MUS 151 Baroque/Classical test

opera seria (baroque)

serious opera 3 acts: 1st break 2nd break 3rd the breaks/intermezzos are comedic dramas intermezzos get longer and longer- which leads to the development of comic opera in classical period (opera seria still exists though)

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

father of the string quartet talented boy soprano composer-in-residence at esterhazy estate wrote 108 symphonies wrote 68 string quartets

the classical era sonata

for solo instrument or instrument with keyboard accompaniment an amateur genre in the 18th century 3 movements: fast-slow-fast

Fugue

genre based on a texture (imitative polyphony) repeats same subject or melody but a different pitch not a sequence because of length

How did composers treat melody during the Classical period?

short, balanced phrases create tuneful melodies; more vocal than instrumental in character

monody

single melodic voice over a basso continuo

the musical baroque

gets name from a negative view return to ancient greek ideals melodic ornamentation emergence of basso continuo and monody shift from melodic writing to chordal writing

baroque music and theatre

greek plays featured a chorus shakespeare plays often featured song madrigal comedies 2 problems: one voice = one character, but still interesting? get through a lot of text quickly

bassi ostinato

ground bass; baseline that repeats

The texture of Classical period music is generally

homophonic, with a thinner bass and a middle range; hence, it is light and transparent.

Which genre uses ritornello form?

solo concerto

developments in opera

spreads throughout europe into england and france development of recitative (monody) and aria (song-like)

Exposition

in a fugue, the opening section, in which each voice in turn has an opportunity to present the subject

Which definition is correct for "Alberti bass"?

instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound

Handel and opera

king of italian opera seria Da Capo Arias 42 total operas

Symphony (Classical)

multimovement work (usually 4) I- fast tempo: sonata form II- slow tempo: ternary or theme and variations III- moderate tempo: dance (minuet and trio- ternary) IV- very fast tempo: rondo

melodic sequence

the repetition of a musical motive at successively higher or lower degrees of the scale

the classical era concerto

the solo concerto had won out over concerto grosso 3 movements: fast-slow-fast double exposition sonata form cadenza

Concerto

one or more soloists vs the large ensemble (tutti)

Handel and the oratorio

oratorio- something sung in oratory sacred often based on dramatic scene from the bible sung throughout, but no costume/staging usually involves a narrator with characters sacred counterpart to opera

walking bass

plods along in equal note values moving in predominantly stepwise motion is called what?

The baroque orchestra

primarily strings, with woodwinds and brass optional for texture initially small, one on a part

simple recitative

recitative accompanied only by a basso continuo or a harpsichord, and not the full orchestra

ground bass

repeating baseline through entire piece

sequence/sequencing

repetition of melodic material at a different pitch level

Baroque instrumental music

rise of instrumental music in the 17th century shift away from vocal music to instrumental music invention of violin idiomatic intrumental writing rise of program music (first example)- instrumental music that tells a nonmusical story

lament

sad aria

Sonata

"that which is sounded" ex: Arcangelo Corelli- has lots of suspensions

solo concerto

1 or 2 soloists

claudio monteverdi

1567-1643 wrote first successful opera, Orfeo (1607) wrote both secular and sacred music most prominent composer of the early baroque (1600-1685)

The Baroque Period

1600-1750 the age of absolutism- rulers claim that power is given by god The era of rationalism- humans have rational thoughts the scientific revolution

breakdown of baroque period

1600s-1750- baroque 1600-1699- early baroque; lesser known 1700-1750- late/high baroque; most well known

Henry Purcell

1659-1695 "greatest of all english composers" worked as church organist at westminister abbey

Antonio Vivaldi

1678-1741 "the red priest" music director at L'ospedale della pieta most prolific and influential composer of baroque concerti

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685-1750 composed more than 1200 works BWV catalogue numbers devoutly religious (lutheran) teacher homebody relative obscurity frin 1750-1850

George Frideric Handel

1685-1759 cosmopolitan composer opera, oratorio, suites, concerti enjoyed perpetual popularity music entrepreneur

concerto grosso

3 or more soloists (concertino) against full orchestra

Sonata form

3 part form with different subsections exposition, development, recapitulation E: PTA (primary tonal area)- found in tonic or key, PTA---> transition:modulate, STA (secondary tonal area)- closely related key, KT (closing theme), repeated---> D: themes from expo- modulate, sequence, variations, Retransition- bass stays the same---> R: PTA, Transition- no modulate, STA- stays in home key, KT D and R repeated together

recitative

: a rhythmically free vocal style that imitates the natural inflections of speech and that is used for dialogue and narrative in operas and oratorios all of these are monody style monody in opera, moves story forward, leads to aria which reflects what happened

cadenza

An embellishment or flourish, prepared or improvised, for a solo voice or instrument. elaborate solo

L'Orfeo 1607

Monteverdi, Opera first opera to integrate singing into a work that was both musically and dramatically satisfying based on orpheus myth large orchestra monody style first female character is Music

classical composers

Mozart Haydn Beethoven Schubert

Fugue form

based on a texture (imitative polyphony) usually 3 or 4 voices 4 voice exposition: 1st voice- subject/main melody, then accompanimental, 3rd voice- plays subject when 1st voice gets to accomp, then plays accomp, 2nd voice- plays subject when 3rd voice gets to accomp, then plays accomp, 4th voice- plays sub when 2nd voice gets to accomp, then plays accomp after all voices play subject, piece moves on to episodes and middle entries expositions- fugue subject must be heard in all voices before moving on alternation of episodes and middle entries no stop and go, continuous/ overlapping playing ritornello can occur anywhere (EPISODE) subject several times at different levels, then a break, then a subject again

basso continuo

bass driven harmonic support, usually using figured bass ensemble of instruments responsible for playing the basso continuo line

What is the standard musical form of Baroque period dance movements

binary

Baroque composers

Johann Pachelbel Antonio Vivaldi Henry Purcell Claudio Monteverdi Arcangelo Corelli Jean-Joseph Mouret Johann Sebastian Bach George Frideric Handel

oratorio

a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text sung in oratory

episode

a passage of free, non-imitative counterpoint found in a fugue

motive

a short, distinctive melodic figure that stands by itself

concertino

the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso

counterpoint

the harmonious opposition of two or more independent musical lines

What is meant by the term relative major?

the major key in a pair of major and minor keys that share the same number of sharps or flats

cadence

the portion of a musical phrase that leads to its last chord

subject

the principal theme of a fugue

ritornello

Short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto instrumental refrain only in baroque period, changes to rondo in classical

Identify the statement that correctly describes the harmonic style of the classical era.

The harmonic rhythm varies dramatically, creating a dynamic flux and flow; simple chordal harmonies are made more active by an "Alberti" bass.

Which answer correctly describes the rhythm of Classical period music?

The rhythm becomes more stop-and-go, and there is greater rhythmic variety within a single movement.

suite

a collection of dances

Opera

a drama sung in its entirety from beginning to end initially a flop genre

The Classical Era

aim to reinstitute aesthetic values of the ancient greeks with no ornate decoration

unison scale

all parts move up stepwise together used in modulation in the development step of eine kleine nachtmusik

toccata

an instrumental showpiece, originally for solo keyboard but later for instrumental ensemble as well

The Cantata

cantata: that which is sung can denote both large and small scale work developed in italy during 17th century can be sacred or secular mutli-movement

the string quartet

chamber music same movement structure as symphony 2 violins, 1 viola, and 1 cello "a conversation between friends"

rondo form

classical form with at least three statements of the refrain (A) and at least two contrasting sections (at least B and C); placement of the refrain creates symmetrical patterns such as ABACA, ABACABA, or even ABACADA

Opera buffa (classical)

comic opera focused on everyday people and problems leading comp: mozart- marriage of figaro, don giovanni, cosi fan tutte worked with librattist, lorenzo da ponte

The Messiah 1741

composer: G.F. handel genre: oratorio 3 parts: I. the prophecy of his coming II. his passion and resurrection III. reflections on the christian victory over death

Wachet Auf, ruft uns die stimme 1731

composer: J.S. Bach genre: cantata based on previously written chorale uses same conventions as opera (recitative and arias)

Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (1720)

composer: J.S. Bach genre: concerto grosso concertino- violin, flute, and harpischord ritornello high baroque

Organ fugue in G minor c1710

composer: J.S. Bach genre:fugue imitative polyphony exposition- composed while he worked under duke of weimar

"Rondeau" from suite de symphonies (1729)

composer: Jean-Joseph Mouret rondo baroque begins with refrain (repeated), then quieter contrasting section with violins and woodwinds, then refrain again (no repeat), then new contrasting section played by woodwinds and strings, then final refrain

Overture to Don Giovanni (1787)

composer: Mozart era: classical form: sonata movement: overture genre: opera overture most serious of mozarts opera buffa has orchestral intro meet servant first, don giovanni, then girl, then girl's dad

Le nozze di Figaro, "Se vuol ballare" (1786)

composer: Mozart era: classical movement: aria- "Se vuol ballare" genre: opera progressively gets angrier/more agitated calms down at end with return of beginning section set in the context of the minuet dance- metaphor for shuffling social order

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, I (1787)

composer: W. A. Mozart form: sonata- Allegro orchestration: strings only era: classical exposition (first theme group ends with a relaxed stepwise descent down to the G major scale)--> repeat expo--> development (retransition in violins at the end)--> recapitulation (loud return of first theme)--> brief coda

Spring- violin concerto in E major (early 1700s)

composer: antonio vivaldi genre: solo concerto program music ritornello sequencing begins with ritornello 1 played by tutti, ritornello part 1 is repeated by tutti in pianissimo, then ritornello part 2 is played by tutti, ritornello part 2 repeated pianissimo then solo violin enters with 2 from tutti (birds chirping) ritornello part 2 by tutti next solo section- tutti playing running sixteenth notes (rivers/brooks running) ritornello part 2 played by tutti solo- tutti plays tremolo and violins shoot up scale (dark clouds), solo violin plays broken triads while tutti plays tremolo below ritornello part 2 tutti - change of key? solo- violin chirps high, chromatic scale, and trill (calm, birds are back) ritornello 1, slightly varied, tutti final solo/rit- violin plays rising sixteenth notes, ritornello 2 tutti

Orfeo, Prologue, "Del mio Permesso amato"

composer: claudio monteverdi era: baroque genre: opera includes: ritornello, strophic variation form- repeated

Orfeo, Toccata (1607)

composer: claudio monteverdi era: baroque period genre: opera instrumental opening

"O thou tellest good tidings to zion", Messiah 1741

composer: g.f handel genre: oratorio recitative- aria ritornello

"hallelujah chorus", Messiah 1741

composer: g.f. handel genre: oratorio variety of textures: monophonic, homophonic, fugal (polyphonic)

Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra in E-flat major, III(1796)

composer: haydn era: classical movement: 3rd movement genre: concerto rondo form- ababacaba

string quartet, op. 76, no. 3, II (1797)

composer: haydn genre: string quartet tempo: slow form: theme and variations "Emperor quartet"

Symphony no. 94, II (1791)

composer: haydn genre: symphony form: theme and variations surprise symphony

Canon in D c1690

composer: johann pachelbel strings with basso continuo basso ostinato canon imitative polyphony begins with basso ostinato and then violins enter with imitative polyphony

Wachet Auf, ruft uns die stimme, VII

composer: js bach genre: cantata homophonic texture*** straight-forward setting of chorale

Wachet Auf, ruft uns die stimme, II

composer: js bach genre: cantata recitative*** monody/homophony

Wachet Auf, ruft uns die stimme, IV

composer: js bach genre: cantata use chorale melody orchestral interludes polyphonic***

variations on "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" c1781

composer: mozart era: classical genre: incidental piano piece form: theme and variations

Piano Concerto in C major, k. 467, II (1786)

composer: mozart genre: concerto form: ternary (ABA) part A- is set to duple meter with triplet subdivision theme 1-violin theme 2- two-step ascending melodic sequence with deep dive; violins play theme 3- five-step descending melodic sequence; violins play theme 4- deceptive and then final-sounding cadence; woodwinds play it piano enters with theme 1, piano expands theme 2 contrasting section in minor piano ornaments theme 3 piano leads into theme 4 part b- shift to minor key and dramatic rising scale in piano theme 3 starts descent in minor extended transition leads back to themes of part A part a- theme 1 returns but in a slightly higher key theme 2 returns, theme 3 returns, theme 4 returns, reprise of theme 2 coda- wistful pitches of tonic triad signal the end

piano concerto in A major, I (1786)

composer: mozart genre: concerto tempo: fast form: double exposition sonata form use of cadenza- piano solo

symphony no. 40 in G minor, I (1788)

composer: mozart genre: symphony form: sonata-allegro movement: first movement, molto allegro (very fast) musical characteristics: minor mode, classical era orchestration *****development of primary theme using fugal techniques*****

"when I am laid in Earth" Didos and Aeneas, 1689

drawn from virgil's "Aeneid" brief recitative "Thy hand, Belinda"/aria "when I am laid in earth" lament ground bass/ basso ostinato

breakdown of baroque opera

early opera: composer-Monteverdi, location- italy high baroque - early opera develops into opera seria, composer- handel french opera- Jean Baptiste Lully england: Purcell- Dido & Aeneus

idiomatic writing

exploiting the strengths, special abilities, and color of a particular instrument or voice while avoiding its weaknesses

Orchestra (Classical)

strings (20-30 players), woodwinds (6-8), brass (0-4), percussion (0-1) strings: primarily instrumental family. melodic in nature woodwinds: double strings or provide harmony Brass/percussion: used sparingly. provide punctuation to important musical sections

Handel and the dance suite

suite: a collection of dances can be written for keyboard or instrumental ensemble minuet, courante, saraband, bouree, gigue, allemande, etc Minuet and Trio, Water Music 1717

what is a chorale?

the German word for the hymn of the Lutheran church; hence, a simple religious melody to be sung by the congregation

What is the most distinctive feature of the concerto grosso?

the contrast in sound between the tutti and concertino