Neuro fall 2020 ms

The nurse is caring for a patient with Parkinson's disease and is preparing to administer medication. What does the nurse administer to the patient that is considered the most effective drug currently given for the tremor of Parkinson's?

Levodopa Explanation: Levodopa is the most effective agent and the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson's disease.

During a health history, a client explains that he was just diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and wants to know what to expect. What should the nurse include during client teaching?

Abnormal body movements such as tremors may occur at rest along with asymmetry of movement. Explanation: Parkinson's disease is characterized by involuntary tremors at rest and asymmetrical movement. Neither paralysis nor convulsions occur with this disease. It also does not affect vision.

The nurse is assessing a client newly diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Which of the following signs would the nurse most likely observe?

Diplopia and ptosis Explanation: The initial manifestation of myasthenia gravis involves the ocular muscles, such as diplopia and ptosis. The remaining choices relate to multiple sclerosis.

A patient diagnosed with MS 2 years ago has been admitted to the hospital with another relapse. The previous relapse was followed by a complete recovery with the exception of occasional vertigo. What type of MS does the nurse recognize this patient most likely has?

Relapsing-remitting (RR) Explanation: Approximately 85% of patients with MS have a relapsing-remitting (RR) course. With each relapse, recovery is usually complete; however, residual deficits may occur and accumulate over time, contributing to functional decline.

When providing discharge teaching for a client with multiple sclerosis (MS), the nurse should include which instruction?

"Avoid hot baths and showers." Explanation: The nurse should instruct a client with MS to avoid hot baths and showers because they may exacerbate the disease. The nurse should encourage daytime naps because fatigue is a common symptom of MS. A client with MS doesn't require food or fluid restrictions.

A client is newly diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Which instruction should the nurse provide?

"You must avoid stress and extreme fatigue, because these can trigger a relapse." Explanation: Stress, fatigue, and temperature extremes can trigger relapses of MS. The client should be taught to practice a healthy lifestyle, including good nutrition, adequate sleep, and management of stress. Clients taking MS medications should take them on a consistent and strict schedule to produce the desired effect of fewer relapses and to prevent sclerotic plaque from forming on the brain and spinal cord. RRMS is characterized by states of remission and relapses. A steady decline in function is consistent with primary progressive MS. RRMS is the most common type, and many treatments are available.

A client has been hospitalized for diagnostic testing. The client has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, which the physician explains is an autoimmune disorder. How would the nurse explain an autoimmune disease to the client?

A disorder in which killer T cells and autoantibodies attack or destroy natural cells—those cells that are "self" Explanation: Autoimmune disorders are those in which killer T cells and autoantibodies attack or destroy natural cells—those cells that are "self." Autoantibodies, antibodies against self-antigens, are immunoglobulins. They target histocompatible cells, cells whose antigens match the person's own genetic code. Autoimmune disorders are not caused by too many or too few immunoglobulins, and histocompatible cells do not attack immunoglobulins in an autoimmune disorder.

Which nursing intervention is appropriate for a client with double vision in the right eye due to MS?

Apply an eye patch to the right eye. Explanation: An eye patch to the affected eye would help the client with double vision see more clearly, thus promoting safety. Exercises for the eye would not benefit the client. Eye drops may be needed for dryness to prevent corneal abrasion but would not have any benefit for a client with double vision. Needed items should be placed on the unaffected (left) side.

A 33-year-old client presents at the clinic with reports of weakness, incoordination, dizziness, and loss of balance. The client is hospitalized and diagnosed with MS. What sign or symptom, revealed during the initial assessment, is typical of MS?

Blurred vision, intention tremor, and urinary hesitancy Explanation: Optic neuritis, leading to blurred vision, is a common early sign of MS, as is intention tremor (tremor when performing an activity). Nerve damage can cause urinary hesitancy. In MS, deep tendon reflexes are increased or hyperactive. A positive Babinski reflex is found in MS. Abdominal reflexes are absent with MS.

Which are the most commonly reported clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis? Select all that apply.

Correct response: Pain Fatigue Spasticity Depression Numbness Explanation: The most commonly reported clinical manifestations of MS are pain, fatigue, spasticity, depression, numbness, weakness, difficulty with coordination, and loss of balance. Aphasia is not a commonly reported clinical manifestation.

A client is undergoing testing to confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. The nurse explains that a diagnosis is made if muscle function improves after the client receives an IV injection of a medication. What is the medication the nurse tells the client he'll receive during this test?

Edrophonium (Tensilon) Explanation: The most useful and reliable diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis is the edrophonium (Tensilon) test. Within 30 to 60 seconds after injection of edrophonium, most clients with myasthenia gravis will demonstrate a marked improvement in muscle tone that lasts about 4 to 5 minutes. Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, is used to treat myasthenia gravis, not to diagnose it. Immunoglobulin G is used during acute relapses of the disorder. Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant that's sometimes used to control myasthenia gravis symptoms.

The nurse is preparing the client for an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor test to rule out myasthenia gravis. Which is the priority nursing action?

Ensure atropine is readily available. Explanation: Atropine should be ready before administration of edrophonium chloride so it is available if needed to control the side effects of the medication. Assessing facial weakness and documenting the results occur after the administration of edrophonium chloride; therefore, they are not the priority interventions.

The nurse is caring for a client who is hospitalized with an exacerbation of MS. To ensure the client's safety, what nursing action should be performed?

Ensure that suction apparatus is set up at the bedside. Explanation: Because of the client's risk of aspiration, it is important to have a suction apparatus at hand. Bed rest should be generally be minimized, not maximized, and there is no need to pad the client's bed rails or to provide multiple small meals.

The nurse is working with a client who is newly diagnosed with MS. What basic information should the nurse provide to the client?

MS is a progressive demyelinating disease of the nervous system. Explanation: MS is a chronic, degenerative, progressive disease of the central nervous system, characterized by the occurrence of small patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. The cause of MS is not known, and the disease affects twice as many women as men.

Which topic is most important for the nurse to include in the teaching plan for a client newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease?

Maintaining a safe environment Explanation: The primary focus in caring for Parkinson's disease is on maintaining a safe environment. Parkinson's disease often has a propulsive gait, characterized by a tendency to take increasingly quicker steps while walking and an inability to stop abruptly without losing balance. Prevention of communicable diseases and establishing a balanced nutrition is encouraged with any chronic disorder. Diversional activities can be helpful in times of stress but not a priority.

The nurse is educating a client with myasthenia gravis about medications. The nurse is sure to include which of the following?

Medications must be taken on time. Explanation: If medications are not taken on time, exacerbations may occur, making it impossible for the client to take the medication orally. Medications must always be taken with the client upright to avoid aspiration. Procaine (Novocain) should be avoided and the client's dentist must be informed.

Which is a chronic, degenerative, progressive disease of the central nervous system characterized by the occurrence of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord?

Multiple sclerosis Explanation: The cause of MS is not known, and the disease affects twice as many women as men. Parkinson disease is associated with decreased levels of dopamine caused by destruction of pigmented neuronal cells in the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia of the brain. Huntington disease is a chronic, progressive, hereditary disease of the nervous system that results in progressive involuntary dancelike movements and dementia. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare, transmissible, progressive fatal disease of the CNS characterized by spongiform degeneration of the gray matter of the brain.

The nurse is performing an initial assessment on a client who is admitted to rule out myasthenia gravis. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to observe?

Ptosis and diplopia Explanation: The initial manifestation of myasthenia gravis in two-thirds of clients involves the ocular muscles; diplopia and ptosis are common. Muscle weakness and hyporeflexia of the lower extremities are associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Facial distortion and pain are associated with Bell's palsy and tic douloureux.

Which of the following is the first-line therapy for myasthenia gravis (MG)?

Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) Explanation: Mestinon, an anticholinesterase medication, is the first-line therapy in MG. It provides symptomatic relief by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine and increasing the relative concentration of available acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. If Mestinon does not improve muscle strength and control fatigue, the next agents used are immunosuppressant agents. Imuran is an immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T lymphocytes and reduces acetylcholine receptor antibody levels. Baclofen is used in the treatment of spasticity in MG.

A patient with myasthenia gravis is in the hospital for treatment of pneumonia. The patient informs the nurse that it is very important to take pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) on time. The nurse gets busy and does not administer the medication until after breakfast. What outcome will the patient have related to this late dose?

The muscles will become fatigued and the patient will not be able to chew food or swallow pills. Explanation: Maintenance of stable blood levels of anticholinesterase medications, such as pyridostigmine (Mestinon), is imperative to stabilize muscle strength. Therefore, the anticholinesterase medications must be administered on time. Any delay in administration of medications may exacerbate muscle weakness and make it impossible for the patient to take medications orally.

A client has a serum calcium level of 7.2 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/L). During the physical examination, the nurse expects to assess:

Trousseau's sign. Explanation: This client's serum calcium level indicates hypocalcemia, an electrolyte imbalance that causes Trousseau's sign (carpopedal spasm induced by inflating the blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure). Homans' sign (pain on dorsiflexion of the foot) indicates deep vein thrombosis. Hegar's sign (softening of the uterine isthmus) and Goodell's sign (cervical softening) are probable signs of pregnancy.

A client with a tentative diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is admitted for a diagnostic workup. Myasthenia gravis is confirmed by:

a positive edrophonium (Tensilon) test. Explanation: A positive edrophonium test confirms the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. After edrophonium administration, most clients with myasthenia gravis show markedly improved muscle tone. Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign indicate meningitis. The sweat chloride test is used to confirm cystic fibrosis.

A nurse is assessing a client with possible Cushing's syndrome. In a client with Cushing's syndrome, the nurse expects to find:

deposits of adipose tissue in the trunk and dorsocervical area. Explanation: Because of changes in fat distribution, adipose tissue accumulates in the trunk, face (moon face), and dorsocervical areas (buffalo hump). Hypertension is caused by fluid retention. Skin becomes thin and bruises easily because of a loss of collagen. Muscle wasting causes muscle atrophy and thin extremities.

In myasthenia gravis (MG), there is a decrease in the number of receptor sites of which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine Explanation: In MG, there is a reduction in the number of acetylcholine receptor sites because antibodies directed at the acetylcholine receptor sites impair transmission of impulses across the neuromuscular junction. There are no decreased receptor sites of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine implicated in MG.

A nurse is providing education to a client with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS). Which of the following will the nurse include?

Avoid hot temperatures. Explanation: Fatigue affects most people with MS. Avoidance of hot temperatures may help control fatigue. A balance of rest and activity is a good strategy, but avoidance of any physical activity is not recommended. Avoidance of all alcohol is a good strategy. Analgesics may be required for pain management.

A client with MS has been admitted to the hospital following an acute exacerbation. When planning the client's care, the nurse addresses the need to enhance the client's bladder control. What aspect of nursing care is most likely to meet this goal?

Establish a timed voiding schedule. Explanation: A timed voiding schedule addresses many of the challenges with urinary continence that face the client with MS. Interventions should be implemented to prevent the need for catheterization and anticholinergics are not normally used.

A client with MS has developed dysphagia as a result of cranial nerve dysfunction. What nursing action should the nurse consequently perform?

Position the client upright during feeding. Explanation: Correct, upright positioning is necessary to prevent aspiration in the client with dysphagia. There is no need for a low-residue diet and suctioning should not be performed unless there is an apparent need. Liquids do not need to be withheld during meals in order to prevent aspiration.