Module 1 - 68 Concepts - Mostly chapter 1

Koch's Postulates definition

- A set of rules for proving that a microorganism causes a particular disease

What kind of infectious agents are viruses?

- Acellular agents

What does acellular mean?

- Acellular implies that it is lacking a cellular structure

Why did Fannny E. Hesse suggest agar?

- Agar does not melt until it reaches a temp 100 C, and it does not solidify until it reaches a temp of 50 C

What are the major types of protists?

- Algae - Protozoa - Slime molds - Water molds

Why is RNA critical to protein synthesis?

- All three types of RNA contribute to protein synthesis

What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis propose?

- An origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells

What are the four cellular entities in microbes?

- Archaea, protists, bacteria, and fungi

What are the three domain of life based on rRNA comparisons?

- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Subdisciplines of microbiology

- Bacteriology and virology

In bacteria and your cells, RNA is synthesized using ___________ as a template and then RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of __________

- Blank 1: DNA, genes, or genetic information - Blank 2: protein (s) or polypeptides

Which is the primarily role played by proteins?

- Catalyze reactions

Which roles are played by proteins in extant organisms?

- Catalyze reactions - Enzymatic activities - Provide Structure

- Elie Metchnikoff (1845- 1916)

- Discovered the first immune system cells - Found that some white blood cells could engulf disease-causing bacteria. He called these cells phagocytes and the process phagocytosis

What was the work of Norma Pace?

- Dr. Pace developed a universal phylogenic tree based on comparisons of small subunit rRNA molecules (SSU rRNA), the rRNA found in small subunit of the ribosome.

English Physicist John Tyndall (1820- 1893)

- Dust carry germs; if dust was absent, broth remained sterile - Provided evidence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria

Name the domain of life based on rRNA comparisons

- Eukarya - Archaea - Bacteria

Italian Francesco Stelluti (1577-1652)

- First to observe organisms (bees and weevils) under a microscope

What group of organisms does the domain Eukarya include?

- Fungi - Protist - Animals

How are archaeal cells different from bacterial cells?

- Have unique membrane lipids - Lack of peptidoglycan cell walls - Different rRNA sequences

Pasteur work in immunology

- He called attenuated bacteria (bacteria that had lost ability to cause disease) a vaccine in honor of Edward Jenner

Francesco Reid (1626- 1697)

- He challenged the view of spontaneous generation by conducting a series of experiments on decaying meat, which was thought to produce maggots spontaneously.

Richard Petri (1852- 1921)

- He devised the Petri dish (plate) in Koch's laboratory as a container for holding solidified media

What did Pasteur infer from this swan-neck flask experiments?

- He inferred that growth did not occur because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks - He had also shown how to keep solutions sterile

What method did Pasteur suggest to destroy the undesirable microbes in wines?

- He suggested a method for heating the wines to destroy the undesirable microbes; The process now called pasteurization

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

- He was an amateur microscopist; built microscopes that could magnify about 50 to 300 times and that would have a dark-field illumination - He was the first to observe microorganisms (bacteria and protists) accurately

German Botanist Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

- Heath-resistant bacteria is capable of producing bacterial endospores - Established a classification system for bacteria based on their morphology and physiology

What do viruses need to reproduce?

- Host cell

French Naturalist Felix Pouchet (1800 - 1872)

- In 1859, claimed that microbial growth could occur without contact with air

Microbiology 2

- It is not only defined by the organisms it studies but by the tools used to study them

Why is Micrographia considered an important work published, in 1665, by Robert Hooke?

- It provided detailed drawings of microorganisms in the scientific literature as well as the information for building microscopes

Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823)

- Jenner had used material from cowpox lesions to protect people against smallpox

English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827- 1912)

- Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic techniques and surgery systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds - His work was inspired by Pasteur's studies on fermentation

What are the acronyms used to described the last universal common ancestor?

- LUCA - Symbiogenesis - eve - cenancestor - microbial eve

What are the common characteristic of cellular microbes?

- Lack differentiated tissue - Usually smaller than 1 mm - Often unicellular

Archaea have become well recognized for

- Living in extreme environments

Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (1856- 1953)

- Many contributions to soil microbiology, including the discovery that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy and that many of these bacterial could incorporate CO2 into organic matter much as photosynthetic organisms do.

What is the best description of the germ theory of disease?

- Microorganisms cause disease

The applied aspects of microbiology are concerned with

- practical problems such as disease, water and wastewater treatment, food spoilage and food production, and industrial uses of microbes.

Industrial microbiology

- production of organic compounds such as antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, acids, solvents and enzzymes. - use of microbes to manufacture important compounds or the use of microbes as products in their own right

The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding that mitochondria contain _______ similar to bacteria

- ribosomes and DNA

Which entities are included in the field of microbiology?

-Cellular organisms — Fungi - Yeast (uni) and Mold (multi) — Protists - Algae (photosynthetic); Protozoa; slime molds; water molds — Bacteria —- Archaea — methanogens Acellular organisms — Viruses — Cof Protein and nucleic acid —Viroids — Cof RNA — Satellites — Cof nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell — Prions — Cof proteins

The book Micrographia, published in 1665 by _______ contained the earliest drawings of microorganisms

-Robert Hooke

Pasteurs worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from

-rabies

How old are the oldest fossils ever found?

3.5 bya

Pasteurization process

A process of heating a food, which is usually a liquid, to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat. This process slows spoilage due to microbial growth in the food.

Spontaneous generation

An early belief that living organisms could develop from non living matter

Latin binomial system

Capitalize first letter of Genus but the first letter of the epithet is lower case

Which entities are included as microorganisms?

Cellular and acellular biological entities

How was the age of Earth determined?

Dating meteorites through the use of radioisotopes places or planet at an estimated 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old.

Microbial strain

Descendants of single, pure microbial culture

Molecular evidence

Detection of nucleic acid of a microorganism inn body tissue, rather than isolating the microorganism

Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895)

Disproved Spontaneous generation with his 'swan-neck flask experiments" and came up with Germ Theory of disease; also came up with idea of pasteurization

Carl Woese (1928-2012) is known for

Dividing prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea -He did so by comparison of ribosomal RNA nucleic acid sequences between organisms, demonstrating that there are two very different groups of organisms with prokaryotic cell architecture: Bacteria and Archaea

Ferdinand Cohn is best known for his discovery of bacterial

Endospores

Anoxic means

Extremely low oxygen

The fact that endospores were produced by heat-resistant bacteria was discovered by

Ferdinand Cohn

Louis Pasteur made contributions to the field of medical microbiology, but also made great contributions to this field

Food and dairy microbiology

Genetic evidence

Genes thought to be associated with the virulence of a disease-causing microbe (pathogen) might be mutated - mutant organisms should have decreased ability to cause disease

What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?

He showed that dust does carry microbes

The Ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad

Humors

The first used of antiseptic in surgery is attributed to

Joseph Lister

Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa?

Microbes

Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologist use

Molecular and genetic evidence

What other methods can be used to identify pathogens?

Molecular and genetic evidence

Define microorganism

Organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye

Food and dairy microbiology

Prevention of food spoilage: ex: cold temperatures, canning, freeze drying, heat (pasteurization), preservatives, radiation, etc. -Prevention of food borne disease from microbes -Not all harmful, as some dairy products depend on microbial transformations.

A eukaryotic species is defined by

Reproductive properties

In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated (keyword) from other from other groups is called a

Species

What is the primarily role of DNA in a cell?

Store informatin

Medical microbiology

Study of microbes as they relate to medicine

The basic aspects of microbiology are concerned with

The biology of microorganisms themselves

Antitoxins

They are known to be antibodies that specifically bind and neutralize toxins

What are Koch's postulates used for?

To discover the causative microorganisms for many infectious disease

Can some organisms be macroscopic? Why?

Yes, while microbes can exhibit multicellular forms, these do not have highly differentiated tissue

Pure (axenic) culture

_ A population of cells that are identical because they arise from a single cell

Hydrogen hypothesis

a hypothesis that considers the origin of the eukaryotes through the development of the hydrogenosome; it suggests the organelle arose as the result of an endosymbiotic anaerobic bacterium that produced CO2 and H2 as the products of fermentation

Agricultural microbiology

concerned with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

German physician Robert Koch

demonstrated that each infectious disease is caused by a specific kind of pathogen - He did the first demonstration that bacteria cause disease from the study of anthrax - He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery (1905)

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin

Humors Theory

excess body fluid causes a personality imbalance; melancholic-black bile-sad; phlegmatic-flem-quiet, shy rational; chloric-yellow bile-energetic passion; sanguine-blood-optimistic

The germ theory disease

idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

Martinus Beijerinck

isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulfate reducing bacteria

Extant organisms

organisms present today

The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be microbial...

strain

Immunology

study of the immune system - Deals with the nature and treatment of allergies and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

Microbial ecology

the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

What are the major supports for the endosymbiotic theory?

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes similar to bacteria - Chloroplast rRNA is similar to that of photosynthetic bacteria -Mitochondrial genomes resemble those of bacteria

Name some characteristics of Bacteria

- Most commonly single-celled organisms - Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan - can live in extreme environments, like extreme temp, pH, or salinity. - Abundant in soil, water, and air - Form the human microbiome

Which gases were plentiful in the atmosphere of early Earth?

- Nitrogen - Carbon dioxide - Hydrogen - Methane

Fanny Eilshemius Hesse (1850- 1934)

- One of Koch's students and a physician - she proposed to use agar, to make jellies, as a solidifying agent for culture media.

Charles Chamberland (1851- 1908)

- One of Pasteur's associates - Constructed a porcelain filter to remove bacteria that allowed to culture viral pathogens

Which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early Earth?

- Oxygen

How is the kingdom protists divided?

- Protozoa and algae

Which type of biochemical is critical for protein synthesis?

- RNA

A catalytic RNA molecule is called a(n)

- Ribozyme

Lazaro Spallanzani (1729- 1799)

- Sealed glass flasks; water and seeds; boiling water experiment - He proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium but also stated that external air might be required for growth of animal already in the medium.

Why fossils cannot be used to determine the age of Earth?

- Since fossils exist due to life and since life did not appear on Earth until about 3.5 bya, fossils are not used to date the planet

What are the four characteristic that are most common in domain Bacteria?

- Single-celled organism - Contain cell walls composed of peptidoglycan - Lack membrane-surrounded organelles - Lack a nucleus

The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome?

- Small

Why are Koch's postulates not feasible at times?

- Some viruses and organisms cannot be isolated in pure culture (viruses need a host) - Some human diseases lack an appropriate animal model so the postulates cannot be fully met

English priest John Needham (1713- 1781)

- Suggested that organic matter in decaying meat contained a vital force that could confer the properties of life on non-living matter

Koch's postulate 1

- The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms

On the universal phylogenic tree, the distance from the tip of one branch to the tip of another branch represents

- The relatedness of two organisms. The distance between branch tips is a measure of relatedness, not of time. The greater the distance, the more evolutionary diverged (i.e., less related) are the two organisms. - The evolutionary distance between the two organisms

- Koch's postulate 3

- The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

Koch's postulate 4

- The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

Koch's postulate 2

- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture

Prokaryotes

- They are not compartmentalized, meaning they do not posses membrane-bound organelles

How do bacteria contribute to the development of humans?

- They form the human microbiome - They contribute to the development of the immune system - The ones inhabiting the intestines help to digest food and produce vitamins

Eukaryotes

- They have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts)

What is the difference between the work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn?

- Tyndall discovered that heat-resistant (endospore-formers) exist while Ferdinand Cohn more completely described the endospores

Name some characteristics of protists

- Unicellular - Eukaryotic organisms - Generally larger than bacteria and archaea

Name the four entities that are acellular microbes

- Viruses - composed of protein and nucleic acid - Viroids - composed of RNA - Satellites- composed of protein in a shell - Prions - composed of only proteins

Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation's were due to

- activities of specific yeasts and bacteria

Pasteur and Chamberland developed an

- attenuated anthrax vaccine

The hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell

- became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy

Koch's postulates are valuable for determining

- causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease

Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as

- fermentation

It is believed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once

- free-living bacterial cells

The endosymbiotic hypothesis for mitochondria has been modified by the

- hydrogen hypothesis

White blood cells and the chemicals they produce play a central role

- in immunity

Sergei Winogradsky

- isolated nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and studied the decomposition of cellulose

An endosymbiosis between two organisms means that

- one organism lives inside the cells of the other