Nervous System

myelinated cells

Found in the CNS, and this is what forms the white matter.

conduction

Myelin enhances _________ conduction along nerve fibers.

nodes of Ranvier

Narrow gaps between the myelin sheaths are called?

nerve cells/ neurons

Nervous tissue consists of masses of?

microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes

Neuroglial cells in the CNS include ?

cell body, dendrites, axons

Neurons 3 parts.

somatic, autonomic

The PNS can be divided into two categories called?

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

The brain is divided into four parts:

70%

The contains _____ of the sensory structures of the body.

neurons

The functional units of the nervous system are the?

myelin sheats

The peripheral nervous system contains Schwann cells that form?

XI Accessory

Which nerve conducts impulses from brain to certain shoulder and neck muscles and functions for shoulder mvmts, and turning mvmts of the head?

IV Trochlear

Which nerve conducts impulses from brain to external eye muscles and functions for eye movements?

VI Abducens

Which nerve conducts impulses from brain to external eye muscles and functions for eye mvmts?

III Oculomotor

Which nerve conducts impulses from brain to eye muscles and functions for eye movements?

XII Hypoglossal

Which nerve conducts impulses from brain to muscles of tongue and functions for tongue mvmts?

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Which nerve conducts impulses from ear to brain and function for hearing and sense of balance?

I Olfactory

Which nerve conducts impulses from nose to brain and is the sense of smell?

V Trigeminal

Which nerve conducts impulses from skin to mucous membrane of head and from teeth to brain, also from brain to chewing muscles and functions sensations of face, scalp and teeth; and the chewing mvmts?

VII Facial

Which nerve conducts impulses from taste buds of tongue to brain; from brain to face muscles and functions for sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression?

II Optic

Which nerve conducts impulses from the eye to brain and is for vision?

IX Glossopharyngeal

Which nerve conducts impulses from throat and taste buds of tongue to brain; also from brain to throat muscles and salivary glands and functions for sensations of the throat, taste, swallowing mvmts, secretion of saliva?

X Vagus

Which nerve conducts impulses from throat, larynx, and organs in thoracic cavities to brain and functions for sensations of throat and larynx and of the thoracic and abd organs?

acetylcholine

plays a role in nerve impulse transmission

adrenal gland

secretes epinephrine

axon

send information away from the neuron

astrocytes

star shaped cells that provide structural support, function- repairing and anchor to sm bld vessels to neurons

synaptic cleft

synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the next

thoracic

t1-t12

afferent

Sensory neurons are also known as ___________ neurons. (toward the brain)

CNS

Sensory neurons transfer to?

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coccyx

...

lumbar

...

sacral

...

dendrites

1/ + that branch out , receive electro chemical messages/impulses and then conduct that impulse to the main cell body

sympathetic and parasympathetic

ANS is divided into two systems called?

eyebrows, eyelashes, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus

Accessory structures of the eye

effector

An organ in the body that produces an effect.

gray matter

Axons and neurons that do not have the myelin sheaths in the CNS are called the _________ ________.

myelinated cells

Axons with myelin sheaths are called ________ _____.

oligodendrocytes

CNS axons are myelinated by _______________, which do not regenerate.

regenerate/repair themselves

When peripheral nerves are damaged, their axons can?

interneurons

Relay stations between the sensory and motor neurons, connect with each other to form a network, and are sometimes called "connecting neurons"

dura, arachnoid, pia

Three layers of the meninges:

sensory, motor, interneuron

What are the three types of neurons?

motor

________ functions stimulate effectors to respond.

sensory

_________ functions employ receptors that detect internal and external changes.

ascending

____________ tracts carry sensory impulses to the brain

descending

_____________ tracts carry motor impulses to muscles and glands

neurotransmitters

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

csf

acts as a watery cushion

dopamine

affects motor function

norepinephrine

awaking from a deep sleep, regulating mood

cervical

c1-c8

motor neurons

carry from CNS to peripheral. (sends away from brain and spinal cord)

Neuroglial cells

cells that provide physical support, insulation and nutrients for neurons

CNS

composed of the brain and spinal cord

CNS

consists of the brain and spinal cord

PNS

consists of the nerves branching off the spinal cord

optic tracts

contain more than one million fibers that carry messages from eye to brain

cell body

contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

temporal lobe

contains the auditory center for hearing and olfactory center for smell and comprehension

autonomic nervous system

controls muscles that we cannot control, all involuntary muscles such as the heart, bld vessels, and various glands

somatic nervous system

controls the skeletal muscle function (any type of mvmt that we can control)

blood brain barrier

filters harmful chemicals and bacteria from getting up to the brain

gyre

folds in the cerebrum

oligodendrocytes

form the myelin sheath in the CNS

schwann cells

form the myelin sheath in the PNS

astrocyte branches

forms a 2 layer structure called the blood brain barrier

sulki

grooves in the cerebrum

neurillema

has a very special role in the function of regenerating damaged axons

epinephrine

increases HR, bld contricts, B/P goes up, a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin)

cerebrum

largest portion of the brain, a lot of grooves and folds

meninges

layers that cover the brain

somatic nervous system

motor neurons that control the voluntary actions of the body

autonomic nervous system

motor neurons that regulate the bodys involuntary functions

blood

the blood barrier protects by keeping pathogens out of the brain

bone

the skull encloses the brain and protects it