab states of the Gulf

Refugee

Intrernational law (UN convention) defines a refugee as a person who is outside their country of nationality, and unable or unwilling to go back, due to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion seen as forced migration

what are ethnicities whose characteristics and definitions are different in different times/places?

Italians in US vs Europe, Native Americans in 1492 vs now, Latinos in US in recent decades

what are some ethnicities that have existed for a very long time?

Jews, Romas, Native Americian ethnicities

Migration is the result of differebt causes at different levels

Migration is a function of: - Structural factors (e.g. labor demand, demographic trends, economic inequality) at the macro level - social networkds and communities at the meso level - agency, capabilities and aspirations at the micro level - capabilities and aspirations can also explain the macro-level association between development and migration

Relative deprivation

More than absolute poverty, the feeling that one's family is substantially poorer compared to others in the community or country can be an important incentive to migrate

intergovernmentalism (EU case)

NO, the EU is not fundamentally changing citizenship, and nation states are still the most important sourcce of citizenship - Associations of states like the EU are essentially networks between (inter) gov to coordinate economic activities between states and promote a common market - These associations will never replace the nation-state, which will remain the only true source of citenship and its related civil, political and social rights -So EU citizenship is and will remain of marginal importance, while citizenship in single nation states (Germany, Italy, France, etc.) will remain the essential source of rights and duties

Racism

Process whereby a domianl social group 1. Identifies another social group as different on the basis of phenotypical and cultural markers which are thought to identify a different "race" -These markers (characteristics) are ascribed externally (i.e. by people outside the racial group) and seen as immutable 2. Characterizes this other social group (race) as inferior 3. Uses this belief to legitimate exclusion from resources, segregation, exploitation, or subjugation of the other social group

Investment

Provide resources to invest in family business in origin country (e.g. farm, taxi company) in markets with little access to credit

Imperial Citizenship

The state includes all those who are subject to the same power/ruler. Ethnicity is irrelevant. (E.g. British emprire)

Multicultural citizenship

Same as Republican but newcomers have to adhere to political rules while they maintain their own ethnic culture. so the state will include different ethnic communities (e.g Canada)

Political economy

The aggregate of large-scale social and economy phenomena of a country and their relationships to political institutions

Stratification

The division of a society into strata, i.e., categories or groups, which diifer in terms of a stratifying principle (e.g, wealth, race, gender), are hierarchically ranked, and obtain different access to resources

economic globalization

The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies ewith growing cross-national trade (movements of good and services) and investments (movements of capital)

Productivity

The rate at which a given amount of labor produces value

social capital

The ressources resulting from a person's social relations, which can be used to yiels returns/ advantages

Transnational (citizenship)

The state admits transnational communities whose members are citizens of other states too (dual citizenship)

Former colonial empires

These special channels for immigrants from colonies (e.g. Alegeria, India), allowing their permanent settlement and citizenship citizenship legitimized the empire (remember the "imperial" model of citizenship) and ensured low-skilled labor supply in destination countries

Guestworker immigration countries

These viewed immigration as a temporary means to obtain needed labor force, but did not envision immigrants as a permanent part of society, so strongly limited permanent settlement, family reynion, and citizenship for immigrants

The classical immigration countries

These were founded through immigration and settlement (mostly from Europe), therefore they have historically encouraged permanent settlement, family reunion and acquisition of citizenship aming immigrants

muticulturalism

Two versions of muticulturalist views 1. View that state should accpet multiculturalism, but not intervene to support or protect it (e.g US) - ethnic diversity is fine, but it's not up to the government to establish programs to protect ethnic communities or support their culture 2. View that muticulturalism is a public policy ( Canada) - the state should not just passively accpet diversity, but actively intervene to protect ethnici communities and ensure they achieve equality while preserving their culture

asylum seeker

a person who has applied for refugee status in a destination country (i.e. wants to be recognized as a refugee it is normally up to the destination country (or to international agencies) to adjudicate the asylum application and decide if that person should indeed be considered as a refugee cannot be illegal immigrant

Postnationalism (EU case)

YES, the EU is creating a completely new era of citizenship in which nation states will become less and less important - The nation state will be gradually replaced by supranational organizations like the EU, which will become the most important source of citizenship rights and duties - Nation states are increasingly conforming to international rights regimes (e.g. for human rights, refugee rights, etc.), rather than developing each their own set of rights and duties for their own citizens, like in the past - Supranational institutions like the European Court of Justice and other EU or UN agencies are granting common rights to all residents of multiple nation states, including certain types of immigrants - these trends mean that national citizenship is becoming less and less important as a source of rights and obligations

Jus soli

You are a citizen based on birthplace, i.e. if you're born within the national borders (typically including territories and preotectorates)

jus sanguinis

You are a citizen based on lineage (e.g. if at least one of your parents is a citizen)

state

a legal and political organization that has (1) the power to require obedience and loyalty from its citizens, and (2) regulates political, economic and social relations in a bounded territory

Nested citizenship

a type of suprantional citizenship with simultaneous citizenship in mutiple, nested political communities that may invovle the subnational, antional, and suprantional level - these political communities are like concentric circles, in which membership in the lower-level circle entails membership in the higher-level circle - E.g. citizenship in Catalonia entails citizenship in Spain, which entails citizenship in the European Union - the most important case of nested citizenship in the world is EU Citizenship

Supranational citizenship

an Individual is citizen of both a state and a supranational entity to which the state belongs examples? The European Union

Nationalism

any ideology that believes that state nation and ethnic group should be one and the same, three facets of the same entity each ethnic should exist as a nation and have its own state but this has happened very rarely in the history of the world in fact, attemps to achieve nationalistic "utopias" have meant exclusion, assimilation, genocide (e.g. Nazi Germany, genocide/forced assimilation of Native Americans, etc)

(social) Institution:

any pattern of behaviors, practices, or relationships, which acquires a degree of coercion in a society due to repetition, sanctions, and/or legal reinforcement (e.g., mariage, family, school, government, market, etc.)

Migration

change in usual residence that implies crossing administrative borders - dynamic social process - fluid, self-reinforcing, self-sustaining

critique to studies and theories of assimilation

critiques to traditional assimilation theories in migration studies: - assimilation is not a simple unidirectional process toward destination and awy from origin - assimilation is not a universal, immutable, inevitable process -assimilation is not one-sided, both sides change - assimilation may be segmented - assimilation may have negative consequences for immigrants critiques that assimilation theories imply view of assimilation as an unidirectional, inevitable process a process in which immigrants always, necessarily become gradually more similar to receiving society

development of dual labor market theory of migration

dual labor markets developed in European countries, with a split between - primary market of stable, formal, well-paid, high skilled jobs - secondary market of precarious, informal or deregulayed, under-paid, 3D jobs

agency

individual capacity for free thought, choice, and action

Immigration integration

is the process by which immigrants become "integrated" into receiving society - this normally means developing social ties with natives, finding a job and starting upward mobility, attaining similar life quality and chances as natives - In politics and public discourse, the term has been used since the 1970s as a "gentler" version of assimilation: - idea that integration is a gradual process which requires some degree of mutual accomodation (rather that just the immigrant group "assimilating" to a mainstream society) - it has also been used to refer to "integration policies" which target immigrant groups to pronote their integration, but have had controversial results

the post-2008 phase

major trends - No significant retrun of migrants to origin countries following the 2008 recession -Immigration slowed down and stabilized, then rebounded to pre-crises levels in the 2010's -Immigrantion from non-European origin countries is greater than intra-European migration - Politicization of migration and growth of anti-immigrant movements have historical, far-reaching consequences (Brexit) -EU integration and "migration crises': Europe tries to become internally more integrated while increasingly sealing off its external borders from rest of the world

the economic restructing phase (1973-1989)

major trends : - End of decline of gov-led recruitement of migrant labor ( guestworker model ) - trend of family reunions for migrant workers who entered in previous phase, leading to formation of permanent immigrant communities - development of dual labor market in Europe - Start of migration transition for southern Europe (italy, Spain) from emigration to immigration countries

Neoliberal globalization and EU integration (1989-2008)

major trends: - Initial refugee movement from Central/Eastern to western Europe after collapse of Sovier Union - EU integration and enlargement (1992 Maastricht Treaty and 1995 Schengen Agreement) leads to more migration and circulation between central/eastern Europe and Western Europe - Further economic globazation and increasing labor migration from "new" origin countries in North Africa, West Africa, Latin America - Complete Transition of Southern Europe from emigration region

capability

people's ability to live a life they have reason to value and to expand the range os subdtantive choices (freedoms) they have

racialization

public discourses implying that a range of social and political problems are a natural consequence of "natural" physical or cultural characteristics ascribes to minority race

social construction of race:

race does not exist in itself, it is the product of a particular view of society (i.e., of racism) and the resulting social interaction and institutions

Low- skilled foreign workers

referred to as "migrant workers"

ethnicity

sense of belonging to the same group based on notions of common origins, history, traditions, culture, experience, values ethnicities and ethnic identity change very slowly however, ethnicity is dynamic ethnicity is both transmitted from genaration to generation, and changed in the process - different theories in the social sciences: 1. Primordial source 2. Situational source 3. Instrumental source

structure

the broad set of constraints on individual choice and action resulting from repeated patterns of action, social relationships, environements, norms, collective beliefs, ideologies, political and economic institutions , etc

Citizenship

the condition of being member of a political community, with equal rights to all other citizens, and a set of institutions that guarantee these rights

Nation state

the dominant form of political orgnaization in the comtemporary world Nation states are essential in determining patterns and outcomes of migration world wide the nation state provides order and security the nation state represents the will and aspirations of the people this implies that there is agreement on who are "the people", i.e., the citizens - need to define and regulate citizenships: who is a citizen? who is not?

social construction

the process by which entities and classifications that are apparently natural, "objective" and fixed (such as nationality, race, gender, technology, mental illness) are in fact created by human actions and interactions in a society

Folk or ethnic citizenship

the state includes all those who belong to the majority ethnic group. Ethnic minorities don't have citizenship (e.g. Germany)

Instrumental value

this happen when ethnicity is produced and used strategically for instrumental reasons to strengthen group solidarity and mutual support (e.g. rotating credit associations among chinese entrepreneurs) to obtain access to resources (e.g, political mobilization to obtain social services) so ethnicity can be used as a tool for social closure

High-skilled foreign workers

typically called "expats" Conveys the idea of somebody who voluntarily chooses to leave their country, is typically highly educated, has prestigious job

Marriage to a citizen

you are a citizen if you are married to a citizen

Jus domicili

you are a citizen if you have lived in the state for a certain lengh of time