MnE Chapter 13,14,15 &16

________ is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.

openness

The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:

optimistic

According to the broaden-and-build theory of positivity, people flourish when they experience what ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions in their daily life?

3 to 1

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."

Carl Rogers

Which of the following is not one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?

Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned.

Which of the following is not a core principle that organizes contemporary psychodynamic theory:

Therapy works when the therapist discovers, understands, and removes the client's unconscious childhood traumas.

The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:

What can be?

According to Maslow, deficiency needs:

dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them

An individual's perceived competence in dealing with environmental challenges, demands, and opportunities is _________. The greater this sense of competence is, the stronger the person's desire to seek out new and challenging interactions with the environment.

ego effectance

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:

eudaimonic well-being

________ theory studies how people satisfy the psychological need for relatedness through the mental representation of, and actual attachments to, other people.

object relations

According to the study of psychodynamics, continued suppression of a thought will build up a potent counterforce that drives the unwanted thought toward becoming a(n):

obsession

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning. Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:

facilitator

Research on subliminal processes, such as department store broadcasts of "If you steal, you will get caught," shows that such subliminal marketing messages routinely:

fail to influence people's behavior

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion. Level of worry:

for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.

The brain structure that corresponds best to ego functions and principles is the:

frontal lobes of the neocortex

Positive conditional regard is:

giving love and affection for obedience and achievement

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that:

good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness.

Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?

gratitude visit

People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ________ in their older ages.

happy

Which of the following individuals is most likely to experience depression? The person with:

immature defense mechanisms and stressful life circumstances

________ describes motivational processes that are difficult to articulate or measure, linked to emotional experiences, and orient people to attend automatically to environmental events that have emotional associations.

implicit motivation

Consider the following dream: "A whole crowd of children—all of her brothers, sisters, and cousins—were romping in a field. Suddenly they all grew wings, flew away, and disappeared." The anxiety-provoking, hidden, and symbolic meaning of the dream as a death wish represents the dream's:

latent content

Greater mindfulness tends to:

lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.

Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?

meaning

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:

meditation training

Most people are:

mildly happy most of the time

To test "terror management theory", researchers routinely use a ________ manipulation.

mortality salience

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents:

moves the person away from the organizmis valuation process

The ________ is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating.

organismic valuation process

Which of the following experiences is central to object relations theory?

parental abuse and neglect

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:

participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them

A person's habitual, learned manner of defense against anxiety is called:

personality

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience pressure-driving functioning, emotional suppression, and a tendency to self-aggrandizement after success and self-criticism after failure:

positive conditional regard

________ is the procedure that evokes an implicit response from an individual upon exposure to a stimulus that is outside his or her conscious awareness.

priming

In psychoanalysis, the mental clashing of forces of "will versus counter-will" and "force versus counterforce" is known as:

psychodynamics

Motivational and emotional processes frequently operate parallel with one another such that people commonly want and fear the same thing at the same time. This statement describes:

psychodynamics

Research on object relations theory revolves around understanding the motivational significance of people's:

psychological need for relatedness with others

When Sigmund Freud first defined psychodynamics, his central concept was:

repression

_________ refers to the process of forgetting information or an experience in a way that is unconscious, unintentional, and automatic.

repression

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?

self-actualization

________ is an inherent developmental striving. It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation.

self-actualization

Causality orientations reflect ________ in the personality.

self-determination

The conclusion that much of mental life is unconscious is largely accepted as:

true

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures:

unconscious attitudes

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy has always been to:

understand the confusing activities of the unconscious so as to free the ego to deal effectively with reality

_________ refers to the process of forgetting information or an experience in a way that is conscious, intentional, and deliberate.

suppression

Which developmental sequence accurately describes the trajectory of mature ego development?

symbiotic, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, conscientious

________ is considered by humanistic psychologists as the "forward thrust of life".

the actualization tendency

Which of the following is the more likely outcome of a smoker's repeated efforts to suppress the thought of smoking a cigarette?

the though will gradually become more and more like an obsession

The subject matter of psychoanalysis is:

the unconscious

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?

Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:

Prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability

Maslow estimated that _____ % of the population reaches self-actualization.

about less than 1

According to Anna Freud, Vaillant, and others, a defense mechanism is mature if it:

accepts instinctual energies and channels them into socially acceptable outlets.

Researchers use the analogy of a pilot competently driving an airplane by using the automatic pilot feature to characterize which aspect of the unconscious?

adaptive unconscious

The ________ runs on automatic pilot as it carries out countless computations and innumerable adjustments during acts such as driving a car and playing the piano.

adaptive unconscious

The following features describe what aspect of the unconscious mind?: Automatic, intuitive, fast, efficient, and first impressions.

adaptive unconscious

One manifestation of the Eros (instincts for life) is ________, while one manifestation of the Thanatos (instincts for death) is ________.

affiliation; gambling

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:

autonomy and openness

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?

avoid the daily mistake

Defense mechanisms that are most immature are those in which the individual:

blocks external reality or fails to acknowledge it

Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives?

causality orientations

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called:

conditional regard

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns:

conditions of worth

________ describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects the full range of his or her personal characteristics, abilities, desires, and beliefs.

congruence and incongruence

The _______ is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.

control causality orientation

To the extent that people rely on external guides (e.g., social cues, incentives) to initiate and regulate their behavior in a habitual or personality-like way, they have a(n):

control causality orientation

Which one of the following lists of defense mechanisms is correctly arranged from least mature (on left) to most mature (on right)?

denial, projection, rationalization, sublimation

_________ is an example of an immature defense mechanism, and _________ is an example of a mature defense mechanism.

denial; sublimation

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to:

develop their final potential

The following statement describes _____: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z.

incongruence

The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around:

intrinsic motivation and identified regulation

The consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil:

is not inherent in human nature

Which of the following represents a criticism or recognized shortcoming of the psychoanalytic study of unconscious motivation?

it is a wonderful interpretive device for events that occurred in the past but is woeful as a predictive device.

Which of the following is not a tell-tale sign that an anxiety-reducing course of action is a defense mechanism?

it produces a positive meotional experience

_____ individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.

socially defined

The brain structure(s) that corresponds best to id functions and processes is the:

subcortical brain structures

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to:

suffer high anxiety during social interaction

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity):

suffer more psychological distress

According to object relations theory, the quality of one's mental representations of relationships can be characterized by each of the following, except:

supports versus interferes with one's thinking

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?

what makes me special?

According to psychoanalysis, the basic purpose of dreaming is:

wish venting