WHI part 2
roman gods and goddesses
- Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus - symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture
spread of islam
- across asia and africa and into spain - geographic extent of first muslim empire
areas of settlement
- angles and saxons migrated from continetal europe to england - magyars migrated from central asia to hungary - vikings migrated from scandinavia to russia
scientific contributions and achievements
- arabic numbers (adapted from India, including zero) - algebra - medicine - expansion of geographic knowledge
cultural contributions and achievements
- architecture (dome of rock) - mosaic - arabic alphabet - universities - translation of ancient texts into arabic
division between western and eastern churches
- authority of the pope eventually accepted in the west - authority of the patriarch accepted in the east - practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the west
roman mythology
- based on greek polytheistic religion - explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events
achievements of mayan, aztec and incan civilizations
- calendars - mathematics - writing and other record keeping systems
eastern church
- centered in constantinople - close to seat of power after constantinople became capital - use of greek language in the liturgy
western church
- centered in rome - farther from seat of power after constantinople became capital - use of latin language in the liturgy
foundations of early medieval society
- classical heritage of rome - christian beliefs - customs of germanic tribes
byzantine emperor justinian
- codification of roman law (impact on european legal codes) - reconquest of former roman territories - expansion of trade
byzantine culture
- continued flourishing of greco-roman traditions - greek lanugage (as contrasted with latin in the west) - greek orthodox christianity - greek and roman knowledge perserved in byzantine libraries
political impact of Pax Romana
- created a civil service - developed a uniform rule of law
major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of islamic civilization
- death of ali: sunni-shi'a division - muslim conquuests of jerusalem and damascus - islamic capital moved to baghdad - muslim defeat at the battle of tours - fall of baghdad to the mongols
geographic influences on the origin and spread of islam
- diffusion along trade routes from mecca and medina - expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers - spread into the fertile crescent, iran, and central asia facilitated by weak byzantine and persian empires
economic impact of the pax romana
- established uniform system of money, which helped ot expand trade - guaranteed safe travel and trade on roman roads - promoted prosperity and stability
shinto
- ethnic religion unique to japan - importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors - state religion; worship of the emperor
feudal society during the middle ages
- fiefs - vassals - serfs - feudal obligations
the origin and evolution of imperial rome
- first triumvirate - julius caesar: civil war, defeat of marc anthony, romes first emperor - empire: unified and englarged, using imperial authority and the military - failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors
frankish kings used military power to expand their territory. the alliance between frankish kings and the church re-established roman culture (Christianity) in western europe
- franks emerged as a force in western europe - the pope crowned the emperor - power of the church was established in political life - most of western europe was included in the new empire - churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire
causes for the decline of the western roman empire
- geographic size: difficulty of defense and administration - economy: the cost of defense, and devaluation of roman currency - military: army membership started to include non- romans, resulting in decline of discipline - moral decay: people's loss of faith in rome and the family - political problems: civil conflict and weak administration - invasion: attacks on borders
goods
- gold from west africa - spices from lands around the indian ocean - textiles from india, china, the middle east, and later europe - porcelain from china and persia - amber from the baltic regions
origins of christianity
- had its roots in Judaism - was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah - conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of roman empire
byzantine achievements in art and architecture
- inspiration provided by christian religion and imperial power - icons (religious images) - mosaics in public and religious structures - hagia sophia (byzantine domes church)
aztec civilization
- located in arid valley in central mexico - represented by tenochtitlan - ruled by an emperor - economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples - polytheistic religion: pyramids, rituals
incan civilization
- located in the andes mountain of south america - represented by machu picchu - ruled by an emperor - economy based on high-altitude agriculture - polytheistic religion - road system
mayan civilization
- located in the mexican and central american rain forests - represented by chichen itza - groups of city states ruled by kings - economy based on agriculture and trade - polytheistic religion: pyramids
azum
- location relative to the ethiopian highlands and the nile river - christian kingdom
west african kingdoms
- locations of ghana, mali, and songhai empires relative to niger river and the sahara - importance of gold and salt to trans-saharan trade - city of timbuktu as center of trade and learning - roles of animism and islam
zimbabwe
- locations relative to the zambezi and limpopo rivers and the indian ocean coast - city of "great zimbabwe" as capital of a prosperous empire
influence of the angles, saxons, magyars, and vkings
- manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system - invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened
evolution of the roman empire and spread of roman culture
- mediterranean basin (Africa, asia, europe, including the hellenistic world of eastern mediterranean) - western europe (gual, british isles)
beliefs, traditions and customs of Christianity
- monotheism - Jesus as both son and incarnation of God - life after death - new testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians - Christian doctrines established by early church councils
beleifs, traditions, and customs of islam
- monotheism: allah (arabic word for god) - qur'an (koran): the word of god - five pillars of islam - acceptance of judeo-christian prophets, including moses and jesus
location and place
- mountainous japanese archipelago (four main islands) - sea of japan or east sea between Japan and asian mainland - proximity to china and korea
division of the roman empire
- move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople - survival of the western roman empire until 476 AD when it ceased to have a roman emperor - eastern roman empire (byzantine empire)
origins of islam
- muhammad, the prophet - mecca and medina on the arabian peninsula: early muslim cities
technology
- paper from china through the muslim world to byzantium and wester europe - new crops from india (for making sugar) - waterwheels and windmills from the middle east - navigation: compass from china, lateen sail from indian ocean region
geographic influences on economic, social, and political development
- political unity of the first muslim empire was short- lived - arabic language spread with isla, and facilitate trade across islamic lands - slavery was not based on race
spread of christianity
- popularity of the message - early martyrs inspired others - carried by the apostles, including paul, throughout the roman empire
location of Constantinople
- protection of the eastern frontier - distance from germanic invasions in the western empire - crossroads of trade - easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors
features of democracy
- representative democracy - assemblies - the senate - consuls - laws of rome codified as twelve tables
social impact of the pax romana
- returned stability to social class - increased emphasis on the family
manorial system during the middle ages
- rigid class structure - self-sufficient manors
punic wars: Rome vs. Carthage (264-146 BCE)
- rome and carthage were in competition for trade - hannibal invaded the italian peninsula - three wars resulted in roman victory, the destruction of carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for rome
role of Constantinople
- seat of the byzantine empire until ottoman conquest - preserved classical greco-roman culture - center of trade
influence of the roman catholic church
- secular authority declined, while church authority grew - monasteries preserved greco-roman cultural achievements - missionaries carried christianity and latin alphabet to germanic tribes - the pope anointed charleemagne emperor in 800 AD - parish priests served religious and social needs of the people
major trade patterns of the eastern hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 AD
- silk routes across asia to the mediterranean basin - maritime routes across the indian ocean - trans-saharan routes across north africa - northern european links with the black sea - western european sea and river trade - south china sea and lands of southeast asia
causes for the decline of the roman republic
- spread of slavery in the agricultural system - migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment - civil war over the power of Julius Caesar - devaluation of roman currency; inflation
impact of church of rome in the late roman empire
- the emperor constanting converted to christianity and made it legal - christianity later became the official state religion - the church became a source of moral authority - loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the emperor - the church became the main unifying force of western europe
influence of byzantine culture on eastern europe and russia
- trade routes between black sean and baltic sea - adoptions of orthodox christianity by russia and much of eastern europe - adoptions of greek alphabet for the slavic languages by st. cyril (cyrillic alphabet) - church architecture and religious art
the pax romana
- two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule - expansion and solidification of the roman empire, particularly in the near east
european monarchies consolidated their power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. England
- william the conqueror, leaders of the norman conquest, united most of england - common law had its beginnings during the reign of henry ii - king john signed the magna carta, limiting the king's power - the hundres year's war between england and france helped define england as a nation - evolution of parliament
influence of chinese culture
- writing - architecture - buddhism
citizenship
-patrician and plebeian men - selected foreigners - rights and responsibilities of citizenship (ex, taxes, military service)
ideas
-spread of religions across the hemisphere - buddhism from china to korea and japan - hinduism and buddhism from india to southeast asia - islam into west africa, central and southeast asia - printing and paper money from china
the followers of Jesus spread _________ throughout the Roman, empire, bringing it into conflict with roman polytheism and eventually changing western civilization
Christianity
what did augustus caesar establish?
He established the roman empire by institution civil service, rule of law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire.
greek orhthodox christianity and imperial patrongange enabled the byzantine empire to develop what?
a unique style of art and of architecture
science contributions of ancient rome:
achievements of Ptolemy
invasions by who disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe?
angles, saxons, magyars, and vikings
rome
centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern mediterranean powers
the cultural and political differences between the eastern and western roman empires weakened the unity of the __________ ___________ and led to its division
christian church
as the roman empire declined in the west, the _______ ___ ______ grew in importance, followers, and influence
church of rome
what spread roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the empire?
conquests and trade
islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created what?
distinctive muslim culture
After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able to ________?
dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture
the capital of the _________ ___________ ________ was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages
eastern roman empire
medicine contributions of ancient rome:
emphasis of public health (public baths, public water systems, medical school)
the decline of rome influence in western europe left people with little protection agianst invasion, so they entered into _________ __________ with landholding lords who promised them protection. Invasions shattered roman protection over the empire
feudal agreements
over a 300 year period, the western part of the roman empire steadily decline because of _________________________________________
internal and external problems
language contributions of ancient rome:
latin, romance languages
who carried christianity to the germanic tribes?
missionaries
who spread islam?
muhammad and his followers
what happened in the first three centuries after Muhammad's death?
muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires
art and architecture contributions of ancient rome:
pantheon, colosseum, forum
social structure in the roman republic
patricians: powerful nobility (few in number) plebeians: majority of population slaves: not based on race
what facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity?
political unity and the arabic language
roman mythology, like greek mythology was based upon what type of religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art.
polytheistic
alps
protection
mediterranean sea
protections, sea-borne commerce
under justinian, the byzantine empire reached its what?
reached its height in culture and prosperity
byzantine civilization influenced russian and eastern european civilizations through its ________ _______ ______
religion, culture, and trade
technology contributions of ancient rome:
roads, aqueducts, roman arches
religion contributions of ancient rome:
roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
japanese cultural development was influenced by proximity to china. _______ and ________ coexisted as religious treasons in the japanese's culture
shinto and buddhism
what were the 200 years of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire, following Augustus Caesar, called?
the Pax Romana
what became the foundation of modern democracy?
the Roman republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy
greek and roman traditions were preserved in what?
the byzantine empire
what served the social, political, and religious needs of the people
the church
what was western civilization influenced by?
the cultural achievements of rome
early islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and arts that transformed ____________________________________________
the islamic world and contributed to world civilization
as the first to codify roman law, justinian provided the basis for what?
the law codes of western europe
during the middle ages who anointed the emperors?
the pope
law contributions of ancient rome:
the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" (from the twelve tables)
what forms the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith?
the revelations of muhammad
what grew in importance after roman authority decline and became the unifying force in western europe
the roman catholic church
what was the italian peninsula protected by?
the sea and the arc of the Alps mountains
literature contributions of ancient rome:
virgil's Aeneid
