Mintap questions

simulation A simulation involves creation of conditions in an experiment that duplicate natural conditions as closely as possible.

A __________ involves creation of conditions in an experiment that duplicate natural conditions as closely as possible.

Feild Study Field study is research conducted in a place that the participant or subject perceives as a natural environment.

A research study conducted in the natural environment is a:

manipulates A researcher manipulates one or more variables to create the treatment condition(s).

A researcher ________________ one or more variables to create the treatment condition(s).

Manipulation check An additional measure used to determine how research participants perceive and interpret the treatment condition is called a manipulation check.

An additional measure used to determine how research participants perceive and interpret the treatment condition is called a:

Influences the dependent variable An extraneous variable becomes a confounding variable only if it influences the dependent variable.

An extraneous variable becomes a confounding variable only if it:

control An important characteristic of an experiment is the control of variables other than the dependent and independent variables.

An important characteristic of an experiment is the___________of variables other than the dependent and independent variables.

Independent measures The between-subjects design is also called the independent measures design.

Another term for the between-subjects design is______________ design.

Dependent The outcome measure is also called the dependent variable.

Another term for the outcome measure is the ___________ variable.

Holding Constant By ensuring that all individuals have similar levels of education, Cameron is trying to control the effects of education by holding it constant.

Cameron is concerned that parental education may have an impact on his study of improving parent-child interactions, so he includes only parents with an undergraduate degree. What method of control is Cameron using?

Holding Constant By allowing only individuals who do not have children in her study, Charla is holding the number of children her participants have constant.

Charla is studying how people respond to small children throwing temper tantrums in public places. She believes that individuals with their own young children may respond differently from those who do not have children, so she includes only individuals who do not have children. What method is Charla using?

Restricted Range Because he believes attitudes toward weight-loss methods may vary with weight, he restricts the range of weight to those who have a body mass index of 25.0 or higher.

Dominick is conducting a study on attitudes toward weight-loss methods. Because he believes that these attitudes may be related to weight, he decides to include only individuals whose body mass indices are 25.0 or higher. What method is Dominick using?

The cause must occur before the effect For cause and effect to be demonstrated, the cause must occur before the effect.

For cause and effect to be demonstrated:

It helps overcome high variance. A large sample size does not act directly on the variance but will help overcome high variance.

How does sample size exert its effect in experiments?

Identifying the values to be examined Manipulation of a variable starts with identifying the values to be examined.

In an experiment, manipulation of a variable starts with:

Control All variables except the treatment condition(s) are controlled so they do not influence the outcome.

In an experiment, researchers___________ all other variables except the treatment condition(s).

significant The term significant means that it is very unlikely that the difference would occur if there were not a consistent difference between the treatment conditions.

In the world of research, the term________means that it is very unlikely that the difference would occur if there were not a consistent difference between the treatment conditions.

No, because the only thing that should vary between the groups is the treatment condition. It is important to keep everything the same between groups, except for the treatment condition.

Kevin has just completed the active treatment group in his experiment and recognizes that his instructions about how a memory task should be completed have caused confusion. Would it be a good idea for Kevin to rewrite the instructions?

Matching Matching involves making groups as similar as possible with respect to potential confounders.

Lauren is studying ways to improve communication in families in which there is a child with severe mental illness. Lauren then selects her control group to be as like her experimental group as possible, with the exception that the children in the control group do not have a severe mental illness. What method of control is Lauren using?

Differential Atrittion Differential attrition refers to differences in attrition rates from one group to another and can threaten the internal validity of a between-subjects experiment.

Lucas is evaluating a new, intensive treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. Halfway through the research, he finds that individuals in the standard treatment condition are typically continuing, but nearly half of the individuals in the experimental treatment condition have dropped out. Lucas is having problems with:

within Subject Design A within-subjects design compares two or more sets of scores from the same individuals.

Miles is studying visual memory function in a clinical setting. He recruits individuals in the early stages of dementia, administers a test of visual memory, and then tests them again after they have been on a medication that may slow the progress of dementia for a month. This is a___________ design

Between-subjects A between-subjects design has a separate group for each treatment condition.

Miles is studying visual memory function. He has recruited research participants from introductory psychology students. He shows a randomly selected one-third of the participants emotionally upsetting photos, shows another one-third very happy photos, and shows the last one-third neutral photos. He then tests visual memory and compares the scores of the groups. What design is Miles using?

Compensary equalization When an untreated group learns about the treatment being received by the other group and demands the same or equal treatment, compensatory equalization has occurred.

Rebecca is studying whether providing children with small financial rewards will increase the amount of time they spend studying math. Unfortunately, the children who are not receiving money learn about the children who are being paid and demand that they, too, be paid. This effect is referred to as:

resentful demoralization in resentful demoralization, participants in an untreated group simply give up when they learn that another group is receiving special treatment.

Rebecca is studying whether providing children with small financial rewards will increase the amount of time they spend studying math. Unfortunately, the children who are not receiving money learn about the children who are being paid, and as a result, quit studying. This effect is referred to as:

Assigment Bias Confounding from individual differences is called assignment bias.

Rudy is diligent in ensuring randomization of the participants in his study on the effects of expectations on alcohol-related impairments. However, he subsequently finds that the participants in one of his groups have substantially greater experience with alcohol than do those in the other group. This difference is evidence of:

Decreasing within-group variability Decreasing within-group variability will aid in the identification of between-group differences.

Suppose the goal of an experiment is to demonstrate a difference between the groups. Which of the following would be most helpful?

Identifying which variable is the cause and which variable is the effect The directionality problem refers to identifying which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

The directionality problem refers to:

manipulating he purpose of manipulation is to allow directionality to be demonstrated.

The purpose of__________ the independent variable is to allow directionality to be demonstrated.

Control The term control group refers to the no-treatment condition in an experiment.

The term__________ group refers to the no-treatment condition in a research study.

independent variable The experimenter manipulates the independent variable.

The variable the experimenter uses to create the treatment condition(s) is called the __________variable.

Placebo The placebo effect refers to a response by a participant to an inert medication that has no real effect on the body.

The____________effect refers to a response by a participant to an inert medication that has no real effect on the body.

Environmental Confounding variables such as the rooms in which an experiment is conducted, the occurrence of nearby construction, and the time of day during which experiments take place can all contribute to environmental confounding.

Variables such as the rooms in which an experiment is conducted, the occurrence of nearby construction, and the time of day during which experiments take place can all contribute to:

Vulnerability to individual differences Individual differences can have an important impact on the performance of subjects and thus the performance of the treatment groups.

What is the primary disadvantage of the between-subjects design?

Process Process research attempts to identify the active components of the treatment.

What type of research attempts to identify the active components of the treatment?

outcome Outcome research simply investigates the effectiveness of a treatment without attempting to investigate why the treatment is effective.

What type of research simply investigates the effectiveness of a treatment without attempting to investigate why the treatment is effective?

Chi-square When the outcome measures are categorical, the chi-square is the most appropriate test.

What type of statistical analysis is most appropriate to use with a single-factor, multiple-group design in which the outcome measures are categorical and yield proportions?

ANOVA The most appropriate test for a single-factor, multiple-group design in which the outcome measure is an interval or ratio scale is the ANOVA.

What type of statistical analysis is most appropriate to use with a single-factor, multiple-group design with an interval or ratio level outcome measure?

Randomization Randomization allows researchers to control a multitude of variables simultaneously while not requiring specific attention to each extraneous variable.

Which method for controlling extraneous variables allows researchers to control a multitude of variables simultaneously while not requiring specific attention to each extraneous variable?

Matched Assignment Matched assignment involves assigning individuals to groups so that a specific variable is balanced across the groups.

Which method involves assigning individuals to groups so that a specific variable is balanced across the groups?

Variance Variance is a statistical value that measures the size of the differences from one score to another.

Which term refers to a statistical value that measures the size of the differences from one score to another?

Restricted random assigment In restricted random assignment, the group assignment process is limited to ensure predetermined characteristics for the separate groups.

in ________________ , the group assignment process is limited to ensure predetermined characteristics for the separate groups.