Module 1 - 68 Concepts - Mostly chapter 1
Koch's Postulates definition
- A set of rules for proving that a microorganism causes a particular disease
What kind of infectious agents are viruses?
- Acellular agents
What does acellular mean?
- Acellular implies that it is lacking a cellular structure
Why did Fannny E. Hesse suggest agar?
- Agar does not melt until it reaches a temp 100 C, and it does not solidify until it reaches a temp of 50 C
What are the major types of protists?
- Algae - Protozoa - Slime molds - Water molds
Why is RNA critical to protein synthesis?
- All three types of RNA contribute to protein synthesis
What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis propose?
- An origin for mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells
What are the four cellular entities in microbes?
- Archaea, protists, bacteria, and fungi
What are the three domain of life based on rRNA comparisons?
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Subdisciplines of microbiology
- Bacteriology and virology
In bacteria and your cells, RNA is synthesized using ___________ as a template and then RNA serves as a template for the synthesis of __________
- Blank 1: DNA, genes, or genetic information - Blank 2: protein (s) or polypeptides
Which is the primarily role played by proteins?
- Catalyze reactions
Which roles are played by proteins in extant organisms?
- Catalyze reactions - Enzymatic activities - Provide Structure
- Elie Metchnikoff (1845- 1916)
- Discovered the first immune system cells - Found that some white blood cells could engulf disease-causing bacteria. He called these cells phagocytes and the process phagocytosis
What was the work of Norma Pace?
- Dr. Pace developed a universal phylogenic tree based on comparisons of small subunit rRNA molecules (SSU rRNA), the rRNA found in small subunit of the ribosome.
English Physicist John Tyndall (1820- 1893)
- Dust carry germs; if dust was absent, broth remained sterile - Provided evidence of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria
Name the domain of life based on rRNA comparisons
- Eukarya - Archaea - Bacteria
Italian Francesco Stelluti (1577-1652)
- First to observe organisms (bees and weevils) under a microscope
What group of organisms does the domain Eukarya include?
- Fungi - Protist - Animals
How are archaeal cells different from bacterial cells?
- Have unique membrane lipids - Lack of peptidoglycan cell walls - Different rRNA sequences
Pasteur work in immunology
- He called attenuated bacteria (bacteria that had lost ability to cause disease) a vaccine in honor of Edward Jenner
Francesco Reid (1626- 1697)
- He challenged the view of spontaneous generation by conducting a series of experiments on decaying meat, which was thought to produce maggots spontaneously.
Richard Petri (1852- 1921)
- He devised the Petri dish (plate) in Koch's laboratory as a container for holding solidified media
What did Pasteur infer from this swan-neck flask experiments?
- He inferred that growth did not occur because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks - He had also shown how to keep solutions sterile
What method did Pasteur suggest to destroy the undesirable microbes in wines?
- He suggested a method for heating the wines to destroy the undesirable microbes; The process now called pasteurization
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
- He was an amateur microscopist; built microscopes that could magnify about 50 to 300 times and that would have a dark-field illumination - He was the first to observe microorganisms (bacteria and protists) accurately
German Botanist Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)
- Heath-resistant bacteria is capable of producing bacterial endospores - Established a classification system for bacteria based on their morphology and physiology
What do viruses need to reproduce?
- Host cell
French Naturalist Felix Pouchet (1800 - 1872)
- In 1859, claimed that microbial growth could occur without contact with air
Microbiology 2
- It is not only defined by the organisms it studies but by the tools used to study them
Why is Micrographia considered an important work published, in 1665, by Robert Hooke?
- It provided detailed drawings of microorganisms in the scientific literature as well as the information for building microscopes
Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823)
- Jenner had used material from cowpox lesions to protect people against smallpox
English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827- 1912)
- Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic techniques and surgery systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds - His work was inspired by Pasteur's studies on fermentation
What are the acronyms used to described the last universal common ancestor?
- LUCA - Symbiogenesis - eve - cenancestor - microbial eve
What are the common characteristic of cellular microbes?
- Lack differentiated tissue - Usually smaller than 1 mm - Often unicellular
Archaea have become well recognized for
- Living in extreme environments
Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (1856- 1953)
- Many contributions to soil microbiology, including the discovery that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy and that many of these bacterial could incorporate CO2 into organic matter much as photosynthetic organisms do.
What is the best description of the germ theory of disease?
- Microorganisms cause disease
The applied aspects of microbiology are concerned with
- practical problems such as disease, water and wastewater treatment, food spoilage and food production, and industrial uses of microbes.
Industrial microbiology
- production of organic compounds such as antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, acids, solvents and enzzymes. - use of microbes to manufacture important compounds or the use of microbes as products in their own right
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding that mitochondria contain _______ similar to bacteria
- ribosomes and DNA
Which entities are included in the field of microbiology?
-Cellular organisms — Fungi - Yeast (uni) and Mold (multi) — Protists - Algae (photosynthetic); Protozoa; slime molds; water molds — Bacteria —- Archaea — methanogens Acellular organisms — Viruses — Cof Protein and nucleic acid —Viroids — Cof RNA — Satellites — Cof nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell — Prions — Cof proteins
The book Micrographia, published in 1665 by _______ contained the earliest drawings of microorganisms
-Robert Hooke
Pasteurs worked to develop vaccines, and successfully attempted vaccination of a boy suffering from
-rabies
How old are the oldest fossils ever found?
3.5 bya
Pasteurization process
A process of heating a food, which is usually a liquid, to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat. This process slows spoilage due to microbial growth in the food.
Spontaneous generation
An early belief that living organisms could develop from non living matter
Latin binomial system
Capitalize first letter of Genus but the first letter of the epithet is lower case
Which entities are included as microorganisms?
Cellular and acellular biological entities
How was the age of Earth determined?
Dating meteorites through the use of radioisotopes places or planet at an estimated 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old.
Microbial strain
Descendants of single, pure microbial culture
Molecular evidence
Detection of nucleic acid of a microorganism inn body tissue, rather than isolating the microorganism
Louis Pasteur (1822- 1895)
Disproved Spontaneous generation with his 'swan-neck flask experiments" and came up with Germ Theory of disease; also came up with idea of pasteurization
Carl Woese (1928-2012) is known for
Dividing prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea -He did so by comparison of ribosomal RNA nucleic acid sequences between organisms, demonstrating that there are two very different groups of organisms with prokaryotic cell architecture: Bacteria and Archaea
Ferdinand Cohn is best known for his discovery of bacterial
Endospores
Anoxic means
Extremely low oxygen
The fact that endospores were produced by heat-resistant bacteria was discovered by
Ferdinand Cohn
Louis Pasteur made contributions to the field of medical microbiology, but also made great contributions to this field
Food and dairy microbiology
Genetic evidence
Genes thought to be associated with the virulence of a disease-causing microbe (pathogen) might be mutated - mutant organisms should have decreased ability to cause disease
What was John Tyndall's (1820-1893) contribution to microbiology?
He showed that dust does carry microbes
The Ancient Greek physician Galen believed that disease was caused by bad
Humors
The first used of antiseptic in surgery is attributed to
Joseph Lister
Which group of organisms has the greatest number of taxa?
Microbes
Although Koch's postulates present a logical framework for establishing a particular microbe as the cause of a disease, they cannot always be applied today. Instead, microbiologist use
Molecular and genetic evidence
What other methods can be used to identify pathogens?
Molecular and genetic evidence
Define microorganism
Organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye
Food and dairy microbiology
Prevention of food spoilage: ex: cold temperatures, canning, freeze drying, heat (pasteurization), preservatives, radiation, etc. -Prevention of food borne disease from microbes -Not all harmful, as some dairy products depend on microbial transformations.
A eukaryotic species is defined by
Reproductive properties
In eukaryotes, a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated (keyword) from other from other groups is called a
Species
What is the primarily role of DNA in a cell?
Store informatin
Medical microbiology
Study of microbes as they relate to medicine
The basic aspects of microbiology are concerned with
The biology of microorganisms themselves
Antitoxins
They are known to be antibodies that specifically bind and neutralize toxins
What are Koch's postulates used for?
To discover the causative microorganisms for many infectious disease
Can some organisms be macroscopic? Why?
Yes, while microbes can exhibit multicellular forms, these do not have highly differentiated tissue
Pure (axenic) culture
_ A population of cells that are identical because they arise from a single cell
Hydrogen hypothesis
a hypothesis that considers the origin of the eukaryotes through the development of the hydrogenosome; it suggests the organelle arose as the result of an endosymbiotic anaerobic bacterium that produced CO2 and H2 as the products of fermentation
Agricultural microbiology
concerned with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
German physician Robert Koch
demonstrated that each infectious disease is caused by a specific kind of pathogen - He did the first demonstration that bacteria cause disease from the study of anthrax - He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery (1905)
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
Humors Theory
excess body fluid causes a personality imbalance; melancholic-black bile-sad; phlegmatic-flem-quiet, shy rational; chloric-yellow bile-energetic passion; sanguine-blood-optimistic
The germ theory disease
idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms
Martinus Beijerinck
isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulfate reducing bacteria
Extant organisms
organisms present today
The descendants of a single, pure bacterial culture are considered to be microbial...
strain
Immunology
study of the immune system - Deals with the nature and treatment of allergies and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Microbial ecology
the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
What are the major supports for the endosymbiotic theory?
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes similar to bacteria - Chloroplast rRNA is similar to that of photosynthetic bacteria -Mitochondrial genomes resemble those of bacteria
Name some characteristics of Bacteria
- Most commonly single-celled organisms - Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan - can live in extreme environments, like extreme temp, pH, or salinity. - Abundant in soil, water, and air - Form the human microbiome
Which gases were plentiful in the atmosphere of early Earth?
- Nitrogen - Carbon dioxide - Hydrogen - Methane
Fanny Eilshemius Hesse (1850- 1934)
- One of Koch's students and a physician - she proposed to use agar, to make jellies, as a solidifying agent for culture media.
Charles Chamberland (1851- 1908)
- One of Pasteur's associates - Constructed a porcelain filter to remove bacteria that allowed to culture viral pathogens
Which gas was not present in the atmosphere of early Earth?
- Oxygen
How is the kingdom protists divided?
- Protozoa and algae
Which type of biochemical is critical for protein synthesis?
- RNA
A catalytic RNA molecule is called a(n)
- Ribozyme
Lazaro Spallanzani (1729- 1799)
- Sealed glass flasks; water and seeds; boiling water experiment - He proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium but also stated that external air might be required for growth of animal already in the medium.
Why fossils cannot be used to determine the age of Earth?
- Since fossils exist due to life and since life did not appear on Earth until about 3.5 bya, fossils are not used to date the planet
What are the four characteristic that are most common in domain Bacteria?
- Single-celled organism - Contain cell walls composed of peptidoglycan - Lack membrane-surrounded organelles - Lack a nucleus
The rRNA used as the basis for the universal phylogenic tree is from which subunit of the ribosome?
- Small
Why are Koch's postulates not feasible at times?
- Some viruses and organisms cannot be isolated in pure culture (viruses need a host) - Some human diseases lack an appropriate animal model so the postulates cannot be fully met
English priest John Needham (1713- 1781)
- Suggested that organic matter in decaying meat contained a vital force that could confer the properties of life on non-living matter
Koch's postulate 1
- The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms
On the universal phylogenic tree, the distance from the tip of one branch to the tip of another branch represents
- The relatedness of two organisms. The distance between branch tips is a measure of relatedness, not of time. The greater the distance, the more evolutionary diverged (i.e., less related) are the two organisms. - The evolutionary distance between the two organisms
- Koch's postulate 3
- The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
Koch's postulate 4
- The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
Koch's postulate 2
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
Prokaryotes
- They are not compartmentalized, meaning they do not posses membrane-bound organelles
How do bacteria contribute to the development of humans?
- They form the human microbiome - They contribute to the development of the immune system - The ones inhabiting the intestines help to digest food and produce vitamins
Eukaryotes
- They have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts)
What is the difference between the work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn?
- Tyndall discovered that heat-resistant (endospore-formers) exist while Ferdinand Cohn more completely described the endospores
Name some characteristics of protists
- Unicellular - Eukaryotic organisms - Generally larger than bacteria and archaea
Name the four entities that are acellular microbes
- Viruses - composed of protein and nucleic acid - Viroids - composed of RNA - Satellites- composed of protein in a shell - Prions - composed of only proteins
Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation's were due to
- activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
Pasteur and Chamberland developed an
- attenuated anthrax vaccine
The hydrogen hypothesis suggests that during endosymbiosis the host cell
- became dependent on endosymbiont-produced hydrogen for energy
Koch's postulates are valuable for determining
- causal relationships between microorganisms and a specific disease
Pasteur demonstrated that yeasts and bacteria each produce specific metabolic products such alcohols and organic acids using the metabolic pathway known as
- fermentation
It is believed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once
- free-living bacterial cells
The endosymbiotic hypothesis for mitochondria has been modified by the
- hydrogen hypothesis
White blood cells and the chemicals they produce play a central role
- in immunity
Sergei Winogradsky
- isolated nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and studied the decomposition of cellulose
An endosymbiosis between two organisms means that
- one organism lives inside the cells of the other
