Migration (Brittany Cardona)

Guest Worker Program

Definition: "A guest worker program allows foreign workers to temporarily reside and work in a host country until a next round of workers is readily available to switch". Example: This program makes me think of a visa, which allows a migrant to temporarily stay in a country, just like the Guest Worker Program allows a migrant to temporarily stay to work.

refugee

Definition: "A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster." In other words, refugees are migrants fleeing some form of mistreatment. Example: A group of japanese folk escaping the deadly tsunamis that occur yearly.

Intervening Obstacles

Definition: "Barriers that make their (the migrants') desired destination more difficult to reach". These barriers can be economic, social, political, or environmental. Example: A common barrier that some migrants might face can be traveling across oceans and crossing large bodies of water. This is an environmental example of an intervening obstacle.

brain drain

Definition: "Brain drain refers to the emigration (out-migration) of knowledgeable, well-educated, and skilled professionals from their home country to another country". Example: Brain drain can harm home countries by driving out the people with skills and knowledge who could provide help and benefits to the home country.

chain migration

Definition: "Chain migration occurs when people migrate to be with other people who migrated before them and with whom they feel some linkage, whether it familial, religious, ethnic, cultural, or some other type of connection". Example: People would have gotten word or heard information in order to chain migrate. For example, migrants may have heard the news from other family members, or by seeing advertisements, and THEN decided to migrate.

counter-urbanization

Definition: "Counter-urbanization is a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. It first took place as a reaction to inner-city deprivation and overcrowding". Example: Counter-urbanization may be seen in countries going further into the DTM stages. For example, in Japan, if workers want to support dependants ('graying' population) and their family members, and there are too many residential homes and centers for the old and not the young, then they may have to move to rural areas to perform labor work and avoid overcrowding. In addition, Japan's agricultural density is high, so if trading goes wrong, counter-urbanization will be bound to happen.

Gravity Model of migration

Definition: "Geographers use the gravity model to estimate spatial interaction and movement between two places. It is known as the "gravity" model because it resembles Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitational pull". Example: One can relate the ideas of Sir Issac Newton's theory to the Gravity Model of migration. For example, gravity is a force that works between two objects with mass, and depends on that mass and distance. Two objects with lots of mass and little distance between them are more likely to attract than two objects with very little mass and lots of distance between them. It relates to the Gravity Model of migration in the sense that "most migrants travel a short distance" and are attracted to larger communities.

interregional migration

Definition: "Interregional migration is moving from one region in the country to another region in the country". Example: A person may have moved from a vernacular region in the U.S such as 'the north', to a different region in the U.S such as 'the south'.

intraregional migration

Definition: "Intraregional migration is moving within a region, such as from a city to a suburb". Example: Urbanization is an example that may include a rural resident moving within a region to a city for many reasons relating to economical opportunities and modernizing.

remittance

Definition: "Many U.S immigrants send remittances, which are money transactions sent home by guest workers to family members in their home countries". Example: This action can be seen as a benefit for the home countries of immigrants. The reason why is because immigrants can excell on a skill, or recieve a lot of money, put that money and skill to use inside the home country when they return, and in turn, improve it.

intervening opportunity

Definition: "Often, in the process of making a long journey, people encounter an intervening opportunity, a place they like so much along their journey that it keeps them from continuing on to the planned, final destination". Another definition that encompasses what an intervening opportunity is says "Positive causes for not making it to the original destination". Example: Intervening opportunities are seen as what the name suggests, a positive chance. With that in mind, a circumstance such as a migrant finding a better job before getting to the assumed destination is an intervening opportunity.

internally displaced person

Definition: "Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons to a refugee but has not migrated across an international border". Example: According to a source that mentions water scarcity, the text states "-in November 2010 thousands of people were internally displaced from villages in central Somalia". With the knowledge that Somalia is a country in Africa, and that some countries in Africa are still developing, we can infer that these IDPs were forced to migrate because of economical and environmental factors.

voluntary migration

Definition: "Voluntary migration occurs when migrants have an option of whether or not to move". Example: Those migrants who are just attracted by pull factors have a choice to pursue them. Meanwhile, other migrants, like refugees, don't have a choice but to escape their country.

Ravenstein's Laws

Definition: According to my AP Human Geography study book, "in the late 1800s, British geographer Ernst Ravenstein identified 11 (should actually be 7) generalizations about migration, some of which still apply to modern conditions". In addition to that, Ravenstein's laws can be seen as "patterns, or "laws", about migration tendencies, patterns, and demographics". Example: Law 1 is about short distances. One statement that Ravenstein made about short distances is that "the farther the distance, the less likely migrants will relocate to those locations; an effect known as distance decay".

ethnic enclave

Definition: An ethnic enclave is "a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area". In addition to that, an ethnic enclave falls under the category of cultural "pull factor". Example: 'Chinatown', located in San Francisco, is an ethnic enclave which is mainly Asian.

Asylum

Definition: Asylum is seeked out by refugees who have escaped/fled from a country because of dangers (ex: war, inhumane treatment, torture, death penalty). According to the Geneva convention, those who seek asylum should not be sent back, and instead should be protected. Example: The opponents of Castro previously mentioned seeked out asylum, and then received it. This makes sense since the country that they came from was dangerous, and would kill them if they protested against the government/Castro.

Emigration

Definition: Emigration is migration FROM a location. Example: I emigrated FROM Metrowest to my new, current location.

forced migration

Definition: Forced migration "is when migrants are pushed from their land". Example: An example that I found in my AP HuGe study book states "The largest forced migration occurred with the North Atlantic slave trade, which forced nearly 30 million Africans from their homes to migrate to the Americas".

Migration

Definition: Migration is defined as a permanent move to a new location. Example: Migration pushes for change. When you move to a new location, you will see new sights, people, culture, and so on.

net migration

Definition: Net migration is the difference between the number of IMMIGRANTS and the number of EMMIGRANTS. In addition to that, net migration can be positive or negative depending on if immigrants or emigrants exceedes the other. Example: For example, Mexico is a country with the highest net out-migration/negative migration because there are more emigrants than immigrants.

Pull Factor

Definition: Once migrants decide to leave, they usually choose a destination based on its POSITIVE conditions and circumstances, called pull factors. Example: In class we learned that "opponents of Castro migrated to the United States where they recieved asylum after Castro's communist takeover of Cuba in 1959". This is a political pull because of the positive circumstances opponents of Castro found in the new country (the US). Here, they had access to safety and protection.

Push Factor

Definition: People decide to permanently move because of push factors, which are NEGATIVE circumstances, events, and/or conditions present where they live. Push factors can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political. Example: In class, we learned that in the 1970s, states in the US had to deal with "rising unemployment" because factories were being closed down. This example is evidently an economic push factor because the lack of jobs is a negative circumstance that the US citizens found themselves in.

step migration

Definition: Step migration is when "a person has a long-distance goal in mind and achieves it in small steps". Example: Step migration seems to be a sensible way to tackle migration. Also, this method takes time, but can be considered the most effective and organized way.

Distance Decay

Definition: The lessening of interaction between places as the friction of distance increases. Example: If I were to sit in an auditorium, listening to opera singers singing, then their sound would be loud. But if I were to walk farther away, increasing the distance between us, then the sound would be quieter. This is an example that represents distance decay.

Transhumance

Definition: Transhumance is "seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas". Example: According to our textbook, "Sheep or other animals may pasture in alpine meadows in the summer and be herded back down into valleys for winter pasture".