MUS 359 PART 6

Gregorian chant

Chant dialects include _________________, Byzantine, Ambrosian, and Old Roman chant.

Anna Giro

In the 1720s, Vivaldi took the contralto ___________ as his singing pupil (and, some gossiped, his mistress, although he denied it).

istampita

A fourteenth-century Italian relative, the __________, uses the same form but is in duple or compound meter, with longer sections and more repetition between sections.

Wilhelm Hensel

(Das Jahr) But the final fair copy looks like a one-of-a-kind manuscript: each month is on a different color of paper and begins with a hand-drawn illustration by Fanny's husband _______________.

Iliad

(Eroica Symphony) But it also reflects Beethoven's understanding of heroism as portrayed in the ancient Greek and Roman literature he most admired, Homer's ______ and Odyssey and Plutarch's Parallel Lives, marked by nobility of character, acceptance of one's circumstances, and determination to overcome obstacles.

isorhythm

(Messiaen's opening of Liturgie de cristal from Quatuor pour la fin du temps) Throughout the movement both piano and cello play repeated patterns of durtaions that resemble the talea, or repeating rhythmic pattern, of medieval ___________. The piano features a series of seventeen durations played ten times, of which the first two statements appear in. Against this talea, the twenty-nine-chord series acts like the color in medieval ___________.

Iliad

(Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought) Both men and women played the lyre, which was used to accompany dancing, singing, or recitation of epic poetry like Homer's ________ and Odyssey; to provide music for weddings; or to play for recreation.

Industrial Revolution

(Revolution and Change) At the same time, a new economic order began to emerge, in which the ________________________ and middle-class entrepreneurship would eventually surpass the old weath of the landed aristocracy.

impresario

(The Operatic Diva) Among these silent and unseen participants- including stage managers, carpenters, painters, costume designers, tailors, hairdressers, and copyists, none was more crucial than the _____________, who was roughly equivalent to the modern producer. (Transferred into English from the Italian, the word ____________ acquired its distinctive meaning with the rise of Venetian opera.) The theater's owner, head of one of the noble families of Venice, entrusted the ___________ with managing the theater successfully for one season at a time, which meant bringing in a profit after all the production expenses and artists' fees were paid. Competition was fierce, so the _________ also had to consider the financial risks involved in mounting spectacular scenic effects or hiring the most highly paid singers, and measure these costs against hte potential gains of attracting larger audiences.

imperfect minor

(Writing Rhythm in the Ars Nova in France) Division was perfect or major ("greater") if triple, ____________ ("lesser") if duple.

head

A bebop performance normally begins with an introduction and then the ____, the primary tune, played in unison or octaves by the melody instruments. Players perform from an abbreviated score called a lead sheet, which includes only the _____, with chord symbols indicating the harmony. The tune for Anthropology is typical in consisting of short, rapid bursts of notes separated by surprising rests, creating a jagged, unpredictable melody. The _____ is then followed by several choruses, solo improvisations over the harmony, and the piece ends with a final statement of the ____.

Joseph Haydn

A characteristic example of _____'s mature style is the theme for the rondo-form finale of his String Quartet in Eb Major, Op. 33, No. 2 (The Joke, 1781). Even when the rhythm repeats exactly (at measures 3, 9, and 11), _____ gives it a new melodic contour, so that each phrase is both familiar and fresh. Combining economy of material with constant novelty is typical of ______.

Dizzy Gillespie

A characteristic example of bebop is Anthropology, by alto saxophonist Charlie Parker (1920-1955, nicknamed "Bird") and trumpeter __________________ (1917-1993).

hard bop

A contrasting style was _______, dominated by drummers such as Kenny Clarke, Max Roach, and Art Blakey (1910-1990), which focused on the percussive and propulsive side of jazz.

head-motive

A mass that uses such a ___________ as its primary linking device is called a motto mass.

Michael Jackson

A pop music concert in the early 1960s, like those of the Beatles, typically consisted of a group playing music, perhaps with some exaggerated physical gestures to charge up the audience. But by the 1970s and 1980s, stage shows for performers like Kiss, __________________, or Madonna, though still called concerts, involved elaborate sets and costumes, intricate choreography, and visual effects such as lighting, fog machines, and pyrotechnics.

historia

A prominent genre in the Lutheran tradition was the _________, a musical setting based on a biblical narrative.

Sofia Gubaidulina

A similar fusion and polystylism is found in Golijov's La Pasion segun San Marcos (The Passion according to St. Mark), composed for the Passion 2000 project, through which the International Bach Academy in Stuttgart comemorated the 250th anniversary of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach by commissioning settings of the Passion by four composers from around the world: Golijov from the Americas, ______________________ from Russia, Tan Dun from China, and Wolfgang Rihm (b. 1952) from Bach's native Germany.

Osvaldo Golijov

A similar fusion and polystylism is found in _________'s La Pasion segun San Marcos (The Passion according to St. Mark), composed for the Passion 2000 project, through which the International Bach Academy in Stuttgart commemorated the 250th anniversary of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach by commissioning settings of the Passion by four composers from around the world: _________ from the Americas, Sofia Gubaidulina from Russia, Tan Dun from China, and Wolfgang Rihm (b. 1952) from Bach's native Germany. As a Latin American and a Jew, ________ offered an outsider's take on the Passion story, drawing on African-influenced traditions from Cuba and Brazil to create a piece that enacts the story as a kind of ritual through voices, dance, and theatrical movement, rather than simply narrating it. In the passage, when Jesus is taken and tried, and Peter denies knowing him, ________ omits the narration that Bach gave tot he Evangelist in his St. Matthew Passion and has the chorus play all the roles, distilling the events into the words and feelings of the people involved.

introduction

A slow ______________ is unusual for a piano sonata but common for symphonies, so its presence lends the Pathetique Sonata symphonic grandeur, while its unexpected reoccurrences deepen the pathos.

Les Indes galantes

A string of successes followed, including the opera-ballet ___________________ (The Gallant Indies, 1735) and the opera Castor et Pollux (1737), often considered his masterpiece. (Rameau)

Gloria

A trope expanded an existing chant in one of three ways: by adding (1) new words and music before the chant and often between phrases; (2) melody only, extending melismas or adding new ones; or (3) text only (usually called prosula, or "prose"), set to existing melismas. The first type was by far the most common, used especially with Introits and ________.

Introits

A trope expanded an existing chant in one of three ways: by adding (1) new words and music before the chant and often between phrases; (2) melody only, extending melismas or adding new ones; or (3) text only (usually called prosula, or "prose"), set to existing melismas. The first type was by far the most common, used especially with _________ and Glorias.

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique

A very different aestheti is pursued at the __________________________________________________________________________(Institute for Acoustic and Musical Research and Coordination) in Paris, one of the premier centers for computer music in, one of hte premier centers for computer music in Europe, founded by Pierre Boulez and opened in 1977. In Inharmonique (1977) and other works written during his time as director of the ___________ computer music department, Jean-Claude Risset (b. 1938) uses the computer to mediate between live voices or acoustic instruments and synthesized or electronically processed sound.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

Abraham and his wife, an amateur pianist, encouraged their children's musical interests, and both Felix and his sister ______ were trained from an early age by excellent teachers. Thus Felix and _____ were born into a family that was at the center of Berlin's intellectual life and received every advantage that their parents' money and position could provide.

Fletcher Henderson

African American band leaders, such as Armstrong, ___________________ (1898-1952), Duke Ellington (1899-1974), and Count Basie (1904-1984), as well as white musicians like Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) and Benny Goodman (1909-1986), organized big bands.

Fletcher Henderson

African American band leaders, such as Armstrong, _____________________ (1898-1952), Duke Ellington (1899-1974), and Count Basie (1904-1984), as well as white musicians like Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) and Benny Goodman (1909-1986), organized big bands.

Benny Goodman

African-American band leaders, such as Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson (1898-1952), Duke Ellington (1899-1974), and Count Basie (1904-1984), as well as white musicians like Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) and ________________ (1909-1986), organized big bands.

intermedi

After Bardi moved to Rome in 1592, discussions about new music- and performances of such works- continued uner the sponsorship of another nobleman, Jacopo Corsi (1561-1602). Among the participants were two veterans of the 1589 __________, poet Ottavio Rinuccini and singer-composer Jacopo Peri.

Guntram

After an early failure with _________ in 1893 and moderate success with Feuersnot (The Fire Famine) in 1901, he scored a triumph in 1905 with Salome, and from then on the powers of depiction and characterization thta he had honed in his tone poems went primarily into opera.

Wilhelm Hensel

After marrying painter ________________, Fanny led a salon, a regular gathering of friends and inveited guests, where she played piano and presented her compositions.

Paul Hindemith

After the Nazis came to power, they attacked _________ in the press and banned much of his music as "cultural Bolshevism." Yet __________ does not portray art as entirely autonomous, since Mathis's experiences inform his moral vision. The opera an be read as an allegory for _________'s own career.

Gregorian chant

Almost as important, the codification of _________________ and its diffusion in notation made it the basis for much new music from the ninth through the sixteenth centuries.

Nicolas Gombert

Alongside the new style of homophonic chanson, northern composers such as ________, Clemens, and Sweelinck maintained the older Franco-Flemish tradition of the contrapuntal chanson.

Victor Hugo

Also remarkably successful wit haudiences were the musicals of French composer Claude-Michel Schonberg (b. 1944), notably Les Miserables (1980; English version, 1985), a setting of _____________'s novel of poverty in Paris, and Miss Saigon (1989), retelling Puccini's Madam Butterfly in the context of the Vietnam War.

Joseph Haydn

Although Eszterhaza was isolated, ______ kept abreast of current developments in music through a constant stream of distinguished visitors and through sojourns in Vienna for one or two months each winter.

Joseph Haydn

Although ______ was a skillful player on both harpsichord and piano, and his early keyboard sonatas were designated for either instrument, the dynamic and expressive features of his later works suggest that he had long been writing with the piano in mind.

hieroglyphics

Although some scholars have tried to discover and decipher musical indications in Egyptian ____________ and wall paintings and in ancient copies of the Bible, no consensus has been reached that musical notation is even present.

George Frideric Handel

Altough _______ achieved his greatest fame writing music for public performance, he was no freelancer.

isorhythmic motet

Among Dunstable's sixty or so compositions are examples of all the principal types of polyphony that existed in his lifetime: ____________________, Mass Ordinary sections, settings of chant, free settings of liturgical texts, and secular songs.

Indian Suite

Among MacDowell's overtly nationalist works is his Second _________________ for orchestra (1891-95), based on NAtive American melodies.

Gloria

Among Poulenc's other compositions are a Mass in G for a cappella chorus (1937); Stabat mater (1950-51) and ________ (1959-60) for soprano, chorus, and orchestra; several motets and other choral works; and numerous songs.

goliard songs

Among medieval Latin songs are the so-called ______________ from the late tenth through thirteenth centuries, associated with wandering students and clerics known as goliards.

Paul Hindemith

Among such composers were Bernstein, Shostokovich, and other Soviet composers affected by the expectations of the state that music should have wide appeal; Poulenc, __________, and other composers who established their reputations between the world wars; and Richard Strauss, who was still composing tonal music in his own personal idiom in the late 1940s, culminating with his Four Last Songs (1948).

Nicolas Gombert

Among the best known Flemish composers were Adrian Willaert (ca. 1490-1562), ________________ (ca. 1495-ca. 1560), and Jacobus Clemens. _______ spent most of his career in the chapel of Emperor Charles V, working in Madrid, Vienna, and Brussels.

Francisco Guerrero

Among the most widely performed Spanish composers was Morales's student ____________________ (1528-1599), chapel master at the Seville Cathedral, whose diatonic, singable melodies made his music popular throughout Spain and Spanish America.

Harvard University

Among them them were John Knowles Paine (1839-1906), trained by a German immigrant, who became ________'s (and North America's) first professor of music; George Whitefield Chadwick (1854-1931), who studied at the New England Conservatory in Boston and became its director; Chadwick's student Horatio Parker (1863-1931), who taught at Yale and was the first dean of its School of Music; and Edward MacDowell (1860-1908), a New Yorker who was the first professor of music at Columbia University in New York.

Roy Harris

Among those studying with Boulanger were Aaron Copland, Virgil Thomson, ____________, Walter Piston, Ross Lee Finney, and Elliott Carter.

impromptu

Among works suitable for the amateur market, Schubert wrote dozens of marches, waltzes, and other dances. His six Moments musicaux (Musical Moments, 1823-28) and eight ____________s (1827) are models of the short lyrical piece that creates a distinctive mood.

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique

Among younger composers, research at __________ and elsewhere on analysis of timbre and sound spectra led toa new trend known as spectral music or spectralism, which is not a style but an approach to sound and to composition.

Lauryn Hill

And paralleling the references to the past we have seen in modern classical music, pop musicians have revived and renewed sounds from the 1960s through 1980s. Among the first revival movements was neo soul, combining 1960s soul and R&B with jazz, funk, hip hop, and African influences and exemplified in D'Angelo albums Brown Sugar (1995) and Voodoo (2000); Erykah Badu's Baduizm (1997); and _____________'s The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998), which won five Grammy Awards.

indeterminacy

Another approach Cage pioneered is what he called ______________, in which the composer leaves certain aspects of the music unspecified.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

Another pianist and composer celebrated for his audacity and showsmanship was the globe-trotting American _____________________________ (1829-1869), the first American composer with an international reputation.

ancient Israel

Archeological remains and images that relate to music are relatively scant for _________________, but music in religious observances is described in the Bible.

Walter Gropius

Architects from _______________ in Germany to Frank Lloyd Wright in the United States were pioneering new, less decorated forms with an insistence that the function of a building be reflected in its design.

intabulation

Arrangement of a vocal piece for lute or keyboard, typically written in tablature.

Antonio Carlos Gomes

Art music was well established in Brazil by the late nineteenth century, with successful operas by ______ and others and with several composers of concert music who developed their own nationalist styles.

George Grosz

Artists such as _____________ and Kathe Kollwitz in Germany, Diego Rivera in Mexico, and Thomas Hart Benton in the United States pictured social conditions in simple, direct, yet modern styles that could be understood by all.

Iraq

As China, India, and Brazil boomed, the first decade of the century brought new economic problems to the United States, including the declining the value of the dollar, increasing oil prices, stagnant income for the great majority of households, expensive wars in ______ and Afghanistan, and the collapse of major corporations from airlines to financial institutions, culminating in 2008 in the Great Recession, the worst worldwide downturn since the 1930s.

Joseph Haydn

As _____ increasingly composed for publication or for other patrons, he gained a measure of independence from his employer. In London ______ conducted concerts, taught well-to-do students, and composed many new works.

Charles Ives

As a teenager, ______ played major organ works by Bach, Mendelssohn, and contemporary French and American composers, along with transcriptions from sonatas and symphonies of Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms, and other composers in the classical tradition.

The Grateful Dead

As band sought an individual sound, they developed many new styles within the broad tradition of rock: the California surf style of the Beach Boys, combining rock with close vocal harmonies and experimental effects (like the electronic sounds used in Good Vibrations) to salute the good times of sun and summer; the acid rock or psychedelic rock of Jefferson Airplane and the _______________, evoking the mind-altering effects of psychedelic drugs through surreal lyrics, extended solo improvisations, electronic sounds, manipulations of sound in the recording studio, and use of Indian instruments such as sitar and tabla; the loud and aggressive hard rock of Led Zeppelin and Aerosmith, marked by a heavy, distorted electric guitar sound and driving back-beat drum rhythms; and the avant-garde rock of Frank Zappa (1940-1993), who drew on influences from Varese, Ives, and Stravinsky to rhythm and blues and on techniques from group improvisation to sound collages.

Good Vibrations

As band sought an individual sound, they developed many new styles within the broad tradition of rock: the California surf style of the ____________, combining rock with close vocal harmonies and experimental effects (like the electronic sounds used in _________________) to salute the good times of sun and summer; the acid rock or psychedelic rock of Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead, evoking the mind-altering effects of psychedelic drugs through surreal lyrics, extended solo improvisations, electronic sounds, manipulations of sound in the recording studio, and use of Indian instruments such as sitar and tabla; the loud and aggressive hard rock of Led Zeppelin and Aerosmith, marked by a heavy, distorted electric guitar sound and driving back-beat drum rhythms; and the avant-garde rock of Frank Zappa (1940-1993), who drew on influences from Varese, Ives, and Stravinsky to rhythm and blues and on techniques from group improvisation to sound collages.

Joseph Haydn

As simple and natural as ______'s music may sound, it was not produced without effort. This procedure combined improvisation and calculation, while ______ first searched for something to say and then devised the most effective way to say it.

harmonium

As the verses go by and the body count rises, the accompaniment changes from a __________, imitating the barrel organ of an eighteenth-century street singer, to a jazz band with piano, banjo, percussion, trombone, trumpet, and saxophones; the effect is to gradually bring the story into the present day and to suggest its relevance as a parable for modern society.

Alberto Ginastera

Astor Piazzolla (1921-1992) combined the Argentine tradition of the tango with elements of jazz and classical music to create a new style, neuvo tango (new tango). He encountered jazz during his childhood in New York, became a professional tango musician in Argentina, and studied composition with ___________________ and Nadia Boulanger, so he was well schooled in all three traditions.

Joseph Haydn

At the Esterhazy court, _______ passed nearly thirty years in circumstances almost ideal for his development as a composer.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Gregory Brothers

Auto-Tune can also turn speech and other nonmusical sounds into musical pitches, which artists suc has ________________________ have utilized in their YouTube "AutoTune the News" shorts.

Christoph Graupner

Bach was the Cothen council's third choice, after Telemann- who used the offer to leverage a raise from his bosses in Hamburg- and _____________________, whose employer in Darmstadt refused to accept his resignation but increased his pay.

Michael Gordon

Bang on a Can, directed by composers Julia Wolfe (b. 1958), David Lang (b. 1957), and ______________ (b. 1956), is another diverse group who put on an annual Marathon concert in New York highlighting innovative music from a variety of traditions, from Cage and Zorn to electronic pop to new sounds from Bulgarian folk ensembles and Balinese gamelan orchestras, with the goal of breaking down barriers between musical communities.

harmonia

Because musical sounds and rhythms were ordered by numbers, they were thought to exemplify the general concept of _________, the unification of parts in an orderly whole.

idee fixe

Beethoven had subjected the main theme in both his Third and Fifth Symphonies to a series of exciting adventures. Berlioz followed this precedent in his device of the ___________ (Fixed idea or obsession), a melody that he used in each movement to represent the obsessive image of the hero's beloved, transforming it to suit the mood and situation at each point in the story.

Joseph Haydn

Beginning about 1768, ______ presented his symphonies at Eszterhaza in the elegant concert room. The twelve symphonies of the next four years show ______ as a composer of mature technique and fertile imagination.

Joseph Haydn

Beginning around 1773, ______ turned from minor keys and experiments in form and expression to embrace a more popular style. Audiences expected symphonies to be immediately intelligble and appealing, but also serious, stirring, and impressive, and ______ produced works that have all these traits. Symphony No. 56 in C Major (1774) is festive and brilliant, like its predecessors in the same key, but encompasses a broader emotional range, reflecting _______'s recent experience with heightened expression.

guilds

Beginning around the twelfth century, professional musicians, both men and women, began to organize themselves into ______, which provided legal protections, established ______ members' exclusive rights to perform within a city or region, and laid out rules for conduct. Formerly viewed as outcasts, musicians gained greater social acceptance through such ______, the ancestors of modern musicians' unions and professional organizations.

Gretry

Belatedly, scholars and publishers outside Germany began to produce editions of music by their own historical masters, including Purcell in England and _______ and Rameau in France.

Alfred Hitchcock

Bernard Hermann (1911-1975), whose dissonant tonal language drew on Ives, Berg, Hindemith, and other modernists, became famous for his scores to Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) and ____________________'s Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), and Psycho (1960).

Matt Goldman

Blue Man Group, formed in New York in 1987 by Chris Wink, ______________, and Phil Stanton and presenting full-length shows around the world since 1991, features percussion-based experimental music using unusual instruments played by three musician-mimes dressed in identical clothing and wearing light blue makeup on their hands and heads, like blue-skinned aliens.

Gregory I

Books of liturgical texts from this time, which still lacked musical notation, attributed the developing repertory of chant used in Frankish lands to ___________________ (St. Gregory the Great, r. 590-604), leading to the name Gregorian chant. But there is no evidence from his own time that ________ played any role in composing or standardizing chant. The attribution of the chant repertory to _________ may have arisen among the English, who adopted ________ as the founder of their church and consequently attributed their liturgy and its music to him. The legend arose that the chants were dictated to _________ by the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove.

Joseph Haydn

Born in Rohrau, a village about thirty miles southeast of Vienna, ______ was the son of a master wheelwright.

Innsbruck

Cesti's Orontea, written for ____________ in 1656, was one of the most frequently performed operas in the seventeenth century, appearing all over Italy and reaching northern Germany in 1678.

in central asia

Borodin's principal instrumental works are his two string quartets (1874-79 and 1881), Symphony No. 2 in B Minor (1869-1876), and a symphonic sketch, ___________________ (1880).

In Central Asia

Borodin's principal instrumental works are his two string quartets (1874-79 and 1881), Symphony No. 2 in B Minor (1869-76), and a symphonic sketch, __________________ (1880).

harmoniai

Both Plato and Aristotle insisted that each of the Greek __________, or scale types, convyed a different ethos and that musicians could influence a listener's emotions by their choice of _________. The stories that Pythagoras calmed a violent youth by having the piper change from one _______ to another, and that Alexander the Great suddenly rose from the banquet table and armed himself for battle when he heard a Phrygian

King Henry VIII

Both _________________ and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, were musicians and composers.

impressionism

But many were new in the twentieth century, including _____________, expressionism, neoclassicism, primitivism, and serialism- plus, in the second half of the century, minimalism, postmodernism, polystylism, and neo-Romanticism.

Guido of Arezzo

But the next theorist to describe organum, ________________ in his Micrologus (ca. 1025-28), allowed a range of choices that could result in a variety of organal voices combining oblique and parallel motion, and with choice comes the possibility of composition.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

But we will also look farther afield, becaues it was in piano music that the first internationally famous composers from Poland, Hungary, and the United States made their mark: Fryderyk Chopin, Franz Liszt, and _____________________________.

Internet

But when the ________ offers so much for free, getting paid for making music can be a challenge.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

By 1800, udner the directio of Carl Friedrich Zelter (Felix and ___________________________'s teacher), the chorus had quintupled in size to almost 150 members.

impresario

By bringing variety shows out of the saloons and into music halls that respectable women could attend, New York theater ___________ Tony Pastor (1837-1908) invented what became known as vaudeville, the major form of theatrical entertainment in the United States until talking movies took over in the late 1920s. (The Variety of Musical Theater in the Later Nineteenth Century)

Joseph Haydn

By the 1780s, ______ had built up the orchestra from around fourteen to about twenty-five players, giving concerts every week and operas on special occasions. Throughout the 1760s, _____ composed mostly instrumental music for the prince- for concerts to baryton trios.

Paul Hindemith

By the early 1940s, composers such as Rachmaninoff, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Bartok, Milhaud, Krenek, Weill, and _________ all immigrated to the United States.

Roy Harris

By the early 1960s, many of rock's earliest stars had fallen off the pop charts. Into the void stepped the Beatles, a quartet from Liverpoo, England, composed of two creative singer-songwriters, John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (b. 1942); guitarist and songwriter __________________ (1943-2001); and drummer Ringo Starr (b. 1940).

Paul Hindemith

By the late 1920s, _________ was disturbed by the widening gulf between modern composers and an increasingly passive public. In response, he began composing what was known as Gebrauchsmusik- "music for use," as distinguished from music for its own sake.

Images

By then Debussy was well established as France's leading modern composer, producing orchestral works like La mer and _________ and piano pieces that soon entered the standard repertory.

indeterminacy

Cage's three main strategies for accomplishing this (experiencing sounds as themselves, not as vehicles for the composer's intentions)were chance, ______________, and the blurring of boundaries between music, art, and life.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Charles Ives' Second Piano Sonata, titled Concord, Mass. 1840-60, characterizes in music hte literary contributions of writers associated with that city and time: Emerson, Thoreau, __________, and the Alcotts.

In Dahomey

Classically trained African American composer Will Marion Cook (1869-1944) introduced the new rhythms into the Broadway tradition with Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake-walk (1898), and his ____________, produced in New York in 1902 and London in 1903, brought the cakewalk and ragtime style to Europe.

In Dahomey

Classically trained African American composer Will Marion Cook (1869-1944) introduced the new rhythms into the Broadway tradition with Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cakewalk (1898), and his ____________, produced in New York in 1902 and London in 1903, brought the cakewalk and ragtime style to Europe.

L'incoronazione di Poppea

Claudio Monteverdi's operas Il ritorno d'Ulisse (The Return of Ulysses, 1640) and ____________________________ (The Coronation of Poppea, 1643), written in his seventies, use a varied mixture of styles to portray the characters and their emotions.

Charles K. Harris

Comparing Gershwin's chorus to that of ________________________'s After the Ball illustrates both continuity and change in popular song styles since the 1890s. Like ________, Gershwin tends to grab our attention with the most unusual features at the beginning, then gradually returns to more conventional rhythms and stepwise contours at the ends of phrases, creating a satisfying emotional arc.

Lorenz Hart

Composer Richard Rodgers (1902-1979) initially collaborated with lyricist _____________ (1895-1943) and later with Oscar Hammerstein II (1895-1960), and Frederick Loewe (1904-1988) wrote music for the books and lyrics of Alan Jay Lerner (1918-1986).

Oscar Hammerstein II

Composer richard rodgers (1902-1979) initially collaborated with lyricist Lorenz Hart (1895-1943) and later with _______________________ (1895-1960), and Frederick Loewe (1904-1988) wrote music for the books and lyrics of Alan Jay Lerner (1918-1986).

Battista Guarini

Composers frequently chose texts by major poets, including Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533), Torquato Tasso (1544-1595), _____________________ (1538-1612), and Giovan Battista Marino (1569-1625).

Heinrich Isaac

Composers in Germany continued to cultivate the German polyphonic Lied, with a popular song or leading melody in the tenor or cantus and free counterpoint in the other voices, as in _______'s 'Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen'.

Sofia Gubaidulina

Composers in earlier eras shared a fund of musical resources, styles, and procedures, but all that musicians as diverse as Sheng, Adams, Ligeti, and ______________ had in common was their heritage as composers in the classical tradition.

grand motet

Composers in the royal chapel produced numerous motets on Latin texts. These were of two main types: the petit motet (small motet), a sacred concerto for few voices with continuo, and the ___________ (large motet) for soloists, double chorus, and orchestra, corresponding to the large-scale concertos of Gabrieli and Schutz.

Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen

Composrs in Germany continued to cultivate the German polyphonic Lied, with a popular song or leading melody in the tenor or cantus and free counterpoint in the other voices, as in Isaac's ______________________________.

hard bop

Cool jaz, ________, and modal jazz were all attempts to temper the extremes of bop, through mellowness, the use of elements from rhythm and blues, or more freedom for melodic and harmonic improvisation.

Inscape

Copland's later works embraced a variety of styles. His Americanist idiom continued in the Third Symphony (1946), but in the Piano Quartet (1950), the Piano Fantasy *1957), and the orchestral _________ (1967), he adopted some features of twelve-tone technique.

Gradus ad Parnassum

Counterpoint books from Johann Joseph Fux's ______________________ (STeps to Parnassum, 1725) to recent texts have aimed at guidign young composers to recreate this style.

gospel

Country music was a blend of many sources: the hill-country music of the southeast, based on traditional Anglo-American ballads and fiddle tunes; western cowboy songs and styles popularized by Gene Autry and other movie cowboys; popular songs of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; blues, banjo music, and other African American traditions; big-band swing; and _______ songs.

Les gouts-reunis

Couperin published the last eight concerts in a collection titled ________________________ (The Reunited Tastes, 1724), signifying that they joined French and Italian styles.

indeterminacy

Encounters with Cage or his music prompted several European contemporaries to adopt chance procedures or _____________. Among them was Stockhausen, who used ____________ in pieces such as Klavierstuck XI (Piano Piece XI, 1956). Many composers, including Britten, called for brief periods of ____________ in their music in order to achieve a certain sound, gesture, or effect.

isorhythmic motet

English music of the early fifteenth century shows a range of styles, from improvised faburden and carols in popular style through sophisticated ____________________s, chant paraphrases, and free compositions.

hemiola

De plus en plus is in 6/8, with occasional cross-rhythms of three quarter notes, an effect called _______.

Heinrich Glareanus

Decades after his death, German publisher Hans Ott praised Josquin's ability to move the feelings of the listener, music theorist ______________________ compared him to the Latin epic poet Virgil, and humanist scholar Cosimo Bartol compared him to Michelangelo, saying both were without peer.

hexachord

Direct chromatic motion from Bb to B natural, or any semitone between notes with the same letter name but different signs- was not possible in the Guidonian system of solmization, in which successive notes had to be part of the same ________.

habanera

During a Caribbean tour in 1857-58, Gottschalk wrote Souvenir de Porto Rico, which uses a theme derived from a Puerto Rican song and features Afro-Caribbean rhythms such as the ________, tresillo, and cinquillo.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

During a Caribbean tour in 1857-58, ___________ wrote Souvenir de Porto Rico, which uses a theme derived from a Puerto Rican song and features Afro-Caribbean rhythms such as the habanera, tresillo, and cinquillo.

Joseph Haydn

During his first years with the Esterhazys, ______ composed about thirty symphonies (1761-67), all quite diverse, as _______ sought novelty and variety in his offerings at court. The best-known symphonies from this time are Nos. 6 to 8, titled Le matin (Morning), Le midi (Noon), and Le soir (Evening), which ______ composed soon after entering Prince Esterhazy's service in 1761. ______ included solo passages for each instrument designed to showcase the skills of his players.

Idomeneo

During his several months there to compose and supervise the production of __________ (1781), Mozart had a taste of independence.

Joseph Haydn

During his stay in London, ______ became better acquainted with Handel's oratorios, some of which he had already encountered in Vienna. At Westminster Abbey in 1791, ______ was so deeply moved by the Hallelujah Chorus in a massive performance of MEssiah that he burst into tears and exclaimed, "He is the master of us all." _______'s appreciation for Handel bore fruit in the choral parts of his late masses and inspired him to compose his oratorios The Creation (completed 1798), on texts adapted from Genesis and Milton's Paradise Lost, and The Seasons (completed 1801).

intonation

Each psalm tone consists of an __________, a rising motive used only for the first verse; recitation on the reciting tone; the mediant, a cadence for the middle of each verse; further recitation; and a termination, a final cadence for each verse.

Albert Giraud

Early stages of Schoenberg's return to using motives, themes, and long-range repetition and evoking traditional forms and the functions of tonality in new ways, can be seen in Pierrot lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot, 1912), a cycle of twenty-one songs drawn from a larger poetic cycle by the Belgian symbolist poet _______________.

istampita

Echoes of this vibrancy can be heard in the varied approaches of modern performers to playing these dances, especially the __________.

"Immortal Beloved"

Especially poignant is a letter Beethoven addressed in 1812 to his __________________ but apparently never sent.

Joseph Haydn

Even apart from the scherzos, Op. 33 contains some of ______'s best strokes of humor, as we have seen with the rondo finale of No. 2.

Francois-Joseph Gossec

Even today, most of Haydn's and Mozart's contemporaries- Alberti, Galuppi, Wagenseil, Wanhal, Dussek, ________, Saint-Georges, Tartini, and many who have gone unmentioned here- have been almost totally eclipsed by their more famous colleagues.

Alfred Hitchcock

Featured in some orchestral works, such as Messiaen's Turangalila Symphony, they became common in film scores like ___________'s Spellbound, where they lent an eerie or futuristic effect, and in some popular songs such as the Beach Boys' Good Vibrations, but they were not used in electronic music itself. (theremin and ondes martenot)

Philip Guston

Feldman was closely associated with the New York abstract expressionist painters, including Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and _______________, who inspired him to trust instinct, reject compositional systems and traditional forms of expression, and compose in a manner analogous to their flat, abstract images.

Giulio Cesare

Finally, Handel's operas are now getting the attention they merit, with successful and critically acclaimed productions of ________________ leading the way.

Jennifer Higdon

Finally, _________________'s blue cathedral (2000) exemplifies accessible modernism, such as in Debussy.

Guido of Arezzo

Followers of ______ developed a pedagogical aid called the "Guidonian hand."

Paul Hindemith

For Mathis and his other works from the 1930s on, __________ developed a more accessible neo-Romantic style, with less dissonant linear counterpoint and more systematic tonal organization.

L'histoire du soldat

For ______________________ (The Soldier's Tale, 1918), Stravinsky called for six solo instruments in pairs (violin and double bass, clarinet and bassoon, cornet and trombone) and one percussionist to play interludes in a spoken narration and dialogue. In the marches, tango, waltz, and ragtime movements of _____________, and in Ragtime (1917-18), Stravinsky discovered ways to imitate familiar styles while using the devices that had become his trademarks.

Gharadello da Firenze

For example, ___________________________'s caccia Tosto che l'alba describes a hunt, and the musical imitations of calling the dogs and sounding the hunting horn are both high-spirited and comic, especially when treated in canon.

Harold in Italie

For his second symphony, ___________________ (Harold in Italy, 1834), Berlioz drew its title from Lord Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and its substance from recollections of the composer's sojourn in Italy.

Giulio Cesare

For the King's Theatre company, which flourished from 1720 to 1728, Handel composed some of his best operas, including Radamisto (1720), Ottone (1723), _______________ (Julius Caesar, 1724), Rodelinda (1725), and Admeto (1727).

George Frideric Handel

Hired in 1710 as court music director for the elector of Hanover in north central Germany, _______ used the position to establish himself in London. _______ spent the 1710-11 season in London, drawing his Hanover salary while he wrote Rinaldo for the Queen's Theatre, the new public opera house.

Victor Herbert

Franz Lehar (1870-1948) continued the Viennese operetta tradition with The Merry Widow (1905) and other works, while in the United States ______________ (1859-1924) achieved successes with his operettas Babes in Toyland (1903) and Naughty Marietta (1910).

Claude Goudimel

French composers of psalm settings included Loys Bourgeois, __________________ (ca. 1520-1572), and Claude Le Jeune (ca. 1528-1600), and Flemish or Dutch composers included Jacobus Clemens (ca. 1510-ca. 1555) and Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (1562-1621).

Joseph Haydn

From Vivaldi's concertos, Bach's fugues, and Handel's oratorios through _______'s string quartets and symphonies and Mozart's piano sonatas and operas, composers of the era created exemplary works that defined their genres and today lie at the hart of the classical repertoire.

Christopher Gibbons

From this period (seventeenth century) comes the only seventeenth-century masque whose music survives complete, Cupid and Death (1653), with music by Matthew Locke (ca. 1621-1677) and _____________________ (1615-1677).

Georg Frideric Handel

German composers like Bach and _______ blended French, Italian, and German traditions.

guilds

Germany had neither the state-controlled industries of France, nor the robust capitalism of England and the Netherlands, and was further limited by the strong system of professional _______ left over from the Middle Ages, which discouraged innovation.

Girl Crazy

Gershwin's musicals catapulted several new performers to fame; Lady, Be Good! (1924) featured the singing and dancing brother-and-sister team of Fred and Adele Astaire, while ____________ (1930) made stars of Ethel Merman and Ginger Rogers.

D.W. Griffith

Giuseppe Becce's Kinothek (Berlin, 1919) was among the most widely used. Saint-Saens's score for L'assassinat du duc de Guise (1908) inaugurated the era of the film score, composed to accompany a particular film. This idea was popularized especially by the orchestral score Joseph Carl Breil (1870-1926) created for ________________'s The Birth of a Nation (1915), in which he interwove excerpts arranged from Wagner, Tchaikovsky, popular songs, and other sources with his own music.

Percy Grainger

Goldman, the CBDNA, and various conductors were eager to broaden the repertoire for winds, building on the foundation laid by Holst, Schmitt, _________, and Vaughan Williams early in the century to create a body of works parallel in weight and seriousness to music for orchestra.

Il Guarany

Gomes's masterpiece, ______________ (1870), on a Brazilian subject centering on reconciliation between the native Indians and the Portuguese colonists, but the style is essentially Italian.

Gloria

Gradually composers broadened the practice to include all five main items of the Ordinary- Kyrie, _______, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei- in a work called a polyphonic mass cycle, or simply a mass. Except for the Kyrie and _______, which were sung back to back, the items in the Ordinary were dispersed throughout the Mass liturgy, with a great deal of chant between them.

Francisco Goya

Granados based piano pieces on dances from all over Spain, and his Goyescas (1909-12), inspired by sketches by the Spanish artist _________________ (1746-1828), draw on numerous Spanish styles, from the keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and eighteenth-century theatrical styles of the tonadilla and zarzuela to flamenco guitar and Andalusian song.

Goyescas

Granados based piano pieces on dances from all over Spain, and his __________ (1909-12), inspired by sketches by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya (1746-1828), draw on numerous Spanish styles, from the keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and eighteenth-century theatrical styles of the tonadilla and zarzuela to flamenco guitar and Andalusian song.

hexachords

Guido's followers developed the six-step solmization pattern into a system of ___________. Thus the __________, the interval pattern of six notes from ut to la with a semitone between mi and fa, could be found in three positions: beginning on C, called the "natural" _________; on G, the "hard" _________; and on F, the "soft" _________. The _________ on G used B-natural, for which the sign ('square b'); the F ________ used B-flat, which had the sign b ("rounded b"). These signs evolved into our natural, flat, and sharp, but their original purpose was to indicate whether B took the syllable mii (as in the G ________) or fa (as in the F _________).

Jimi Hendrix

Guitar virtuosos such as _____________ (1942-1970) and Cream's Eric Clapton (b. 1945) became for the electric guitar what Paganini and Liszt were for the nineteenth-century violin and piano. _________'s stunning solo improvisation on The Star-Spangled Banner in front of an audience of half a million people at the outdoor rock festival Woodstock (1969) was both a protest against knee-jerk patriotism and an assertion of virtuosic prowess.

Harmoniemesse

Haydn's last six masses (1796-1802), including Missa in tempore belli (Mass in Time of War, 1796), the Lord Nelson Mass (1798), the Theresienmesse (1799), and the _____________ (Wind-band Mass, 1802), are large-scale, festive works using four solo vocalists, chorus, and full orchestra with trumpets and timpani.

Haydn Quartets

Haydn's op. 33 quartets (1781) had fully established the technique of pervasive thematic development with substantial equality between the four instruments. Mozart's six __________________ show his mature capacity to absorb the essence of Haydn's achievement without becoming a mere imitator.

Iphigenia in Brooklyn

He is best known for his music under the guise of P.D.Q. Bach, the supposed youngest son of J.S. Bach who inherited non of his father's talent. This persona allows Schickele to spoof old music, its performing practice, and musicologists. Performing conventions go awry, as in the long-winded continuo accompaniment in the cantata ___________________________ (1964); bizarre instruments are featured, like the double-reed slide music stand, parodying the unfamiliar instruments called for in early music; and every stylistic expectation is violated, with hilarious results.

harmonic fluctuation

Hindemith devised a new harmonic method that he called ____________________: fairly consonant chords progress toward combinations containing greater tension and dissonance, which are then resolved either suddenly or by slowly moderating the tension until consonance is again reached.

Charles Ives

His courtship with Harmony Twichell, whom he married in 1908, inspired a new confidence, and the next decade brought an outpouring of music, including most of the pieces that later made ______'s reputation.

Gradus ad Parnassum

If song was the most popular medium of the nineteenth century, piano music ran a close second. Piano works served three overlapping purposes: teaching, amateur enjoyment, and public performance. The first category includes graded studies such as Muzio Clementi's _______________________ (Steps to Parnassas, 1817-26), consisting of one hundred exercises of increasing difficulty, and the numerous etudes (studies) and method books by Beethoven's student Carl Czerny (1791-1857), many which are still in use today.

Osvaldo Golijov

If these pieces by Saariaho, Sams, and _______ evoke medieval and Baroque music while extending the late-twentieth-century trends of spectralism, quotation, and stylistic hybridity and polystylism respectively, Elliott Carter represents the enduring presence of postwar modernism and serialism in the new millennium.

Pope Innocent III

In 1208, _________________________ decleared a crusade against the Albigensians, a heretical Christian sect centered in southern France, and the northern French joined the crusade as a way to pursue political goals of dominating the south.

Harmonice musices adhecaton A

In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci (1466-1539) in Venice brought out the first collection of polyphonic music printed entirely from movable type, the _______________________________ (One Hundred Polyphonic Pieces, though it actually contained ninety-six; "A" indicated it was the first book in a series).

Anna Guarini

In 1580, Duke Alfonso d'Este established the concerto delle donne (women's ensemble), a group of trained singers (Laura Peverara, _______________, and Livia d'Arco).

Juan Hidalgo

In 1659-60, for celebrations of peace with France and the wedding of Spanish princess Maria Teresa to louis XIV, dramatist Pedro Calderon de la Barca and composer ______________ (1614-1685) collaborated on two operas that inaugurated a distinctively Spanish tradition. _________ also wrote music for many plays. _________ was for Spain what Lully was for France, the founder of enduring traditions for the nation's musical theater and a composer who knew how to appeal both to his royal patrons and to a broader public.

Joseph Haydn

In 1761, ______ found a position that determined the course of his career: he entered the service of a noble Hungarian family, the Esterhazys, and continued in their employ for the rest of his life. For years ______ was responsible for composing on demand, presenting concerts or operas weekly, and assisting with chamber music. During his visits to Vienna, ______ took part in the city's intellectual and musical life.

Gewandhaus Orchestra

In 1763, J.A. Hiller began a concert series in Leipzig, which continued after 1781 in the new concert hall at the Gewandhaus (Clothiers' Exchange); the _____________________ still exists and has becoe one of the most faous orchestras in the world.

Paul Hindemith

In 1936, the Nazi government forbade performances of __________'s music. Mathis der Maler had to be premiered in Switzerland, and __________ moved there in 1938.

Heinrich Isaac

In Florence, _______ encountered songs in predominantly homophonic style, such as the canti carnascialeschi (carnival songs) used in the festive processions and pageants that marked the holiday seasons.

Henri IV

In France, ____________ issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 guaranteeing some freedom to Protestants while confirming Catholicism as the state religion.

Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen

In Henricus Isaac's setting of _________________________________, the melody is in the superius and the other parts move in very similar rhythm, as in the Italian songs.

George Frideric Handel

In Italy, _______'s chief patron was Marquis Francesco Ruspoli, who employed the young musician as keyboard player and composer in Rome and at his country estate. There _______ wrote Latin motets for church performances and numerous chamber cantatas for Ruspoli's weekly private music-making.

Joseph Haydn

In ______'s day, keyboard sonatas and trios were written for amateurs to play in private for their own enjoyment.

Girl Crazy

In _____________, Ethel Merman sang the song I Got Rhythm, which became an instant hit.

Inharmonique

In _______________ (1977) and other works written during his time as director of the IRCAM computer music department, Jean-Claude Risset (b. 1938) uses the computer to mediate between live voices or acoustic instruments and synthesized or electronically processed sound.

Giulio Cesare

In _________________, Act II, scenes 1-2, after dialogue in simple recitative, Cleopatra's da capo aria V'adoro, pupille is interwoven with other elements.

Harmonic Elements

In ___________________, Aristoxenus distinguishes between continuous movement of the voice, gliding up and down as in speech and diastematic (or intervallic) movement, in which the voice moves between sustained pitches separated by discrete intervals.

imitative counterpoint

In ________________________, voices imitate or echo a motive or phrase in another voice, usually at a different pitch level, such as a fifth, fourth, or octave away.

Gretchen am Spinnrade

In __________________________ on an excerpt from Goethe's famous play Faust, the piano suggests the spinning wheel by having a constant rising and falling sixteenth-note figure in the right hand, and the motion of the treadle by using repeated notes in the left hand.

Hints to Young Composers of Instrumental Music

In a brief book called _______________________________________________________ (1805), English gentleman composer John Marsh (1752-1828) offered tips on the use of various instruments and on other aspects of composition.

joseph haydn

In a modest autobiographical sketch of 1776 written for an Austrian encyclopedia, ______ named his most successful works: three operas, an Italian oratorio, and his setting of the Stabat mater (1767)l In line with the aesthetic theories of the era, _____ believed that vocal music was more important than instrumental, more effective at moving the listener, and closer to song, which he considered the natural source of all music.

introduction

In addition, there may be a slow _____________ before the exposition, or a coda after the recapitulation that revisits one or more themes and confirms the tonic key.

Vincent d'Indy

In all his music, Milhaud blended ingenuity, freshness, and variety with the clarity and logical form he had absorbed from neoclassicism. Yet his openness to foreign influences, from jazz to Schoenberg, was a far cry from the program of nationalist classical purity favored by ________.

E.T.A. Hoffman

In an influential essay, poet, novelist, critic, and composer, _____________________ (1776-1822) lauded instrumental music as the most Romantic art.

guilds

In every city, independent artisans made products from shoes to paintings, organizing themselves into groups called _______ to protect their interests by regulating production, pricing, apprenticeship, competition.

Histoire de France

In his 1855 _____________________, Jules Michelet crystalized this notion in the term Renaissance (French for "rebirth"), and soon historians of literature, art, and music were using it to designate the historical period after the Middle Ages.

Harry Haskell

In his book The Early Music Revival, _________________ identified as a central issue the sizable gap between what can be known about past music and everything the music is.

George Frideric Handel

In his choruses, ______ was a dramatist, a master of effects.

The Influene of Peasant Music on Modern Music

In his essay __________________________________________________, Bartok argud that peasant music offered composers a way to create a truly modern music, whether by borrowing or imitating peasant melodies or, more abstractly, absorbing elements of peasant music into one's own personal style.

indeterminacy

In his later years, Cage continued to innovate, but chance and ______________ remained constant tools. Another group of pieces, titled by the number of players (with a superscript for each new piece for that number such as Two^2 for two pianos, 1989), present a succession of notes, chosen by chance, to be played within specified time ranges; these pieces combine chance, _____________, and structure based on duration with a new simplicity of material.

Carlo Gesualdo

In his madrigals, ________ preferred modern poems full of strong images that provided opportunities for amplification through music.

Joseph Haydn

In his remaining years, _____ composed thirty-four quartets. In his last quartets, ______ expanded the harmonic frontiers, foreshadowing Romantic harmony with chromatic progressions, chromatic chords, enharmonic changes, and fanciful tonal shifts. Each quartet has individual features, as if ______ were trying to avoid repeating himself; indeed, this had become a requirement, since he was writing primarily for publication, and amateurs and audiences were most attracted to the new.

harmonia

In his republic, Plato defined melos as a blend of text, rhythm, and _______ (here meaning relationships among pitches).

Idomeneo

In its dramatic and pictorial music, accompanied recitatives, conspicuous use of chorus, and inclusion of spectacular scenes, __________ shows the reformist tendencies of Traetta and Gluck and the influence of French opera.

gigue

In line with German tradition, each suite of Bach's contains the standard four dance movements- allemande, courante, sarabande, and ______- with additiona short movements following the sarabande.

The Golden Cockerel

In many of Rimsky-Korsakov's operas, including the epic Sadko (1895-97) and the fairy-tale operas Tsar Saltan (1899-1900) and ________________________ (1906-7), he alternated a diatonic, often modal style used for the everyday world with a lightly chromatic, "fantastic" style that suggested the world of supernatural beings and magical occurrences.

Mikhail Glinka

In music without motivic development, such changes of timbre are one means to provide variety, a technique Stravinsky learned from _______ and Rimsky-Karsakov.

International Composers' Guild

In order to secure performances for their music in a concert culture that focused on European masterworks, American composers formed their own organizations, including the ______________________________________ cofounded by Varese, the League of Composers headed by Claire Reis, and Cowell's New Music.

Joseph Haydn

In place of the orchestral tuttis that highlight the transitions in the symphonies, ______ introduces changes of texture, here featuring dialogue between instruments, pedal points, and loud rhythmic unisons.

George Frideric Handel

In several operas, ______ used instrumental sinfonias to mark key moments in the plot such as battles, ceremonies, or incantations, and a few of his operas include ballets.

Joseph Haydn

In stylistic terms, it is customary to divide the eighteenth century at 1750, regarding the first half as the late Baroque period and the second half as the Classic period, culminating in the music of ________________ and Mozart.

George Frideric Handel

In the 1730s, ______ devised a new genre that would reward him as richly as opera had and bring him his greatest popularity: the English oratorio. ______ had written such a work, La resurrezione (The Resurrection, 1708), during his stay in Rome. The latter resemble his opera arias in form, style, the nature of musical ideas, and techniques for expressing the affections. But ______ and his librettists brought into their oratorioas elements that were foreign to Italian opera, taken from French classical drama, ancient Greek tragedy, the German Passion, and especially the English masque and full anthem.

Joseph Haydn

In the 1780s, ______ increasingly composed for the public, selling his symphonies to patrons or publishers abroad.

Woody Guthrie

In the 1940s and 1950s, _______________ (1912-1967) and Pete Seeger (b. 1919), stepson of Ruth Crawford Seeger, were especially prominent as singers and songwriters of folk and protest songs.

glasnost

In the Soviet Union itself, Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of ________ (openness) and perstroka (restructuring) encouraged freer expression and a more entrepreneurial economy.

Mikhail Gorbachev

In the Soviet Union itself, ___________________'s policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) encouraged freer expression and a more entrepreneurial economy.

isorhythmic motet

In the ___________________ of the fourteenth century, the rhythmic patterns are longer and more complex, and the tenor tends to move so slowly in comparison to the upper voices that it is heard less as a melody than as a foundation for the entire polyphonic structure.

Vincent d'Indy

In the early 1900s, the conservative nationalist Ligue de la Patrie Francaise (League of the French Homeland) joined with _______________ and his Schola Cantorum to present concerts and lectures that showcased the French tradition- particularly composers from the Middle Ages to the 1789 Revolution and the classically oriented composers since Franck as the embodiemnt of authentic French culture based on religious principles and respect for authority.

Introit

In the early Mass, psalms sung antiphonally with antiphons were used to accompany actions: the entrance procession and giving communion. Thees became the ________ and the Communion respectively. Both chants were abbreviated, the Communion to the antiphon alone, the _________ to the antiphon, one psalm verse, Lesser Doxology, and the reprise of the antiphon, for the musical form ABB'A.

Johann Adolf Hasse

In the eighteenth century, several of the most successful composers of Italian opera were German, from Handel and ______ to Gluck and Mozart.

Charles Ives

In the final section of Schnittke's Concerto Grosso No. 1, the all themes are combined at once, resolving the stylistic conflicts by forcing all into a dense modernist polyphony. Such stylistic contrasts have precedents in Mozart's use of topics and ______'s stylistic heterogeneity and like them can serve both formal and expressive ends.

Irish Tune from County Derry

In the first decades of the century, a new seriousness of purpose emerged in pieces that soon formed the core of a developing classical repertoire for band, notably Suites No. 1 in Eb (1909) and 2 in F (1911) by English composer Gustav Holst (1874-1934); Dionysiaques (1914-25) by French composer Florent Schmitt (1870-1958); _________________________________ (1917) and Lincolnshire Posy (1937) by Australian composer Percy Grainger (1882-1961); and English Folk Song Suite (1923) and toccata marziale (1924) by Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958).

Percy Grainger

In the first decades of the century, a new seriousness of purpose emerged in pieces that soon formed the core of a developing classical repertoire for band, notably Suites No. 1 in Eb (1909_ and 2 in F (1911) by English composer Gustav Holst (1874-1934); Dionysiaques (1914-25) by French composer Florent Schmitt (1870-1958); Irish Tune from County Derry (1917) and Lincolnshire Posy (1937) by Australian composer __________________ (1882-1961); and English Folk Song Suite (1923) and Toccata marziale (1924) by Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958). Holst, _________, and Vaughan Williams drew on folk songs for themes, distributed the melodic content more evenly between winds and brass, used modal harmonies within a tonal context, and developed a symphonic style of instrumentation.

Im wunderschonen Monat Mai

In the first song of 'Dichterliebe' (A Poet's Love), _______________________________ (In the marvelous month of May,) the poet remembers the blossoming of newborn love in springtime.

Paul Hindemith

In the fragmented world of new music between the wars, __________ changed his approach several times. He began composing in a late Romantic style, then developed an individual expressionist language in works like the one-act opera Morder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, Hope of Women, 1919), based on Oskar Kokoschka's play.

Ionisation

In the lat e1930s and early 1940s, Cage wrote numerous works for percussion ensemble, following the lead of Varese's all-percussion work ___________.

Imaginary Landscape No. 3

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Cage wrote numerous works for percussion ensemble, following the lead of Varese's all-percussion work Ionisation. Cage's search for new sounds, part of his heritage from Cowell, is evident in his use of untraditional instruments, such as tin cans of varying size and pitch in Third Construction in Metal (1941), and an electric buzzer and electronically amplified noises in _______________________________ (1942).

Isabella of Castile

In the late fifteenth century, during Ferdinand and __________'s campaign to unify and invigorate Spain, Ferdinand and other sat Spanish courts encouraged the development of a uniquely Spanish music.

Impression: Sunrise

In the late nineteenth century, French painters known as impressionists, named after Claude Monet's painting ___________________ (1872), inaugurated the first in a series of modern artistic movements that utterly changed styles and attitudes toward art.

Alessandro Grandi

In the sacred concertos of Gabrieli, _______, Vizzana, and Cozzolani, the oratorios of Carissimi, and other Catholic sacred music, we see composers using a wide range of styles with both secular and religious origins to convey the church's message to their listeners.

heighted neumes

In the tenth and eleventh centuries, scribes placed neumes at varying heights above the text to indicate the relative size as well as direction of intervals. These are called ________________

Haiti

In the wake of the American and French Revolutions, a revolution in ______ began in 1791 and led to _______'s establishment in 1804 as the first independent state in Latin America and the first nation founded by liberated slaves.

Jennifer Higdon

In the words of her program note for blue cathedral, the piece represents a "journey through a glass cathedral in the sky."

Hildegard of Bingen

In this context, ____________________ (1098-1179) achieved great success as prioress and abbess of her own convent and as a writer and composer. Her sequences are unusual in that the paired lines often differ in syllable count and accent, and __________ varies the music accordingly.

La Griselda

In voler cio che tu brami, from Scarlatti's last opera, _______________ (1720-21) exemplifies the rich contrasts the composer achieved in his later arias both between and within sections.

Michael Jackson

In-house songwriting teams and studio musicians produced a consistent, groomed sound for groups like Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, the Supremes, the Temptations, the Four Tops, and Martha and the Vandellas. Other significant performer-composers who got their start at Motown include Marvin Gaye (1939-1984), Stevie Wonder (b. 1950), and _________________ (1958-2009).

Grunge

Indie rock (or independent rock), a catch-all term for rock music set apart from the mainstream, was nurtured by college and independent radio stations and performing venues, then came to dominante in the early 1990s thanks to _______ rockers from Seattle, such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, and Pearl Jam. ________ combined the nihilism of punk and the electric-guitar-laden sound of heavy metal with intimate lyrics and dress-down fashions (especially flannel). Nirvana's 1991 song Smells Like Teen Spirit brought ______ to national attention.

Georg Frederick Handel

Influential and original composers of the early eighteenth century such as Vivaldi, Couperin, Rameau, Telemann, J.S. Bach, and _______ established individual styles by combining elements from seventeenth-century traditions in new ways.

hocket

Interlocking pitches between two or more sound sources to create a single melody or part.

impressionism

It was a time of competing styles, from _____________ and expressionism to neoclassicism, minimalism, and neo-Romanticism, and of exploring new sounds and approaches, including experimental music, spatial music, electronic music, indeterminacy, chance, and collage. (The Twentieth Century and After)

indeterminacy

It was a time of competing styles, from impressionism and exptressionism to neoclassicism, minimalism, and neo-Romanticism, and of exploring new sounds and approaches, including experimental music, spatial music, electronic music, ______________, chance, and collage. (Twentieth Century music)

Carlo Goldoni

Italian comic opera changed considerably during the eighteenth century. Beginning about midcentury, the Italian dramatist _______________ (1707-1793) introduced refinements in the comic-opera libretto. Serious, sentimental, or woeful plots began to appear alongside the traditiona comic ones. An example is La buona figliuola (The Good Girl), adapted by _________ from Samuel Richardson's popular novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded and set to music in 1760 by Niccolo Piccinni (1728-1800).

Giotto

Italian painters had been pursing greater realism since ________ in the early fourteenth century.

Giovanna d'ARco

Italians under foreign rule found immediate relevance in the oppressed characters and tyrants who populated Verdi's operas of the 1840s, including Nabucco (Nebuchadnezzar, 1842), ________________ (Joan of Arc, 1845), and Attila (1846).

Iraq

Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (now part of ______ and Syria), was home to a number of peoples in ancient times.

La guerre

Janequin's most famous chanson was ___________ (War), supposedly about the battle of Marignan (1515).

Goldberg Variations

Jazz pianist and composer Uri Caine (b. 1956 has collaborated with klezmer, funk, and hip hop artists, and his reworkings of Mahler's Fifth Symphony (1998), Bach's _____________________ (2000), Beethoven's Diabelli Variations (2003), Verdi's Otello (2008), and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons (2012) are not mere transcriptions but are fundamentally reimagined as up-to-date idiomatic works of fusion.

Oscar Hammerstein II

Jerome Kern's masterpiece, Show Boat (1927), with book and lyrics by __________________________, best exemplifies this new integrated approach.

Hair

Jerry Bock evoked Jewish folk music for Fiddler on the Roof (1964), set in a Russian Jewish village, and Galt MacDermot's _____ (1967), a picture of urban hippie life, used a rock band and emulated Motown, acid rock, and folk music alongside traditional Broadway styles.

The Ghosts of Versailles

John Corigliano's opera ___________________________ (1987) centers around ghosts in the French royal palace, including Queen Marie Antoinette and others slain during the Revolution, and a play staged for their entertainment; the ghosts are rendered with modern serial music and timbral effects, while the play is set in a style based on Mozart operas.

Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck, in his novel _________________________, wrote about farmers impoverished by the Dust Bowl in the American plains and by exploitation in California.

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique

Kaija Saariaho (b. 1952), studied composition in her native Finland, then in 1982 moved to Paris to work at __________.

Philip Glass

Kronos came to prominence in the 1980s with recordings that included rock star Jimi Hendrix's Purple Haze; jazz by Thelonious Monk and Bill Evans; modernist works from earlier in the century by Bartok, Ives, Webern, Shostakovich, and Crumb; and music- much of it commissioned by Kronos- by contemporary composers from John Zorn and Astor Piazzolla to Terry Riley, Steve Reich, ______________, Arvo Part, and Alfred Schnittke.

Jimi Hendrix

Kronos came to prominence in the 1980s with recordings that included rock star ______________'s Purple Haze; jazz by Thelonious Monk and Bill Evan's modernist works from earlier in the century by Bartok, Ives, Webern, Shostakovich, and Crumb; and music- much of it commissioned by Kronos- by contemporary composers from John Zorn and Astor Piazzolla to Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Arvo Part, and Alfred Schnittke.

Henri IV

L'euridice was performed in Florence that October for the wedding of Maria de' Medici, niece of the grand duke, to King __________ of France.

On the Waterfront

Leonard Bernstein used a dissonant modernist style in his score for _____________________ (1954), and others adopted atonal and serial music where their tense emotional qualities were appropriate.

Victor Hugo

Like movies today, many operas were adapted from recent literary works, such as the novels of Sir Walter Scott and the plays of Friedrich von Schiller and ____________, or from venerable literary masterpieces such as Shakespeare's plays.

Charles Ives

Like the archetypal artist in countless movies, _______ worked in obscurity for most of his career but lived to be recognized as one of the most significant classical-music composers of his generation.

Joseph Haydn

Like the masses of Mozart and other south Germans, these works have a flamboyance that matches the architecture of the Austrian Baroque churches in which they were performed. ______'s masses blend traditional elements, including contrapuntal writing for solo voices and the customary choral fugues at the conclusion of the Gloria and the Credo, with a new prominence for the orchestra and elements drawn from symphonic style and symphonic forms.

Giulia Grisi

Like today's pop superstars, female virtuosos like Giuditta Pasta, Angelica Catalani, _______________, Henriette Sontag, and Jenny Lind werer more than mere singers; they were larger-than-life cultural icons.

intonarumori

Luigi Russolo argued in dead earnest that musical sounds had become stale and that the modern world of machines required a new kind of music based on noise. He divided noises into six familes, then he and his colleagues built new instruments called _______________ (noise-makers), each capable of producing a particular kind of noise over a range of at least an octave and a half.

intabulations

Lutenists and keyboard players made arrangements of vocal pieces, either improvised or written down. These arrangements were often written in tablature, so they became known as _________________. Great numbers of _______________ were published during the sixteenth century, testifying to their popularity. the _______________ by Spanish composer Luys de Narvaez (fl. 1526-49) demonstrate that such works are much closer to inventive variations than to simple transcriptions, making ______________ yet another instance of the Renaissance tendency to rework existing music.

Hans Leo Hassler

Many biblical motets by _____________________, Michael Praetorius, and others in the early seventeenth century were in the large-scale concerto medium, showing Germans' admiration for the Venetian fashion. (Lutheran Church Music)

Grosse Fuge

Many movements or sections are predominantly fugal, such as the finales of the Piano Sonatas Opp. 106 and 110, the two double fugues in the finale of the Ninth Symphony, and the gigantic _____________ (Great Fugue) for String Quartet, Op. 133, first conceived as the finale for the Quartet in Bb Major, Op. 130.

Images

Many of Debussy's other piano pieces also have evocatives titles, often suggesting a visual image, like Estampes (Engravings or Prints, 1903) and the two sets of ________ (1901-5 and 1907).

Italian Symphony

Many of the works they produced--including Schubert's Unfinished and Great C-Major Symphonies and late chamber works; Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique and Requiem; Mendelssohn's _________ and Scottish Symphonies, Violin Concerto, and Elijah; and Schumann's symphonies and piano trios--won wide popularity and became classics in their own right.

indeterminacy

Many other composers adopted _____________ in some form under the influence of Cage or his associates. One by-product of ____________ is the variety of new kinds of notation. Anoterh consequence of ____________ is that no two performances of a piece are identical. Through the reconsideration of "the musical work" that ____________ and related notions stimulated, musicians in the late twentieth-century became increasingly aware of the openness of early music as well, coming to understand that a medieval song or an early Baroque aria is also platform for performance open to a variety of choices within a stylistically appropriate range, not a rigidly defined, unchanging work.

Mikhail Glinka

Many pieces recall the Classic era, including the Piano Sonata (1924), Symphony in C (1939-40), Symphony in Three Movements (1942-45), and The Rake's Progress (1947-51), modeled on Mozart's comic operas and with a libretto based on a series of engravings by the eighteenth-century English artist William Hogarth. But some works use other sources: Bach's concertos in the Concerto for Piano and Winds (1923-24) and Dumbarton Oaks Concerto (1937-38), Rossini and ________ in the opera Mavra (1921-22), Tchaikovsky in the ballet The Fairy's Kiss (1928), and even Monteverdi and ancient Greek modes in Orpheus (1947).

William Hogarth

Many pieces recall the Classic era, including the Piano Sonata (1924), Symphony in C (1939-40), Symphony in Three Movements (1942-45), and The Rake's Progress (1947-51), modeled on Mozart's comic operas and with a libretto based on a series of engravings by the eighteenth-century English artist _________________.

Handel and Haydn Society

Mason returned to Boston in 1827, became president of the ___________________________, and helped found the Boston Academy of Music to provide musical instruction for children.

Matthias Grunewald

Mathis der Maler is based on the life of _____________________ (Mathis Neithardt, ca. 1470-1528), painter of the famous Isenheim Alterpiece.) __________ was little known until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when he was rediscovered and enthusiastically embraced for the dramatic, almost expressionist qualities of his Altarpiece, for his distinctively German style, and for his political sympathies with the peasantry. In the opera, _______ leaves his calling as a painter to join the peasants in their rebellion against the nobles during the German Peasants' War of 1525.Yet Hindemith does not portray art as entirely autonomous, since _______'s experiences inform his moral vision.

Il Guarany

Maurel also created the roles of the Indian chief Cacico in Gomes's _____________ (1870) and of the clown Tonio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci (1892).

The Hebrides

Mendelssohn's genius for musical landscapes is evident in his overtures _______________ (also called Fingal's Cave, 1832), on another Scottish topic, and Meeresstille und gluckliche Fahrt (Becalmed at Sea and Prosperous Voyage, 1828-32), on two poems by Goethe.

Italian Symphony

Mendelssohn's two most frequently performed symphonies both carry geographical subtitles: the _________ (No. 4, 1833) and the Scottish (No. 3, 1842).

Philip Glass

Minimalism has had a profound influence. Since the music of Reich, ______, and Adams achieved popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, minimalist techniques have grown increasingly common in popular music and film music, leading to some to claim that minimalism is the common musical language of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

Charles Ives

Modernists other than Stravinsky found elements in their own national music that allowed them to create a distinctive voice while continuing the classical tradition. Two most of the most significant, the Hungarian Bela Bartok and the American _______________, did so in part by paying attention to musical traditions and qualities that had been ignored or disdained.

Vincenzo Gonzaga

Monteverdi was an accomplished viol and viola player by 1590, when he entered the service of ___________________________________.

Francesco Gonzaga

Monteverdi's first opera, L'Orfeo, was commissioned by ___________________, heir to the throne of Mantua, and produced there in 1607.

Israel in Egypt

Moreover, such subjects as Saul, _________________ (1739), Judas Maccabaeus (1747), and Joshua (1748) had an appeal based on something beyond familiarity with the ancient sacred narratives: in an era of prosperity and expanding empire, English audiences felt a kinship with the ancient Israelites whose heroes triumphed with the special blessing of God.

Joseph Haydn

Most _______ symphonies have four movements: 1. a fast sonata-form movement, often with a slow introduction; (2) a slow movement; (3) a minuet and trio; and (4) a fast finale, usually in sonata or rondo form. _______'s consistent use of this format helped to make it the standard for later composers.

Ira Gershwin

Most of Gershwin's best songs feature lyrics by his brother _______________.

imitation masses

Most of Victoria's masses are _________________ based on his own motets, including Missa O magnum mysterium, based on this motet.

impresario

Most opera theaters were run for profit by an ___________, usually backed by government subsidies or private support. (Roles of Opera in the early to mid-19th century).

Harmonics

Music for Boethius is a science of numbers, and numerical ratios and proportions determine intervals, consonances, scales, and tuning. Boethius compiled the book from Greek sources, mainly a lost treatise by Nicomachus and the first book of Ptolemy's _________.

harmonia

Music was closely connected to astronomy through this notion of ________.

Heinrich Glareanus

Musicians in the early seventeenth century still thought of themselves as working within the eight church modes or the expanded system of twelve modes codified by ___________.

Greater Doxology

On Sundays and feast days (except in Advent and Lent), there follows the Gloria, or ___________________, a formula of praise to God that encapsulates the doctrine of the Trinity and again asks for mercy.

Gloria

On Sundays and feast days (except in Advent and Lent), there follows the _______, or Greater Doxology, a formula of praise to God that encapsulates the doctrine of the Trinity and again asks for mercy.

L'incoronazione di Poppea

Near the end of his life, Monteverdi composed three operas for the new public theaters in Venice. Two survive: Il ritorno d'Ulisse (The Return of Ulysses, 1640), based on the last part of Homer's Odyssey, and _____________________________ (The Coronation of Poppea, 1643), a historical opera on the Roman emperor Nero's illicit affair with the ambitious Poppaea Sabina, whom he eventually married. _______, often considered Monteverdi's masterpiece, lacks the varied instrumentation of Orfeo because it was written for a commercial theater instead of a wealthy court, but it surpasses Oreo in (Nero) and Poppea in Act I, scene 3, shows Monteverdi's willingness to change styles frequently to reflect the characters and their feelings: expressive recitative inflected with dissonance and chromaticism as Poppea pleads for Nerone not to leave; simpler recitation for dialogue; aria styles with ritornellos, often in triple time, for declarations of love; and passages that lie somewhere between recitative and aria style, which are often called rectativo arioso, or arioso. Thus the stylistic variety in ________, though even gereater than in Orfeo, serves the same dramatic goals.

Ionisation

Next came a series of works that laid down a new agenda (Varese): Offrandes (1921), Hyperprism (1922-23), Octandre (1923), Integrales (1924-25), ____________ (percussion only, 1929-31), and Ecuatorial (1932-34).

Integrales

Next came a series of works that laid down a new agenda: Offrandes (1921), Hyperprism (1922-23), Octandre (1923), ___________ (1924-25) Ionisation (percussion only, 1929-31), and Ecuatorial (1932-34).

Gradual

Next come two elaborate chants sung by a soloist or soloists with responses from the choir: the _________ (from Latin gradus, "stairstep," from which it was sung) and the Alleluia (from the Hebrew Hallelujah, "praise God"), both based on psalm texts. On some days in the Easter season, the _________ is replaced by another Alleluia as a sign of celebration; during Lent, the joyful Alleluia is omitted or replaced by the more solemn Tract, a florid setting of several verses from a psalm.

hurdy-gurdy

Next is a ____________, a three-stringed vielle sounded by a rotating wheel inside the instrument turned by a crank at one end; the player presses levers to change pitches on the melody string while the other strings sound drones, creating a texture similar to a bagpipe.

Joseph Haydn

No one was better at reaching a diverse audience than _______ and Mozart, whose music has come to exemplify the classic period. ______ secured a job with a patron and lived a life of relative stability while Mozart had to find income where he could, yet both produced music that has attracted performers and listeners for over two centuries.

hexachord

No single ________ can be found that contains all the notes: the G or hard ________ accounts for the first ten notes, including B nat, but the F or soft _________ for the C and Bb in the cadential phrase. Changing _________ was done by a process called mutation, whereby a note that was shared by both _________ was begun as if in one _________ and left as if in another, as shown in the example.

Give My Regards to Broadway

Nonetheless, overtures, waltzes, and songs from operettas and musicals have continued to be performed, from Lehar's The Merry Widow Waltz to Cohan's ________________________________, and so have some of the era's popular songs.

Carl Heinrich Graun

North German composers were particularly important for song composition, including Telemann in Hamburg and C.P.E. Bach and ________________________ (ca. 1704-1759) in Berlin.

Edvard Grieg

Norwegian composer _______________ gave voice to a recognizably national style, a view that he insisted "the spirit of my native land, which has long found a voice in the traditional songs of its people, is a living presence in all I give forth."

Patrick S. Gilmore

Not to be outdone, bandleader _____________________ organized the World Peace Jubilee (1872) in Boston with an orchestra numbering two thousand and a chorus of twenty thousand.

Le istitutioni harmoniche

Nothing could more vividly show the difference between music on the one hand and literature, art, and architecture on the other in their relation to the arts of antiquity. Drawing on the practiceof the composers he names, Tinctoris describes strict rules for introducing dissonances, limiting them to passing and neighbor tones on unstressed beats and to syncopated passages (what we call suspensions) at cadences. Parallel fifths and octaves, common even in fourteenth-century styles, were now forbidden. These rules were further refined in later treatises and synthesized by Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590) in _____________________________ (The Harmonic Foundations, 1558).

"I'm Not"

Now pieces by Machaut, Landini, and other sfrom the fourteenth century are again regularly performed and recorded, both by early music specialists and by mainstream popular artists, including Judy Collins's rendition of a Landini ballata on her album Wildflowers (2007) and Panda Bear's sampling of Machaut's rondeau 'Rose, liz, printemps, verdure' in his song "I'm Not" (2005).

Heinrich Isaac

Ockeghem, Busnoys, Obrecht, _______, and Josquin were all acclaimed in life and after death. The music of Josquin's contemporaries, from Ockeghem and Busnoys through Obrecht and _______, has also appeared in modern editions, performances, and recordings.

Giselle

One of the highlights of Romantic ballet was ________, premiered at the Paris Opera in 1841, with music by Adolphe Adam (1803-1856) that used recurring motives and recollection of earlier material to highlight the progress of the drama, as in an opera.

Gewandhaus Orchestra

One of the most remarkable developments in the entire history of music is the emergence in the nineteenth century of a repertoire of musical classics by composers of the past. This process happened at different times for different genres, but it is evident in the programs of the major European orchestras. In concerts of the ________________________________, for example, about 85 percent of the pieces performed in the 1780s were by living composers; by 1820, the percentage had dropped to about 75 percent.

intermedi

Opera began as an effort to recreate ancient Greek ideals of drama, linking the new Baroque era. Yet it also had sources in theatrical spectacles like __________ and in various types of solo song.

intermedi

Opera had not yet gained preeminence, and the court preferred ballets and __________ to glamorize state events (Early seventeenth century).

Joseph Haydn

Opera occupied much of ______'s time and energy at Eszterhaza. Successful in their day and full of excellent music, ______'s operas have never attained the same level of popularity as those of Gluck or Mozart.

Vincenzo Gonzaga

Orfeo was so successful that _________________________ commissioned a second opera, L'Arianna, from Monteverdi for the next year.

Ernest guiraud

Originally classified as an opera comique (although Bizet never called it that) because it contained spoken dialogue (later set in recitative by ___________________), it was a stark, realistic drama ending with a murder.

Gothic Voices

Page's singing group _______________ made numerous recordings that demonstrated the viability and pleasing homogenous sound of one voice per part, without instruments (including the performances of Machaut's Rose, liz and Landini's Cosi pensoso on the accompanying recordings), and other performers followed suit.

Le istitutione harmoniche

Palestrina's counterpoint conforms in most details with the teachings of Willaert as transmitted by Zarlino in his _____________________________.

hocket

Passages in _______ appear in some thirteenth-century conductus and motets and are frequently used in fourteenth-century isorhythmic works in coordination with recurrences of the talea, as in this Vitry motet. Pieces that use _______ extensively were themselves called _______s.

isicathamiya

Paul Simon's African-infused, Grammy Award-winning album Graceland (1986) raised the issue of cultural appropriation; one hit song from that album, 'Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes', featured Simon on lead vocals backed by Ladysmith Black Mambazo, a South African unaccompanied men's chorus in the _______________ singing tradition, and on several tracks Simon mixed together contributions recorded by musicians from around Africa, making use of their work without any direct collaboration.

Graceland

Paul Simon's African-infused, Grammy Award-winning album ____________ (1986) raised the issue of cultural appropriation; one hit song from that album, Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes, featured Simon on lead vocals backed by Ladysmith Black Mambazo, a South African unaccompanied men's chorus in the isicathamiya singing tradition, and on several tracks Simon mixed together contributions recorded by musicians from around Africa, making use of their work without any direct collaboration.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

People are curious abotu each other, not only about themselves, and thus the use of national elements attracted audiences from other nations. This was evident in the popularity in western Europe of Chopin's Polish dances and _________'s pieces on American and Caribbean themes, tunes, and rhythms.

Amy Grant

Performing at youth revivals and festivals, pop singers like ___________ (b. 1960) and rock bands such as Third Day dress, play, and sing like secular pop artists, seeking to capture the interest of youth through the music and let the words carry the religious content.

Heinrich Isaac

Perhaps influenced by his musicological studies for his disseration he edited volume 2 of _________________'s 'Choralis Constantinus' he often used techniques of Renaissance polyphony, including canons in inversion or retrograde.

intermedio

Perhaps the most direct source for opera was the ___________ (pl. i), a musical interlude on a pastoral, allegorical, or mythological subject performed between acts of a play. The genre arose from a partical need: renaissance theaters lacked curtains that could close between acts, so something was needed to mark divisions and suggest the passage of time. ____________ served ths function.

Sofia Gubaidulina

Persuing different aims, Ligeti, the spectralists, Ferneyhough, _____________, Andressen, and Schafer arrived at very different ends, each developing a unique musical language.

Viktor Hartmann

Pictures at an Exhibition is a suite of ten pieces inspired by an exhibition Musorgsky saw of over four hundred sketches, paintings, and designs by his late friend ___________________, who shared with the composer an interest in finding a new artistic language that was uniquely Russian.

intonazione

Pieces of this sort did not always contain fugal sections, nor were they uniformly labeled toccatas; they were also called fantasia, prelude, and ____________ (intonation).

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique

Pierre Boulez focused on elaborating several of his older pieces in new guises and on work with ____________ on music for acoustic instruments with live electronics that transform the sounds of the instruments as they play, as in Repons (1980-84) for six soloists, chamber orchestra, and electronics.

harmoniai

Plato and Aristotle used these names for ___________, in the sense of scale types or melodic styles. Like __________, tonoi were associated with character and mood, the higher tonoi being energetic and the lower tonoi sedate.

Gesamtkunstwerk

Poetry, scenic design, staging, action, and music work together to form what he called a ________________ (total or collective artwork).

imitation mass

Polyphonic mass in which each movement is based on the same polyphonic model, normally a chanson or motet, and all ovices of the model are used in the mass, but non is used as a cantus firmus.

grunge

Popular trends that once had mllions of fans, then seemed to fade, endure on recordings and are eventually revived; disco, punk, and _______, all passe by the 1990s, came back again after 2000.

Vincent d'Indy

Poulenc drew especially on Parisian popular song traditions from cabarets and revues. This too violated the strictures of ________, who rejected influence from "lower" forms of music.

Aleksander Glazunov

Prince Igor was completed after his death by Rimsky-Korsakov and ______________________ and premiered in 1890.

Johann Gutenberg

Printing from movable type, known in China for centuries and perfected in Europe by __________________ around 1450, was first used for music in the 1470s, in liturgical books with chant notation.

Alessandro Grandi

Published in Venice during Schutz's second sojourn there, it shows the strong influence of Monteverdi and _______, combining recitative, aria, and concerted madrigal styles.

Isabella of Castile

Queen __________ and King Ferdinand, joint rulers from 1479, were called the "Catholic monarchs," and they strongly promoted Catholicism in their realm. After conquering the Moors in Granada in 1492, Ferdinand and __________ forced Jews (and later Muslims) to accept baptism as Christians or leave Spain.

Introit

Quem queritis inn presepe, a late-tenth-century trope to the _________ for Mass on Christmas Day functions in a similar way.

Les Indes galantes

Rameau protested, in a forword to his opera-ballet ____________________, that he had "sought to imitate Lully, not as a servile copyist but in taking, like him, nature herself- so beautiful and so simple- as a model."

Les Indes galantes

Rameau's musical pictures range from graceful miniatures to broad representations of thunder (Hippolyte et Aricie, Act 1) or earthquake (_______________________, Act II).

Les Indes galantes

Rameau's opera-ballet ____________________ (1735) featured scenes in Persia, among the Incas in Peru, and in a forest with American Indians, and in the late 1700s Turkish-style sounds and instruments were all the rage.

Histoires naturelles

Ravel's songs draw on French art and popular traditions and range in topic from humorous and realistic takes on animal life in ____________________ (1906) to three symbolist poems by Mallarme for voice and chamber ensemble (1913).

Victor Hugo

Realism developed first in literature and art, critiquing modern society by showing the reality of everyday life, the real suffering of the poor, and the hypocrisies of the elite and well-to-do, as in the novels of Charles Dickens, _____________, Gustave Flaubert, and Feodor Dostoevsky, the plays of Henrik Ibsen, and the paintings and illustrations of Honore Daumier and Gustave Courbet.

haut

Renaissance musicians maintained the distinction between _____ (high) and bas (low) instruments, or relatively loud and soft instruments, that began in the Middle Ages.

In C

Riley's tape piece Mescalin Mix (1962-63) piled up many such loops, each repeating a short phrase, over a regular pulse. Terry Riley's most famous work, _______ (1964), uses a similar procedure with live instruments.

Aleksander Glazunov

Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the harmony text most frequently used in Russia and a manual on orchestration, and he taught some of the most important composrs of the next generation, including ____________________ and Igor Stravinsky.

L'italiana in Algeri

Rossini is best known today for his comic operas such as _________________________ (The Italian Woman in Algiers; Venice, 1813) and Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville; Rome, 1816).

Guillaume Tell

Rossini reworked some of his Italian operas to French librettos translated or adapted from the Italian and wrote one entirely new opera in French, _________________, 1829.

Nicolas Gombert

Royal family ties to the Low Countries brought Flemish musicians such as ________ to Spain, and the Franco-Flemish tradition deeply influenced Spanish polyphony. Morales acquired fame in Italy as a member of the papal chapel between 1535 and 1545, and his masses drew on works by Josquin, _______, and other Franco-Flemish composers as well as on Spanish songs.

Gymnopedies

Satie's set of three ________________ (1888) for piano, for example, challenged the Romantic notions of expressivity and individuality.

George Frideric Handel

Saul was well received, but ______ continued to compose and produce operas. the trip to Ireland culminated in performances of a new oratorio, Messiah (1741), which would become ______'s most famous work. However, the music of Messiah is typical of _______, full of his characteristic charm, immediate appeal, and mixture of traditions, from the French overture to the Italianate recitatives and da capo arias, the Germanic choral fugues, and the English choral anthem style.

Ludovico Giustini

Scarlatti's contemporary __________________ (1685-1743) published the first sonatas written explicitly for piano instead of harpsichord, 12 Sonate da cembalo e forte (12 Sonatas for Keyboard with Soft and Loud, 1732).

Pierre Henry

Schaeffer's first experiments, Cinq etudes de bruits (Five Studies of Noises) for phonograph, were premiered at a concert in Paris in 1948, then he collaborated with _______________ (b. 1927) to create the first major work of musique concrete, Symphonie pour un homme seul (Symphony for One Man), premiered in a 1950 radio broadcast.

Richard Gerstl

Schoenberg was also an amateur painter and took lessons from ______________, a young exponent of expressionism in Vienna, who in 1908 had an affair with Schoenberg's wife MAthilde and commited suicide after she returned to Schoenberg.

Paul Hindemith

Schoenberg, Krenek, Weill, and _________ all fled to the United States, but other composers stayed in Germany during the Nazi era.

Heinrich Heine

Schumann chose sixteen poems from _________________'s Lyrical Intermezzo and arranged them to suggest the course of a relationship as recalled after it has ended, from longing to initial fulfillment, abandonment, dreams of reconciliation, and resignation.

Robert Glasper

Singer and bassist Esperanza Spalding (b. 1984) and pianist ________________ (b. 1978) who not only incorporate elements of hip hop but work with hip hop artists including Q-Tip and Kanye West to explore new avenues.

Tony Hart

Singing comics Ned Harrigan (1844-1911) and ___________ (1855-1891) collaborated with composer David Braham on comic sketches and musical plays, often focused on Irish, Italian, or other ethnic characters.

Ned Harrigan

Singing comics _______________ (1844-1911) and Tony Hart (1855-1891) collaborated with composer David Braham on comic sketches and musical plays, often focused on Irish, Italian, or other ethnic characters.

Joseph Haydn

So wrote music historian Charles Burney in 1791 on ______'s arrival in England. Indeed, _____ was hailed in his time as the greatest composer alive.

Philip Glass

Some composers, such as Babbitt and Ferneyhough, took this situation as the price of artistic freedom and perhaps most composers of the time sought to attract wider audiences by writing music that could be appreciated on first hearing. Rouse, Mackey, Zorn, and others found one solution by incorporating elements of popular music. Reich, _______, and Adams found another in minimalism

Herbie Hancock

Some fusion artists, like pianists _______________ and Chick Corea, earned the respect of jazz fans with their inventive improvisations while also reaching a broader audience.

Hanacpachap cussicuinin

Some of this sacred music was in local languages, including the first polyphonic vocal work published in the Americas, ____________________________, a processional in the Quechua language of Peru printed in Lima in 1631 by Juan Perez de Bocanegra (?1598-1631), who may have composed it.

Adam Guettel

Some recent musicals also absorb the sound and feel of opera, notably The Light in the Piazza (2005) by ______________ (b. 1965), grandson of Richard Rodgers, which features a lush score marked by neo-Romanticism, extended operatic melodies, and classical orchestra.

Guillaume IX

Son of a baker or servant at the castle of Ventadorn, Bernart learned poetry and music from his noble patron there, then in the 1150s entered the service of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204), granddaughter of _________________ and one of the most powerful women of the twelfth century as duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France (137-52) by marriage to Louis VII, and later duchess of Normandy and queen of England (1154-89) by marriage to Henry II.

E.T.A. Hoffman

Son of a writer and book dealer, Schumann had an intense interest in literature, especially Romantic writers such as Friedrich Schlegel, Jean Paul, and ___________________.

Ludwig Geyer

Soon after Richard Wagner's birth father died, and his mother married _______________, an actor and playwright who Wagner suspected was his real father, ______ evidently encouraged Richard's intellectual interests.

isorhythm

Specific structural devices of the time, such as _________ and the formes fixes, lasted only to the late fifteenth century, but ideas of musical structure continued and diversified.

Jonathan Harvey

Spectralism influenced composers elsewhere who adapted it in personal ways, including Magnus Lindberg and Kaija Saariaho from Finland and British composer ___________________ (1939-2012).

Gerard Grisey

Spectralism was first developed by French composers including ________________ (1946-1998) and Tristan Murail (b. 1947), cofounders of Ensemble L'Itineraire in 1973. _______'s Partiels (1975) begins wtih a low trombone E follwed by a chord on other instruments derived from the sonogram representing the timbre of that low E, and alternates this with chords that simulate electronic sounds produed by ring modulation.

imitation mass

The ________________ became the most common type of mass, followed by the paraphrase mass, although cantus-firmus masses continued to be written. (The Generation of 1520-1550).

Halka

Stanislaw Moniuszko (1819-1872) inaugurated a tradition of Polish national opera with ________ (1848, revised 1858).

Gone with the Wind

Steiner continued writing film scores through the 1960s, his credits including _____________________ (1939) and Casablanca (1943).

Gesang der Junglinge

Stockhausen and others often used recorded sounds alongside electronic ones, as in his ____________________ (Song of the Youths, 1955-56), which incorporated a boy's voice.

Gesang der Junglinge

Stockhausen used borrowed material in several works, notably _______________________, Telemusik (1966), Hymnen (1967), and Opus 1970 (1970).

Woody Herman

Stravinsky settled in Hollywood, not far from Schoenberg and Rachmaninoff, and wrote several pieces that referred to American styles, such as the Ebony Concerto for the jazz clarinetist _____________ and his band.

In memoriam Dylan Thomas

Stravinsky's best-known serial works include the song cycle _____________________________ (1954), which uses a series of only five notes; Threni (1957-58), for voices and orchestra on texts from the Lamentations of Jeremiah; and Movements (1958-59), for piano and orchestra.

HMS Pinafore

Sullivan wanted to be known as a serious composer, but his opera on Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1891) was nowhere near as successful as his collaborations with Gilbert, especially __________________ (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1879), and The Mikado (1885).

If ye love me

Tallis's ________________ exemplifies the early anthem. (Church music in England)

Der getreue Music-Meister

Telemann was his own publisher in Hamburg, helping to establish the principle that a piece of music was the intellectual property of its composer, and he issued the first music periodical in Germany, ________________________________ (The True Music-Master), which made his music and that of otherGerman composrs available to amateurs and students.

In C

Terry Riley's most famous work, ______ (1964), uses a similar procedure with live instruments.

Gradual

Texts for the Mass are in a book called the Missal, and its chants are in the ________.

Internet

Thanks to radio, recordings, the __________, and marketing, most of the music we have studied in this book is heard by more people each year today than heard it the composer's lifetime.

L'incoronazione di Poppea

That Anna Renzi played a woman pretending to be afflicted with madness on that occasion, and then, a few years later, created the role of Nerone's spurned empress Ottavia in Monteverdi's ___________________________ speaks to her capabilities as an actress, one who could impart a certain dramatic intensity to her characters.

Give My Regards to Broadway

That show included two of the most famous and enduring popular songs of the era, ________________________________ and The Yankee Doodle Boy (whose chorus begins "I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy").

A Hard Day's Night

The Beatles' _______________________ (1964) was a financial success both as a film and as a soundtrack recording, and many other movies followed a similar model of marketing the film and soundtrack together.

Francois-Joseph Gossec

The Belgian __________________________ (1734-1829) came to Paris in 1751 and eventually established himself as one of France's leading composers of symphonies, string quartets, and comic operas.

Italian Symphony

The _____________________ celebrates the sunny and vibrant south, with a slow movement suggesting a procession of chanting pilgrims and a finale suggesting people dancing a spirited saltarello.

King Henry VIII

The Church of England remained Catholic in doctrine under ______. But during the brief reign of Edward VI (r. 1547-53), _____'s son by his third wife, Jane Seymour, the Church adopted Protestant doctrines, reflecting Edward's Protestant upbringing and the views of the regents who governed in his name. Catherine was succeeded by Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603), _____'s daughter by Anne Boleyn, who again broke from the papacy and brought back the liturgical reforms instituted under Edward, yet tolerated Catholicism so long as its adherents conducted their services in private and remained loyal to her as queen.

gigue

The French harpsichord style as carried to Germany by Froberger, who helped to establish the allemande, courante, sarabande, and _____ as standard components of dance suites. In a later, posthumous publication of 1693, the order was revised so that each suite ends with a lively ______, which had by then become the standard close for German suites.

F.M. von Grimm

The Frenchman Voltaire sojourned at the French-speaking court of Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia, the Italian poet Metastasio worked at the German imperial court in Vienna, and the German writer __________________ gained prominence in Parisian literary and musical circles.

Sigmund Haffner

The Haffner Symphony, K. 385, written in 1782 for the elevation to nobility of Mozart's childhood friend __________________, and the Linz Symphony, K. 425, written in 1783 for a performance in that city, typify the late symphonies in their ambitious dimensions, greater demands on performers (particularly wind players), harmonic and contrapuntal complexity, and final movements that are climactic rather than light.

Handel and Haydn Society

The Handel and Haydn oratorios formed the core of the repertory for the large choruses, a pairing immortalized in the name of the ____________________________, founded in Boston in 1815 and one of the oldest music organization in the United States that is still active.

Irish Rhapsodies

The Irish-born Stanford, known for choral music, symphonies, and concertos, similarly blended procedures modeled on Brahms and Mendelssohn with a prevailing diatonic style infused with the flavor of Irish folk tunes, as in his Irish Symphony (No. 3 In F Minor, 1887) and six _____________________ for orchestra (1902-22).

Patrick S. Gilmore

The Irish-born conductor ______________________ (1829-1892) founded his own band in 1858, enlisted together with them in the Union Army, and led them in concerts after the war.

guild

The Meistersinger movement began in the fourteenth century, peaked in the sixteenth, and endured until the last ______ dissolved in the nineteenth century.

Joseph Goebbels

The Nazis established a Reich Chamber of Culture under ________________. which included a Reich Music Chamber to which all musicians had to belong.

indeterminacy

The Polish composer Witold Lutoslawski (1913-1994) made selective use of _____________, while insisting on his authorship of the entire composition- a stance quite at odds with Cage's, suggesting an orientation more modernist than avant-garde. The passages in Symphony No. 3 achieve a freedom and eloquence hardly possible through precise notation and show the power of limited _____________ within a traditional genre.

Vincent d'Indy

The Schola Cantorum, founded in 1894 by _______________ (1851-1931) and others, emphasized broad historical studies in music, including a focus on counterpoint and composition in classical forms.

Heinrich Glareanus

The Swiss theorist _____________________ (1488-1563) in his book Dodekachordon (The Twelve-String Lyre, 1547) added four new modes to the traditional eight, using names of ancient Greek tonoi: Aeolian and Hypoaeolian with the final on A, and Ionian and Hypoionian with the final on C. In using terms borrowed from ancient culture to modify his medieval heritage, __________ was typical of his age.

Ein Heldenleben

The Symphonia domestica (1902-3) painted an idealized portrait of Strauss's domestic life, and __________________ (A Hero's Life, 1897-98) is openly autobiographical, caricaturing his critics in cacophonous passages while glorifying his own triumphs with citations from his early works.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The United States began to create its own cultural identity in the tales of Washington Irving and ______________________, the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, and the songs of Stephen Foster.

Washington Irving

The United States began to create its own cultural identity in the tales of _____________________ and Nathaniel Hawthorne, the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, and the songs of Stephen Foster.

iPod

The _____ portable media player, introduced in 2001, put an entire library of recorded music in a pocket-sized device using audio files, and iTunes, launched in 2002, was one of the first services to allow listeners to purchase pieces of music as audio files rather than on CDs, LPs, or tapes, after Napster (1999-2001) and other peer-to-peer file sharing programs had popularized illegal file sharing. Listeners could download audio files as podcasts (from ______ and broadcast) or listen online to streaming audio webcasts (from World Wide Web and broadcast). .

Gloria

The _______ also has a long text, but most settings are neumatic. _______ and Credo melodies often feature recurring motives but have no set form. In both cases, the priest intones the opening words and the choir completes the chant.

iPhone

The ________, introduced in 2007, and other smart phones put the power of a computer in anyone's pocket, with more computing power than the largest computer in the world fifty years earlier.

Introit

The _________ announces the birth of a child who shall rule, using words from Isaiah 9:6 that Christians understood to prophesy Jesus' birth, and continues with a celebratory psalm verse.

Internet

The __________ grants musicians and their audience unprecedented access to music.

G.I. Bill

The ______________ paid for veterans to go to college, producing a tremendous expansion of colleges and universities and of the numbers of citizens with university degrees, which further fueled economic growth.

Haffner Symphony

The ______________________, K. 385, written in 1782 for the elevation to nobility of Mozart's childhood friend Sigmund Haffner, and the Linz Symphony, K. 425, written in 1783 for a performance in that city, typify the late symphonies in their ambitious dimensions, greater demands on performers (particularly wind players), harmonic and contrapuntal complexity, and final movements that are climactic rather than light.

Industrial Revolution

The _______________________ was mechanizing manufacturing, thereby reducing prices, drawing people from the country to work in factories, creating more leisure time, and allowing merchants and entrepreneurs to become the economic leaders.

Industrial Revolution

The ________________________ brought unprecedented prosperity, but in many ways was as disruptive as the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, threatening traditional ways of life and enriching the urban middle and merchant classes at the expense of the landowning aristocracy and the poor.

Industrial Revolution

The ________________________ was not a single event, but a series of inventions and applications that together radically changed the wya goods were manufactured.

Joseph Haydn

The anomaly of ______'s converting an opening phrase into a fainal cadence points out a basic truth about the galant style: there is a strong differentiation of function between elements. ______ exploits these difference to make his music easy to follow but also turns gestures on their heads when he wants to amuse and surprise us.

Percy Grainger

The band works of Holst, Vaughan Williams, and _________ have remained classics of the concert band repertoire.

isorhythm

The basic idea of __________-- arranging durations in a pattern that repeats-- was not new in the fourteenth century, but it was applied in ever more extended and complex ways.

Introductory Essay on Composition

The best contemporary account of the form is in the third and final volume of Heinrich Christoph Koch's ______________________________________ (1782-93).

Thomas Hobbes

The century also saw new thinking about policies, ranging from the English Levellers, who advocated democracy with equal political rights for all men, to ______________, whose Leviathan (1651) argued for an all-powerful sovereign state.

Introit

The choir sings a psalm, the _________ (from Latin for "entrance").

Charles K. Harris

The chorus of _____________________'s After the Ball (1892) begins with a motive that is simple yet has enough unusual features to make it intriguing: it begins and ends away from the tonic note, avoids stepwise motion, twice rocks back and forth on a minor third, and has its high point early in the phrase on an unstressed beat and syllable.

W.C. Handy

The classic blues singers joined aspects of oral tradition with elements of popular song, thanks in part to _____________ (1873-1958), known as the "father of the blues." ______ did not invent the blues, but as a publisher, he introduced blues songs in sheet music form as early as 1912, thus taking advantage of both the genre's new popularity and the booming sheet music industry. With his publications, ______ solidified what we now think of as standard twelve-bar blues form.

Iphigenie en Tauride

The climax of Gluck's career was ushered in with the Paris production of Iphigenie en Aulide (Iphigenia in Aulis, 1774), with a libretto adapted from the tragedy by seventeenth-century French playwright Jean Racine. Both it and its sequel, ______________________ (Iphigenia in Tauris, 1779), are works that display an excellent balance of dramatic and musical interest.

Iphigenie en Aulide

The climax of Gluck's career was ushered in with the Paris production of _____________________ (Iphigenia in Aulis, 1774), with a libretto adapted from the tragedy by seventeenth-century French playwright Jean Racine. Both it and its sequel, Iphigenie en Tauride (Iphigenia in Tauris, 1779), are works that display an excellent balance of dramatic and musical interest.

Ursula Gunther

The composers' fascination with technique and their willingness to take a given procedure to new extremes led music historian ___________________ to term this repertory Ars Subtilior (the more subtle manner).

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique

The constant repetition of simple material reflects the influence of minimalism, while the texture of overlapping continuous lines comes from electronic music concepts designed by Jean-Claude Risset at __________.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

The contrasting careers of Clara Schumann and __________________________ (1805-1847), who was Felix Mendelssohn's sister, illustrate the prospects for and limitations on women composers in the early nineteenth century. Both women were highly skilled pianist-composers, yet Schumann played public concerts and published much of her music, while ________ confined her music-making almost entirely to the domestic sphere.

impressionism

The descriptive piano pieces in the sets Miroirs (Mirrors, 1904-5) and Gaspard de la nuit (1908), the orchestral suite Rapsodie espagnole (Spanish Rhapsody, 1907-08), and the ballet Daphis et Chloe (1909-12) likewise invoke ______________ in their strong musical imagery, brilliant instrumental technique, and colorful harmonies.

interval

The distance between two notes

hymn

The earliest composer known to us by name is Enheduanna (fl. ca. 2300 B.C.E.), an Akkadian high priestess at Ur, who composed _____ (songs to a god) to the moon god Nanna and moon goddess Inanna; their texts, but not her music, survive on cuneiform tablets.

intabulations

The earliest pieces called canzona were _______________ of French chansons, after which the canzona was named.

intabulation

The earliest surviving manuscript of keyboar dmusic, the Robertsbridge Codex of about 1360, contains ________________ of vocal music from the time, highly decorated with diminutions.

Harmonic Elements

The earliest theoretical works we have are ___________________ and Rhythmic Elements (ca. 330 B.C.E.) by Aristoxenus, a pupil of Aristotle.

Guido of Arezzo

The eleventh-century monk __________________ (ca. 991-after 1033) suggested an arrangement of lines and spaces, using a line of red ink for F and of yellow ink for C and scratching other lines into the parchment.

Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

The expressionist artists and others drew on contemporary themes involving the dark side of city life, in which people lived under extreme psychological pressure, as well as bright scenes from the circus and music-halls that masked a more gloomy reality. They aspired to represent inner experience, to explore the hidden world of the psyche and to render visible the stressful emotional life of the modern person- isolated, helpless in the grip of poorly understood forces, prey to inner conflict, tension, anxiety and fear, and tormented by elemental, irrational drives including an eroticism that often had morbid overtones. That is also how the Viennese doctor Sigmund freud, founder of psychoanalysis, described the deepest level of memory and emotional activity in his ____________________________ (1900).

Jimi Hendrix

The extraordinary virtuosity they represent has parallels in jazz and popular music of the same era, from the blistering solos of Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, and other bebop and modern jazz artists to the feats of rock guitarists like Eric Clapton and _____________.

Johann Adolf Hasse

The famous aria Digli ch'io son fedele (Tell him that I am faithful) from ________'s Cleofide (1731), his first opera for Dresden illustrates the elegant and judicious qualities of his music. In the first vocal statement, ______ set the opening lines with a graceful motive that follows the natural rhythms and inflections of the text, highlights the parallelism between the first two lines, and relfects the earnest optimism of Cleofide, queen of India. After the opening rhythmic motive appears three times, ______ introduces syncopations and scales in measures 13-14 and reverse-dotted rhythms (called Lombardic rhythms or Scotch snaps) in measure 15.

idee fixe

The fifth and final movement of the 'Symphonie Fantastique' depicts a "Dram of a Witches' Sabbath," presenting transformations of the __________ and two other themes, first singly, then in combination. The new form of the __________ is a grotesque carricature, implying that hte beloved's depravity has been revealed.

Gaetano Guadagni

The first Orfeo, ___________________, took as his model the great Shakespearean actor David Garrick, who pioneered a new, more natural style of acting. _________ so inhabited the role of Orfeo that he did not break character to acknowledge applause as other singers did.

Mikhail Glinka

The first Russian composer recognized both by Russians and internationally as an equal of his western European contemporaries was _________________ (1804-1857). _______ drew on the major Western operatic traditions, blending Italianate melody, French drama and spectacle, and German counterpoint and idealization of peasant life and culture. _______ based his second opera, Rusland And Lyudmila (1842), on a poem by Russia's leading poet, Aleksander Pushkin (1799-1837). It has a magical plot, justifying ______'s many imaginative uses of chromaticism, dissonance, and the whole-tone scale to portray his supernatural characters, which established a Russian tradition that lasted through Rimsky-Korsakov and Stravinsky.

Antonio Carlos Gomes

The first internationally recognized composer from the New World was ________________________ (1836-1896) of Brazil, who had early success with two operas in Portuguese, although neither entered the permanent repertoire.

idee fixe

The first movement of Symphonie Fantastique, "Dreams and Passions," features a slow introduction followed by an Allegro that has the outward characteristics of sonata form, including contrasting themes and a repeated exposition. The ___________, a melody with the long, arching line of an operatic aria, serves as the first theme, accompanied by an irregularly throbbing figure that imitates the hero's racing heartbeat at first sight of the woman.

Go Down, Moses

The first to appear in print was ________________, which uses the story of Israel's deliverance from Egypt as a symbol for the liberation of the slaves.

Roy Harris

The former group included Edgard Varese, Henry Cowell, and Ruth Crawford Seeger, and the latter encompassed George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, William Grant Still, Virgil Thomson, ____________, Cowell's later works, and many others.

heavy metal

The types of popular music listed here are only a few of the many varieties since 1970, which range from the acoustically overwhelming ___________ of Judas Priest to the gentle sounds of ambient music, pioneered by Brian Eno (b. 1948).

W.S. Gilbert

The great masters of operetta in the generation after Offenbach were the Viennese Johann Strauss the younger (1825-1899), known for Die Fledermaus (The Bat, 1874), and, in England, the team of _______________ (librettist) and Arthur Sullivan (composer, 1842-1900). Sullivan wanted to be known as a serious composr, but his operra on Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1891) was nowhere near as successful as his collaborations with _________, especially HMS Pinafore (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1879), and The Mikado (1885).

Gurrelieder

The huge cantata ____________ (Songs of Gurre, 1900-1, orchestration completed 1911) outdoes Wagner in emotional fervor, and Mahler and Strauss in the complexity of its scoring.

harmonia

The imitation of an ethos was accomplished partly through the choice of ________, in the sense of a scale type or style of melody. While later centuries would interpret him as attributing such effects to a mode or scale alone, aristotle probably also had in mind the melodic turns and style characteristic of a _________ and the rhythms and poetic genres most associated with it.

L'isle joyeuse

The impressionist side of Ravel, and some differences from Debussy, are illustrated in the piano piece Jeux d'eau (Fountains, 1901). In it Ravel drew on Liszt's pianistic techniques and in turn gave Debussy ideas for his own watery music. The passage includes many innovative textures, such as parallel dissonant chords under rushing scales, and chores and arpeggiated figures that emphasize opens fifths and fourths. This passage juxtaposes whole-tone with diatonic music, as in _________________. But unlike Debussy, Ravel treats his whole-tone sonorities as dissonant harmonies that must resolve, culminating in a complex reworking of the traditional ii-V-I- tonal cadence: a progression from an F# ninth chord (drawn from one whole-tone scale) through an F-A-B-D# augmented sixth chord (drawn from the other whole-tone scale) to a resolution on the tonic E major.

heterophony

The instrumentalists may have played the melody in unison, variations of the melody (producing ___________), drones, or improvised counterpoints.

electric guitar

The instrumentation consisted of amplified or _________________ for both rhythm and melody, backed by electric bass and drums and sometimes augmented by other instruments.

Joseph Haydn

The invitation from Johann Peter Salomon in 1790 to compose and conduct symphonies for the cosmopolitan and exacting audiences of London spurred ______ to supreme efforts.

Manon Gropius

The last of Alban Berg's allusions used in his Violin Concerto is Es ist genug (it is enough), which ends Bach's Cantata No. 60, alluding to the death of _______________, to whose memory the concerto is dedicated; she was the daughter of Berg's close friend Alma Mahler (widow of Gustav Mahler) and died at eighteen of polio.

Golliwogg's Cake-Walk

The last piece from Debussy's Children's Corner, ______________________________, imitates Scott Joplin's ragtime style and juxtaposes it with a middle section that satirically recasts the opening of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in the style of salon music, marked "avec une grande emotion" (with a great show of emotion); in this lighthearted piece, Debussy demonstrates his modernist tastes by showing his familiarity with up-to-date American music and mocking the grandiosity and excessive emotionalism of his German predecessor.

imitative counterpoint

The late fifteenth century saw the emergence of two principal textures that would predominate in sixteenth-century music- ________________________ and homophony.

Gieseppe Bartolomeo Guarneri

The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centureis were the age of the great violin makers of Cremona in northern Italy: Nicolo Amati (1596-1684), Antonio Stradivari (Stradivarius, 1644-1737), and ________________________________ (1698-1744), all famed for instruments of unrivaled excellence, such as the Stradivarius.

Hans Leo Hassler

The leading German composer of the late Renaissance was ___________________ (1564-1612), who studied with Andrea Gabrieli in Venice and then held various positions at Augsburg, Nuremberg, Ulm, and Dresden.

Jacob Handl

The leading eastern European composers of Catholic church music were Waclaw of Szamotul (ca. 1524-1560) in Poland and _____________ (1550-1591) in Bohemia.

Juan Hidalgo

The libretto was adapted from that of Calderon and ________'s first opera.

Hauptwerk

The main group, the _________, or Great organ, sits high above the player. (Lutheran Organ music)

Hauptwerk

The main group, the __________, or Great organ, sits high above the player.

Gloria

The main musical items of the Ordinary- the Kyrie, _______, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei- were relatively late additions.

Trent

The main orbit of the Burgundian court by the mid-fifteenth century was around Lille, Bruges, ______, a especially Brussels, an area comprising modern Belgium and northeastern France.

Joseph Haydn

The main source for ______'s idiom was the galant style, the predominant language of music by midcentury, marked by songful melody in short phrases, arranged in balanced periods, over light accompaniment. Into this framework _____ brought elements of other styles. From C.P.E. Bach, whose keyboard sonatas he studied diligently, _____ adopted the heightened expressivity of the empfindsam style and an emphasis on making the most of each musical idea through variation and development.

Francisco Guerrero

The masses of Morales, Victoria, and Palestrina were sung often in New World cathedrals, and the works of __________ were especially popular, remaining in use for centuries.

Gesamtkunstwerk

The modern movie, especially in the epic genre of Star Wars or Lord of the Rings, is in many ways a collaborative ________________ in which music plays a crucial role.

Giasone

The most celebrated of Cavalli's over thirty operas was ________ (Jason, 1649), whose arias exemplify the lyric style.

isorhythmic motet

The most elevated genre was the motet, with the ____________________ gradually replacing other types by 1400.

Goldman Band

The most famous bandmaster after Sousa was Edwin Franko Goldman (1878-1956). He and his son, Richard Franko Goldman (1910-1980), continued the tradition of outdoor band concerts through the nationally broadcast _____________ summer series from New York's Central Park.

Richard Franko Goldman

The most famous bandmaster after Sousa was Edwin Franko Goldman (1878-1956). He and his son, _________________________ (1910-1980), continued the tradition of outdoor band concerts through the nationally broadcast Goldman Band summer series from New York's Central Park.

Edwin Franko Goldman

The most famous bandmaster after Sousa was ________________________ (1878-1956). He and his son, Richard Franko Goldman (1910-1980), continued the tradition of outdoor band concerts through the nationally broadcast Goldman Band summer series from New York's Central Park.

Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen

The most famous contrafactum (though not by Luther) is O Welt, ich muss dich lassen (O world, I must leave you), based on the Lied ________________________________.

intermedi

The most spectacular __________ were those for teh comic play La pellegrina (The Pilgrim Woman) at the 1589 wedding in Florence of Grand Duke Ferdinand d' Medici of Tuscany and Christine of Lorraine. Several artists who were later involved in the earliest operas worked on these __________, including their producer, composer and choreographer Emilio de' Cavalieri (ca. 1550-1602); poet Ottavio Rinuccini (1562-1621); and singer-composrs Jacopo Peri (1561-1633) and Giulio Caccini (ca. 1550-1618).

Guido of Arezzo

The most widely read treatise after Boethius was __________________'s Micrologus (ca. 1025-28), a practical guide for singers that covers notes, intervals, scales, the modes, melodic composition, and improvised polyphony.

Carl Heinrich Graun

The nonliturgical genre of the oratorio became the principal medium for North German composers. The best known was the Passion oratorio Der Tod Jesu (The Death of Jesus, 1755) by ______________________, which remained popular in Germany until the end of the nineteenth century.

isorhythm

The polyphonic music of the time is characterized by an interplay between structure and pleasure, the former evident in the rhythmic and melodic patterning known as ___________ and in standardized forms for secular song, and the latter in engaging melodies, chromatic inflections, more frequent imperfect consonances, and new possibilities in notating rhythm and meter.

sale of indulgences

The practice of the _____________________, credits for good deeds done by othres, which one could purchase to reduce the punishment for sin.

introduction

The presence in both first and last movements of slow ______________ in Brahms's Third Symphony that gradually unfold the principal thematic material before the Allegro begins is unlike any Beethoven model but recalls Schumann's Fourth Symphony.

Johann Adam Hiller

The principal composer of Singspiel in the 1760s and 1770s was ____________________ (1728-1804) of Leipzig.

John Hawkins

The public's curiosity about music extended to its origins and past styles, addressed in the first universal histories of music: Charles Burney's A General History of Music (1776-89), ______________'s A General History of the Science and Practice of Music (1776), and Johann Nikolaus Forkel's Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik (General History of Music, 1788-1801).

Joseph Haydn

The publication of ______'s music brought him fame throughout Europe and generated commissions from many other patrons.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

The publication of pieces based on melodies and rhythms from his mother's Caribbean heritage made ______________'s reputation. Through _____________'s music, composers from Bizet, Offenbach, and Borodin to Debussy and Ravel came to know and at times to imitate the dance rhythms and syncopations of the New World. ___________ gave his New York debut in 1853 to wildly enthusiastic reviews, playing mostly his own compositions, and spent the rest of his life touring the United States, the Caribbean islands, and South America.

Joseph Haydn

The quartets from 1770-72 made ______ famous far beyond Austria, and their expanded proportions and expressive range set the pattern for later quartets.

guitar

The refrain followed a simple repeating pattern of chords played on the _______, which had become the most popular plucked or strummed instrument in Spain and the Spanish colonies.

Hard to Explain

The result has been an explosion of mashups suc has A Stroke of Genie-Us (2001) by Freelance Hellraiser, which layers pop star Christina Aguilera's voice on Genie in a Bottle over the loud guitars from __________________ by the neo-garage rock band The Strokes, and 2ManyDJs' Smells Like Teen Booty (2002), which combines the angst-ridden guitar, bass, and drums of grunge band Nirvana's Smells Like Teen Spirit with the bubble-gum pop vocal line of Destiny's Child's bootylicious.

impressionism

The revolution begun by _____________ stimulated new ways of making, seeing, and thinking about paintings, giving birth to movements such as expressionism, surrealism, and abstract art.

idee fixe

The rocess of thematic transformation in Liszt's music has much in common with Berlioz's use of the _________ and Wagner's treatment of leitmotives, and had many later echoes in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Gospel

The simplest chants are the formulas for intoning prayers and Bible readings, such as the Collect, Epistle, and _______.

Signora Girolama

The singers __________________ and Giulia Masotti earned twice to six times as much for an opera's run as Cavalli, the best-paid composer, received for writing it.

Hermit Songs

The songs in Barber's cycle ____________ (1952-53), on texts by medieval Irish monks and hermits, are always tonally centered, yet each offers a novel blend of traditional tonality with modern techniques.

Berry Gordy

The sounds of Motown- a Detroit-based record company founded and owned by African American entrepreneur ____________ (b. 1929)- dominated the soul charts of the 1960s and often crossed over to top the pop charts as well.

Gold Diggers of 1933

The spectacular choreography of Busby Berkeley enlivened ______________________ and many other films, and the singing and dancing of Bing Crosby, Fred Astaire, and Ginger Rogers in many movie musicals made them international stars.

Internet

The spread of communications satellites and cable television, and the advent in the 1980s and 1990s of personal computers, fax machines, cell phones, and the __________, put people around the world in immediate touch with one another.

isorhythmic motet

The structural artifice of Ars Nova ____________________s and the notational and proportional wizardry of Ars Subtilior songs have influenced composers in the second half of the twentieth century such as Olivier Messiaen and Gyorgy Ligeti.

Greater Perfect System

The system with four tetrachords plus an added lowest note to complete a two-octave span, was called the __________________________.

Eduard Hanslick

The term crystallized the polarization among German composers between Liszt, Wagner, and their followers on one side, who believed that music could be linked to the other arts, and on the other side the advocates of absolute music such as Brahms and music critic ___________________.

King Henry VIII

The third major branch of Protestantism in the sixteenth century was the Church of England, whose origins lay more in politics than in doctrine. King _______________ (r. 1509-47) was married to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. ______ desired a male heir, but their only surviving child was a daughter, Mary. With Catherine past childbearing age, in 1527 ______ sought an annulment so he could marry Anne Boleyn. The pope could not grant this without offending Catherine's newphew, Emperor Charles V, so in 1534 _____ persuaded Parliament to separate from Rome and name ______ head of the Church of England.

Hashirim asher lish'lomo

The thirty-three settings of Hebrew psalms, hymns, and synagogue songs were written by the Mantuan composer Salamone Rossi (ca. 1570-ca. 1630), and the collection was titled __________________________ (The Songs of Solomon, 1622-23), pun on Rossi's first name.

Heinrich Isaac

The three most eminent figures in the generation of Franco-Flemish composers born around the middle of the fifteenth century were Jacob Obrecht (1457 or 1458-1505), __________________ (or Heinrich Isaac, ca. 1450-1517), and Josquin Desprez (ca. 1450-1521).

Heiligenkreuz Abbey

The trend continues in the twenty-first century: music in the style of chant is used in Halo and other video games, and in 2008, the monks of ____________________ in Austria released an album titled Chant: Music for Paradise that became a top-ten hit.

Halo

The trend continues in the twenty-first century: music in the style of chant is used in ______ and other video games, and in 2008, the monks of Heiligenkreuz (Holy Cross) Abbey in Austria released an album titled: Chant: Music for Paradise that became a top-ten hit.

Johann Gottfried von Herder

The ultimate models were the lyric poets of ancient Greece and Rome, such as Sappho and Horace. Two collections of folk song verses, _______________________________'s Volkslieder (Folk Songs, 1778-1779) and Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim's Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Boy's Magic Horn, 1805), influenced poets to adopt similar language and imagery.

In Nomine

The way musical genres develop through composers imitating each other is exemplifed by the ___________. Sixteenth- and seventeenth- century English composers wrote over two hundred pieces for consort or keyboard titled ____________, all but a few setting the same cantus firmus. The source for the tradition was the section on "in nomine Domini" from the Sanctus of John Taverner's Missa Gloria tibi trinitas, which Taverner transcribed for instruments and titled ____________.

Gloria tibi trinitas

The way musical genres develop through composers imitating each other is exemplified by the In Nomine. The source for the tradition was the section on "in nomine Domini" from the Sanctus of John Taverner's ______________________________, which Taverner transcribed for instruments and titled In Nomine. others then wrote settings of the same melody (the chant ____________________), and eventually In Nomines became one of the most popular genres of English music for viol consort, lasting through Henry Purcell's setting at the end of the seventeenth century.

istampita

There are about fifteen surviving instrumental dances from fourteenth-century Italy, most in the Italian form of the estampie, the __________.

Baroque instrumental music

There are several ways to categorize __________________________. Four approaches are particularly helpful: by performing forces, venue, nationality, and type of composition.

Guardame las vacas

There was a well-etablished traditionin Spain and Italy of popular songs, composed or extemporized, that were sung to familiar basso ostinato patterns such as _____________________, its close relative the romanesca, and the Ruggiero.

King Henry VIII

There were three main branches: the Lutheran movement in northern Germany and Scandinavia, the Calvinist movement led by Jean Calvin that spread from Switzerland and the Low Countries to France and Britain, and the Church of England, organized by King ________________ for political reasons but ultimately influenced by Reformation ideals.

Internet

These new devices linked users into a global web of communication and information, both privately through direct personal exchanges and publicly through the __________. Google, created in the late 1990s, and other search engines allowed quick access to anything on the __________; knowledge about almost everything was immediately available, but so was misinformation and disinformation, and it could be difficult to gauge which sources were reliable.

L'isle joyeuse

These traits are evident in the passage from Debussy's piano piece __________________ (The Joyous Isle, 1903-04). Each motive is associated with a particular figuration, chord or succession of chords, scale type, dynamic level, and range on the piano, producing a succession of images that remain distinct from one another even as each flows into the next: (a) a rising major third motive in a whole-tone environment; (b) an upward sweep in the B Dorian diatonic scale; (c) a partially chromatic motive based on undulating thirds; (d) a pentatonic filigree; and (e) chromatic lines in contrary motion over a pedal A (combined with c). In the motion from each segment to the next, some notes remain the same and some change, producing the effect of a harmonic progression.

Mikhail Glinka

These types of chord progression are not the result of naive experimentation, as some have imputed to Musorgsky, but show his intellectual approach to composition and his familiarity with Liszt, _______, and other composers who had used such progressions.

Guillaume Tell

This combination of elements, along with its large scale and dramatic power, made _________________ one of the founding examples of French grand opera.

indeterminacy

This spetrum includes tonal and neotonal music; post-tonal styles drawing on composers from earlier in the century; increasingly complex approaches to twelve-tone and serial composition; the new virtuosity; applications of ______________ and chance in composition and performance; music that explored sound itself by employing new instruments, electronic music, or new sounds on existing instruments; incorporation of elements from other traditions such as jazz and non-Western music; and pieces based on quotation and collage of past music.

Guidonian hand

This was the realm of musica recta (correct music), the gamut of notes sung in liturgical chant and mapped on the ___________________.

George Frideric Handel

Throughout the opera, ______'s characteristic combination of national elements is apparent.

victor hugo

Thus Liszt's Prometheus (1850-55) relates to a myth and to a poem by Herder, Mazeppa (1852-54) to a poem by _____________, and Orpheus (1853-54) to Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice and to an Etruscan vase in the Louvre Museum depicting Orpheus singing to the lyre.

Johann Gottfried von Herder

Thus Liszt's Prometheus (1850-55) relates to a myth and to a poem by _______, Mazeppa (1852-54) to a poem by Victor Hugo, and Orpheus (1853-54) to Gluck's opera Orfeo ed Euridice and to an Etruscan vase in the Louvre Museum depicting Orpheus singing to the lyre.

Guido of Arezzo

To facilitate sight-singing, ________________ introduced a set of syllables corresponding to the pattern of tones and semitones in the succession C-D-E-F-G-A. _______'s syllables helped to locate the semitones in chant: only the step between mi and fa was a semitone, and all others were whole tones. Moreover, C-D-E-F-G-A includes all four finals of the modes plus a tone on each end, so ______'s syllables could be used to teach the pattern of whole and half steps around the final of each mode.

Gianni Schicchi

To provide these elements, Giacomo Puccini chose plots set in a plae and time that inspired him, whether that be Florence in 1299 (___________________, 1918.)

Victor Hugo

Verdi perferred stories that had succeeded as spoken dramas, drawing on plays by authors like Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, and ____________.

Paul Hindemith

Today Milhaud, Poulenc, and Weill are admired for their wit and clarity, __________ for his summation of the German tradition from Bach through Brahms in a novel musical language, Shostakovich and Prokofiev for their highly emotional and passionate symphonic styles, and composers in the Americas for giving their nations a place in the classical tradition- all with little thought to the ideologies that swirled around these composers and the constraints under which they labored.

Ippolito et Aricia

Traetta similarly aimed to combine the best of French tragedie en musique and Italian opera seria in his ____________________ (1759), on a libretto translated and adapted from Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie.

Henry IV

Two years after the premiere of Otello, Boito suggested an opera on scenes from Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor and __________ involving the character Falstaff. (Verdi).

George Frideric Handel

Unlike Vivaldi, Rameau, and Bach, who rarely traveled outside their countries, ________________________ (1685-1759) moved comfortably among German-, Italian- , and English-speaking cities.

Guido of Arezzo

Using solmization and staff notation, ______ boasted that he could "produce a perfect singer in the space of one year, or at the most in two," instead of the ten or more it usually took teaching melodies by rote.

indeterminacy

Variations IV (1963), for instance, uses both ___________ and chance (transparent plastic sheets with lines, dots, and other symbols are superimposed randomly and then read as graphic notation) to create a piece "for any number of players, any sounds or combinations of sounds produced by any means, with or without other activities."

Goldberg Variations

Variety also marks the __________________ (1741), which raised the genre of keyboard variations to a new level of artfulness.

Carlo Goldoni

Venetian composer Baldassare Galuppi (1706-1785), best known for the enormously popular comic operas he wrote in collaboration with the playwright _______________, was also a virtuoso harpsichordist who composed more than 130 keyboard sonatas in one, two, and three movements.

Un giorno di regno

Verdi focused on tragic plots and shied away from comedy; after the failure of his young children and __________________ (1840), which followed the deaths of his young children and wife Margherita, it was more than fifty years before he wrote another comedy, Falstaff (1893).

Louis Moraeu Gottschalk

Virtuoso performer-composers of the 1820s to 1840s, such as Paganini and ____________, gained mass appeal through spectacular showmanship and heightened expressivity, often at the expense of the musical values esteemed by connoisseurs.

isorhythm

Vitry's motet 'Cum statua/Hugo, Hugo/Magister invidie' illustrates isorhythm.

isorhythm

Vitry's motets use a device modern scholars have called ___________ ("equal rhythm"), in which the tenor is laid out in segments of identical rhythm. In the isorhythmic motet of the fourteenth century, the rhythmic patterns are longer and more complex, and the tenor tends to move so slowly in comparison to the upper voices that is is heard less as a melody than as a foundation for the entire polyphonic structure.

Harvard University

Walter Piston, a Nadia Boulanger student who taught at _________, encouraged a neoclassical approach, while Princeton was dominated by approaches derived from Schoenberg and Webern, particularly through the influence of Roger Sessions and his student and colleague Milton Babbitt.

Nicolas Gombert

We can see several of traits such as overlapping phrases, etc. in _______'s five-voice motet Ave regina caelorum, based on a chant with the same words. The succession of interlocking points of imitation continues throughout the work, creating a seamless flow without the clear breaks and strong contrasts typical of Josquin, with whom ________ was said to have studied. The music reflects the value _______ placed on combining continuity with constant variation, and the lesser value he placed on the rhetorical effects Josquin achieved through contrasts of character, texture, and figuration and through word-painting.

Isidore of Seville

We can trace the development of the liturgy of the Western Church because the words were written down. Yet the melodies were learned by hearing others sing them, a process called oral transmission, leaving no written traces. We have only one fragment of Christian music before the ninth century - a hymn to the Trinity from the late third century found on a papyrus at Oxyrhynchos in Egypt and written in ancient Greek notation. But this notation had been forgotten by the seventh century, when ______________________ (ca. 560-636) wrote that "Unless sounds are remembered by man, they perish, for they cannot be written down."

heterophony

We know from pictures that singers accompanied themselves on lyre or kithara, but we do not know whether they sounded notes in the melody, played a variant of the melody (creating _____________), or played an independent part (creating polyphony).

harmonia

We should not presume that all music from the Dorian region (southern Greece) used the Dorian octave species, Dorian ________, and Dorian tonos, or that these three concepts were equivalent or even closely related.

indeterminacy

We will encounter Stockhausen several times in the chapter (Extensions of Tradition) and the next, in elation to electronic music, ______________, quotation, and other trends.

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Westerns often featured music in the diatonic Americanist style championed by Copland in his ballets and film scores, but the Italian composer Ennio Morricone (b. 1928) created a new, pop-influenced for his Western scores, including _______________________________________ (1967).

Heidenroslein

When a poem sustains a single image or mood, Schubert typically uses strophic form, with the same music for each stanza, as in _________________ (Little Heath-Rose, 1815) and Das Wandern (Wandering), the first song in Die schone Mullerin.

Joseph Haydn

When he entered the service of Prince Paul Anton Esterhayz, ______ was named Vice-Kapellmeister, allowed the elderly Kapellmeister to retain his title but giving ______ sole direction of orchestral, chamber, and dramatic music.

Joseph Haydn

When we examine ______'s music closely, we recognize how sophisticated it is. Classic period.

Anthony van Hoboken

While the position forced Haydn to compose at a prodigious rate- just the catalog of his works, by ________________________, fills three hefty volumes- it allowed him to hear his music in excellent performances and to experiment with new ideas.

God Bless America

Widely known for his sentimental and patriotic tunes that seem to capture the American spirit, like _____________________ and White Christmas, Berlin mastered all current popular song genres and was involved in every aspect of the music business.

W.C. Handy

William Grant Still drew on a diverse musical background, including composition studies with George Whitefield Chadwick and Edgard Varese and work as an arranger for ______________'s dance band.

instrumental families

Wind and string instruments were often built in sets or _________________________, so that one uniform timbre was available throughout the entire range from soprano to abss.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal

With Elekra (1906-8), Strauss began a long and fruitful collaboration with the Viennese playwright __________________________ (1874-1929) that would result in seven operas.

Guido of Arezzo

With his notation, ______ demonstrated that a singer could "learn a verse himself without having heard it beforehand" simply by reading the notes.

Joseph Haydn

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) counted ______ as a friend, and each admired and was influenced by the other. Although Mozart was twenty-four years younger than ______, he achieved wide renown earlier, as touring child prodigy in the 1760s. For most of his career, _____ worked contentedly for the Esterhazy princes, while Mozart spent his mature years as a free agent in Vienna. Yet when he died at thirty-five, Mozart was seen by many (including _______) as ______'s equal, and the two have come to define the music of their era.

Orlando Gibbons

Works by the leading figure, William Byrd, as well as John Bull (ca. 1562-1628) and ________________ (1583-1625), appear in the first published collection of music for virginal, Parthenia (1613).

Johann Adolf Hasse

Works in new styles, such as the operas of Pergolesi and ______, were written at the same time as works in late Baroque styles, such as Rameau's operas, Handel's oratorios, and Bach's Art of Fugue.

E.T.A. Hoffman

Written music was traditionally viewed as vehicle for the performer, who was at liberty to alter it in performance, for instance by adding embellishment. But the writer and critic _________________________ suggested in 1813 that Beethoven's music was different, requiring the performer's total subordination to the vision of the composer, as if the notated music were a sacred text to be rendered with devotion and restraint.

Guillaume Tell

Yet Rossini's reputation during his lifetime rested as much on his serious operas such as Otello (Naples, 1816), Mose in Egitto (Moses in Egypt; Naples, 1818), and ________________ (William tell; Paris, 1829).

Philip Glass

______ also exercised a profound influence on film music. ______ has scored over two dozen films, garnering Academy Award nominations for Kundun (1997), The Hours (2002), and Notes on a Scandal (2006).

George Frideric Handel

______ and a collaborator leased a theater in London to present oratorios every year during Lent.

Joseph Haydn

______ became music director for Count Morzin in about 1757 and probably wrote his first symphonies for the count's orchestra.

Charles Ives

______ grew up surrounded by American vernacular music, from parlor songs and minstrel show tunes to the marches and cornet solos his father performed as leader of the town band.

Joseph Haydn

______ has been called "the father of the string quartet" with more justification than we have for the epithet "father of the symphony." ______'s quartets are very much addressed to the players.

Joseph Haydn

______ made his last public appearance for a performance of The Creation to celebrate his seventy-sixth birthday in 1808.

Charles Ives

______ sang and heard hymns in church and at revival meetings, and he played them as a professional church organist for most of his teens and twenties (1888-1902).

Charles Ives

______ was born in Danbury, a small city in Connecticut where his father, George, was a bandmaster, church musician, and music teacher. ______ studied piano and organ, showing prodigious talent --- at age fourteen he became the youngest professional church organist in the state.

George Frideric Handel

______'s first oratorio in English was Esther, revised from a masque of about 1718. Like his operas but unlike oratorios in Italy, _______'s oratorios were usually performed in theaters. Esther, which premiered at the King's Theatre in 1732, was the first in a series of oratorios _______ put on in almost every subsequent Lenten season as a way to extend his earnings from opera, which could not be staged during Lent. But the decisive move to oratorio began when subscriptions to the 1738-39 opera season were insufficient, so instead of a new opera, _______ composed the oratorio Saul to a libretto by Charles Jennens fora three-month season of choral works in early 1739.

Joseph Haydn

______'s instrumental introductions and interludes in both works are among the finest examples of scene-painting in music of the time. This distinction helps to explain many passages in the music of ______, Mozart, and Beethoven, like this one in The Creation, that go beyond mere beauty to create an effect of overwhelming the senses.

Joseph Haydn

______'s original contract forbade him to sell or give away his compositions, but unauthorized publications of his music in London, Paris, and elsewhere spread his reputation across Europe. A new contract in 1779 allowed _____ to sell his music to others while continuing to direct opera and musical activities at court. Since copyright at the time did not extend across national boundaries, _____ tried to maximize his profits and to prevent pirated editions by selling the same piece simultaneously to publishers in several different countries.

Joseph Haydn

______'s shrewd appraisal of London's musical tastes is evident. There is a sudden fortissimo crash on a weak beat in the slow movement of Symphony no. 94 that has given this work its nickname Surprise. It was put there because, as ______ later acknowledged, he wanted something novel and startling to take people's minds off the rival concert series of his former pupil Ignaz Pleyel (1757-1831). The great tunefulness may also have been prompted by this competition, since Pleyel's strong suit was melody. ______ turned to Slovenian, Croatian, and other peasant tunes he remembered from his youth. Such appealing features reflect _______'s aim to please both the music lover and the expert.

Joseph Haydn

______'s style, which drew on many sources, was recognized in his time as highly individual.

Joseph Haydn

______'s symphonies are traditionally identified by number, although the numbering (applied by a nineteenth-century publisher) does not precisely reflect the order in which they were written nor their total number of approximately 106.

George Frideric Handel

______-'s most important innovation in the oratorios was his use of the chorus. _______'s experience with choral music led him to give the chorus much more prominence.

George Frideric Handel

_______ and a partner took over the theater, formed a new company, and had several great successes with Senesino in the major roles. But Senesino found ______ dictatorial; he left in 1733 and soon joined a competing company, the Opera of the Nobility, which featured the Neapolitan composer Nicola Porpora (1686-1768) and the highest-priced singers in Europe. Although ______ continued to write and produce operas until 1741, none matched his earlier successes.

Joseph Haydn

_______ composed the six quartets of Op. 33 in 1781 and proclaimed to two admirers that they were written in a "quite new and special way." Many of _______'s minuets, whatever their title, feature such playful rhythmic devices.

George Frideric Handel

_______ devoted thirty-six years to composing and directing operas, which contain much of his best music. In an age when opera was the main concern of ambitious musicians, _______ excelled among his contemporaries.

Joseph Haydn

_______ has been called "the father of the symphony," not because he invented the genre but because his symphonies set the pattern for later composers through their high quality, wide dissemination, and lasting appeal.

Mikhail Glinka

_______ is valued in the West for the Russian flavor of these operas, which satisfied Western tastes for both the national and the exotic.

Heinrich Isaac

_______ later adapted this simple Italian style for some of his German Lieder (songs), four-part settings of popular songs or newly composed melodies in similar style. The clear structure and sweet harmony of _______'s Lied make it immediately appealing.

Joseph Haydn

_______ showed a mastery of the symphony from his first works in the genre, but his approach changed over time.

Joseph Haydn

_______ spent most of his career serving the Esterhazy family, the most powerful noble family in Hungary. hired in 1761 by Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy, a generous patron devoted to music, ______ had to compose whatever music the prince commanded, conduct performances, train and supervise all the musical personnel, and keep the instruments in repair. When Paul Anton died in 1762, his brother Nikolaus succeeded to the title; even more avid about music, he confirmed ______________'s appointment and raised his salary.

George Frideric Handel

_______ was engaged as the music director at the King's Theatre. For this company, which flourished from 1720 to 1728, _______ composed some of his best operas, including Radamisto (1720), Ottone (1723), Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar, 1724), Rodelinda (1725), and Admeto (1727).

George Frideric Handel

_______ won international renown during his lifetime, and his music has been performed ever since, making him the first composer whose music has never ceased to be performed.

Heinrich Isaac

_______ worked as singer and composer at three institutions in Florence- the Cathedral, the Babtistery of San Giovanni, and the Church of Santissima Annunziata- from about 1484 to 1492 and as court composer for Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I at Vienna and Innsbruck beginning in 1497, later returning to Florence. Alongside his sacred music, ________ wrote a large number of songs with French, Italian, and German texts and many short, chanson-like pieces that appear without words in the sources and are presumably for instrumental ensemble.

Philip Glass

_______'s approach to opera served as a model for many later composers.

George Frideric Handel

_______'s blending of national styles is evident from his first opera, Almira (1705), premiered in Hamburg when he was nineteen. He kept to the local fashion of setting the arias in Italian and the recitatives in German, so the audience could follow the plot. Imitating Reinhard Keiser, the dominant opera composer in Hamburg, _______ patterned the overture and dance music after French models, composed most of the arias in the Italian manner, and incorporated German elements in the counterpoint and orchestration. In Italy, he learned from Scarlatti's cantatas and operas how to create supple, long-breathed, rhythmically varied melodies that seem naturally suited for the voice, amply demonstrated in _______'s Agrippina (Venice, 1709).

Joseph Haydn

_______'s earliest surviving and last completed works were masses dating from 1749 and 1802 respectively.

Joseph Haydn

_______'s first ten quartets resembled divertimentos and were so titled when they were published in his Opp. 1 (1764) and 2 (1766). From then on, ______ tended to write quartets in groups of six, the most common number of works in a published collection.

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

_______'s masterpiece for piano is Das Jahr (The Year, 1841), a cycle of character pieces on the twelve months from January through December plus a postlude. The piece embodies the contradictions of _______'s career. The first version of the piece included virtuosic passages that only players of _______'s ability could master, but she scaled back the difficulty, rewriting the end of December and all of June to make the cycle playable for a wider range of amateurs. We may never know, but the revival of the piece since the 1980s has deepened our experience of ______ as a composer and our awareness of the potentially rich legacy of nineteenth-century music we have yet to discover.

George Frideric Handel

_______'s most important patrons were the British monarchs. In 1713, Queen Anne commissioned several ceremonial choral works, including a Te Deum and Ode for Queen Anne's Birthday, for which _______ took Purcell's compositions as his model. The Queen granted _______ a pension of 200 pounds a year (roughly twice what Bach made in Leipzig). After she died in 1714 and the elector of Hanover was crowned King George I, he doubled _______'s pension to 400 pounds around 1724, when ______ undertook the musical education of her daughters. For the rest of his life, _______ couuld depend on this sizable income despite minimal responsibilities, a situation that contrasted with Bach's.

George Frideric Handel

_______'s scores are remarkable for the wide variety of aria types. _______ wrote for specific singers, seeking to show off their abilities to the best advantage.

Joseph Haydn

_______'s wit makes his music especially endearing to players and connoisseurs because he compliments our perceptiveness with every joke or subtle effect he puts in his music.

George Frideric Handel

_______, recognized since his own time as one of the greatest composers of his era, was a master of all types of vocal and instrumental music.

Joseph Haydn

_______;s Symphony No. 88 in G Major illustrates many elements that characterize his symphonic techniques. Written in 1787 for publication and performance in Paris, it has become one of _______'s most popular and frequently performed works. After a close look at this symphony as an example, we will survey the changes in ______'s approach to symphonic composition over the course of his career.

George Frideric Handel

________ was born in Halle, Germany, the son of a barber-surgeon at the local court. His organ playing at the age of nine impressed the duke, who persuaded ________'s father to let him study with Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, composer, organist, and church music director in Halle. Under Zachow, _______ became an accomplished organist and harpsichordist, studied violin and oboe, mastered counterpoint, and learned the music of German and Italian composers by copying their scores. While at Hamburg, he played violin in the opera house orchestra and wrote his own first opera, Almira, performed with great success in 1705, when _______ was just nineteen.

George Frideric Handel

________'s Rinaldo (1711) was the first opera in Italian composed for London. Interest there in Italian opera had been stimulated by the success of Thomas Clayton's Arsinoe (1705), an opea in Italian style based on an Inglish translation of an Italian libretto, so _______ arrived at the perfect time, fresh from his experiences in Italy. His brilliant music, combined with elaborate stage effects, made Rinaldo a sensation and helped establish _______'s public reputation in England. The arias were published by John Walsh, bringing _______ additional revenue. He wrote four more operas in the 1710s, and with revivals of Rinaldo, a _______ opera was staged almost every season.

George Frideric Handel

________'s music was enormously popular. How could a composer gain such popularity, and why should it be _______? And why _______?

Google

________, created in the late 1990s, and other search engines allowed quick access to anything on the Internet; knowledge about almost everything was immediately available, but so was misinformation and disinformation, and it could be difficult to gauge which sources were reliable.

Hildegard of Bingen

_________ claimed that her songs, like her prose writings, were divinely inspired.

harmonia

_________ in music reflected, and could therefore influence, ________ (usually translated "harmony") in other realms.

Hildegard of Bingen

__________'s most extended musical work is Ordo virtutum (The Virtues, ca. 1151), a sacred music drama in verse with eighty-two songs. The final chorus of the Virtues and Souls is typical of _________'s expansive and individual melodies.

Grapefruit

_____________ (1964) by Yoko Ono (b. 1933) is a collection of such pieces, many of them conceptual, aimed as much at the performer as at any observers; in her Earth Piece (1963), the performer is directed to "listen to the sound of the earth turning."

Paul Hindemith

______________ (1895-1963) was among the most prolific composers of the century.

Philip Glass

______________ (b. 1937) had published twenty works by the time he completed degrees at the University of Chicago and The Juilliard School and finished studies with Nadia Boulanger, but withdrew all of them after working with the Indian sitarist Ravi Shankar in Paris. _______'s works since the mid-1960s have been deeply influenced by the rhythmic organization of Indian music. They emphasize melodiousness, consonance, and the simple harmonic progressions and abundant amplification of rock music, and have won ______ a large and diverse following from rock enthusiasts to classical listeners.

impresario

______________ competed for the most popular singers by paying high fees. (Italian Opera in the early 17th century).

Joseph Haydn

_______________ (1732-1809) was the most celebrated composer of his day.

Charles Ives

_______________, like Bartok, created a personal modernist idiom by synthesizing international and regional musical traditions. ______ was a fluent composer in four distinct spheres: American vernacular music, Protestant church music, European classical music, and experimental music, of which he was the first major exponent.

Harmonielehre

________________ (1985), a symphonic suite that draws on Romantic and modernist styles, was greeted by one news magazine with the enthusiastic headline, "The Heart Is Back in the Game."

Osvaldo Golijob

________________ (b. 1960) grew up in Argentina in a Jewish immigrant family hearing classical music, Piazzolla's nuevo tango, synagogue music, and klezmer, and has drawn on all of them in his music.

Benny Goodman

_________________ and his band, for example, hosted two radio shows, Let's Dance (1934-35) and The Camel Caravan (1936-39).

Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

_________________ had equally thorough training, but for the most part performed and composed in private and semiprivate settings.

Anthony Holborne

__________________'s The Night Watch and The Fairie-round exemplify the abstract dances composed around the end of the century for amateurs to play for their own enjoyment. Both of __________'s dances exist in version for solo lute, but he also arranged them for a consort of five instruments and published them in 1599 in Pavans, Galliards, Almains and Other Short Aeirs.

George Hogarth

__________________, Secretary of the London Philharmonic Society, praised choral singing as an instrument of moral reform.

Alessandro Grandi

___________________ (1586-1630), Monteverdi's deputy at St. Mark's in Venice in the 1620s, composed many solo motets that used the new styles of monody.

Bernard Hermann

____________________ (1911-1975), whose dissonant tonal language drew on Ives, Berg, Hindemith, and other modernists, became famous for his scores to Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) and Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), and Psycho (1960).

Alberto Ginastera

____________________ (1916-1983) of Argentina, the most prominent Latin American composer in the generation after Villa-Lobos, drew on both national and international sources. __________'s turn from nationalism to a more abstract style is typical of the postwar era.

Johann Adolf Hasse

_____________________ (1699-1783) was one of the most popular and successful opera composers in Europe from the 1720s to the 1770s.

Sofia Gubaidulina

_____________________ (b. 1931), was born in the Tatar Republic, an autonomous region in central Russia, four hundred miles east of Moscow. In these and other pieces, _____________'s music is both modernist, in its combination of a highly individual musical personality with evocations of the classical tradition, and immediately appealing through its spiritual resonances and beautiful surface textures and timbres.

Vincenzo Giustiniani

_______________________ (1564-1637) was a well-to-do musical amateur who described contemporary musical life in Discorso sopra la musica de'suoi tempi (Discourse on the Music of His Times, 1628).

Le istitutioni armoniche

____________________________ (The Harmonic Foundations) by Gioseffo Zarlino (1517-1590) was the most respected treatise of the mid-sixteenth century.

Impresario

____________s rented rooms in or attached to taverns, charged an entrance fee, and paid the performers out of the proceeds. )Music in English Seventeenth Century Society/ Instrumental Music)

iPad

a tablet computer created by Apple.

Lou harrison

cowell's student and friend ________________ (1917-2003) combined interests in just intonation and inventing new instruments, inspired by Partch, with enthusiasm for the music of Asia. After visiting Korea and Taiwan in 1961-62, __________ wrote several works that combine Western and Asian instruments, including Pacifika Rondo (1963) and La Koro Sutro (1972), and beginning in the 1970s he composed dozens of pieces for traditional Javanese gamelan.

electric guitar

guitar virtuosos such as Jimi Hendrix (1942-1970) and Cream's Eric Clapton (b. 1945) became for the _________________ what Paganini and Liszt were for the nineteenth-century violin and piano.

Gerard Grisey

kaija Saariaho (b. 1952), studied composition in her native Finland, then in 1982 moved to Paris to work at IRCAM. There she was deeply influenced by spectral music composers ________________ and Tristan Murail.

Ionian mode

major scale

Carlo Gesualdo

one of the most colorful figures in music history was _________________, prince of Venosa (ca. 1561-1613).

hemiola

red notes, marked by broken brackets in the transcription, indicate duple divisions instead of triple and are used to create _______ effects in the contratenor (measures 1-2) and cantus (measure 6). By superimposing different meters, ________, and extensive syncopation, Caserta creates a texture i nwhich notes in different voices most often do not coincide, heightening the sense of independence between the parts.

electric guitar

rhythm-and-blues groups typically included a vocalist or vocal quartet, a piano or organ, saxophone or _________________, bass, and drums, and they performed mostly new songs built on twelve-bar blues or thirty-two-bar popular song formulas. In the 1950s, _______________ and electric bass became increasingly common, gradually displacing the saxophone and acoustic bass. rhythm and blues is distinguished from traditional blues by insistent rhythm, with emphasis on the second and fourth beats- called the back beats- in 4/4 meter; whining _______________; and a repetitive amplified bass line.

Heiligenstadt Testament

something akin to Beethoven's last will and testament, written in despair when he recognized that he would ultimately suffer a total loss of hearing; named after the Viennese suburb in which he penned it

Hamburg

the Holy Roman Emperor was weak, and the empire encompassed almost three hundred essentially independent political units, from self-governing free cities such as ________ and Nuremburg to territories ruled by princes, dukes, counts, landgraves, margraves, electors, bishops, and archbishops.

gigue

the _____ (French for "jig") originated in the British Isles as a fast solo dance with rapid footwork.

Gretchy

the leading French opera composr of the time was the Belgian-born _________________________________ (1741-1813).

Handel Festival

the most famous choir festival in London which took place every third year beginning in 1857

hocket

the music adds vivid details suc has bird songs, shouts, or dialogue, often with ______ or echo effects between the voices.

Gerusalemme liberata

the text from Torquato Tasso's epic _____________________ (Jerusalem Delivered, 1575), describes the combat between the crusador kight Tancred and the armored pagan heroine Clorinda.

In the Sweet By-and-By

topics for popular songs included lov,e heartbreak, birth, death, racial and ethnic satire, new inventions like the bicycle and telephone, sentimental thoughts of mother and the old family home, and America's favorite pastime, baseball. Songs were pressed into service for every possible cause: abolition, the Civil War, temperance (the campaign against drunkenness), labor organizing, political campaigns, and evangelism, as in gospel songs such as Joseph P. Webster's ___________________________ (1868).

imitation mass

typically, the resemblance to the model is strongest at the beginning and end of each movement, and the composer's craft is demonstrated by the new combinations and variations he can achieve with the borrowed material. A mass composed in this manner is termed an _______________ (or parody mass), because it imitates another polyphonic work.

Introit

when revisions in the liturgy changed the function of a chant, as when the _________ and communion were shortened, or when more ornate melodies were written for the Ordinary chants after they were reassigned to the choir.