NRES 103 Final Exam

The concept of a food chain is all about what type of relationships? A. plant-animal B. non-linear C. trophic D. lotic

C. trophic

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, recreational boating and tourism are most affected by (multiple answers) A. high water B. algal blooms C. low water D. higher water temperatures

?

The Sanitary and Ship Canal was A. another example of people trying to engineer nature to suit their needs B. essentially a back door to the Great Lakes C. an early, successful water grab from the Great Lakes D. all the above

? not B

At this point in time, what is the biggest problem facing the Great Lakes? A. human ignorance B. human ignorance C. human ignorance D. human ignorance

A, B, C, D. human ignorance

Annual damage to fisheries and recreational activities caused by invasive mussels in the Great Lakes is estimated to cost A. $200 million B. $600 million C. $55 million D. $100 million

A. $200 million

The last glacier withdrew from North America A. 12,000 years ago B. 60,000 years ago C. 4,000 years ago D. 1 million B.C.

A. 12,000 years ago

Of the world's port cities, what percentage are within two stops of a Great Lakes port? A. 99% B. 73% C. 30% D. 50%

A. 99%

Water levels in the Great Lakes have always varied, but with climate change, this variation is expected to (multiple answers) A. be greater B. be less predictable C. be compressed D. be more pronounced in the more southern Lakes

A. be greater B. be less predictable

Botulism-causing bacteria spread up the food chain after (multiple answers) A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies D. the Eurasian ruffe consumed spiny water fleas

A. being ingested by invasive mussels B. gobies ate toxic mussels C. birds consumed toxic gobies

The effects of lead poisoning (multiple answers) A. can last for decades B. are difficult to detect C. are especially pronounced in children D. can occur even though the water is clear

A. can last for decades C. are especially pronounced in children

Unlike the algal blooms in the late 1960s, the blooms in Lake Erie in the mid-1990s were caused by (multiple answers) A. cyanobacteria B. microcystis C. blue-green algae D. diatomic algae

A. cyanobacteria B. microcystis C. blue-green algae

In the scientific method, predictions are generated from hypotheses, then tested with A. data B. computer simulations C. theories D. univariate statistics

A. data

Since the Great Lakes have been connected to the Atlantic Ocean, the number of forage fish species has A. decreased B. stayed about the same C. increased D. not been counted

A. decreased

Quagga mussels eventually outnumbered zebra mussels by a huge margin because the former (multiple answers) A. don't need a hard surface to adhere to B. have an even higher rate of reproduction C. can eat the latter D. can tolerate much deeper water

A. don't need a hard surface to adhere to D. can tolerate much deeper water

Problem with mid-ocean flushing of ballast tanks include (multiple answers) A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there C. tardigrades can survive this and they pose a great threat to the Lakes D. all the above

A. effectiveness is difficult to assess due to the lag time in detection of exotic species B. it kills 99% of organisms, but there could still be a lot in there

According to the film Great Lakes Water Level Changes, the three major factors in the Great Lakes water budget include (multiple answers) A. evaporation from the Lakes B. precipitation directly on the Lakes C. water withdrawals by lake communities D. runoff into the Lakes

A. evaporation from the Lakes B. precipitation directly on the Lakes D. runoff into the Lakes

Native mussels in the Great Lakes helped to maintain water clarity by (multiple answers) A. filtering organic material from the water column B. removing pollutants in the water column C. eating algae D. all the above

A. filtering organic material from the water column C. eating algae

In recent decades, what is the primary factor that has led to an exponential increase in the movement of invasive species? A. global connectivity B. climate change C. the pet trade D. all the above

A. global connectivity

The same process causing massive algal blooms in Lake Erie (multiple answers) A. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico B. is also affecting Lake Superior in a major way C. was the primary cause in the 1960s D. has resulted in dead zones around the world

A. has created a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico D. has resulted in dead zones around the world

Phosphorus (multiple answers) A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment C. was present in Lake Erie before settlement D. all the above

A. is required by every living organism B. does not exist naturally in the environment

The round goby is considered a generalist species because (multiple answers A. it can live in freshwater or saltwater B. it has a diverse diet C. it tends to take charge of other fish D. it is very aggressive

A. it can live in freshwater or saltwater B. it has a diverse diet

Most foreign freighters sail out of the Great Lakes carrying grain, totaling what percentage of total grain exports for the U.S. and Canada? A. less than 2 B. 20 C. more than 40 D. 10

A. less than 2

Cities tended to be constructed (multiple answers) A. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl B. where timber resources were C. to look like the European cities immigrants came from D. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths

A. near areas preferred by spawning fish and waterfowl D. adjacent to protected harbors and river mouths

The notion of restoring even parts of the Great Lakes region to conditions that existed prior to European settlement is challenging because A. of so much environmental degradation B. of climate change C. of economics D. of politics

A. of so much environmental degradation

Once water samples tested positive for carp beyond the electrical barriers, General Peabody A. refused to close the locks B. fired Dr. Lodge from the project C. agreed to close the locks temporarily D. met with environmentalists and barge operators

A. refused to close the locks

In cities, surfaces that are impervious to rainfall tend to (multiple answers) A. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure B. increase in area C. increase runoff during storm events D. could result in runoff during storm events that could carry off domestic livestock

A. result in inputs to rivers and the Lakes that included dirt, refuse, and horse manure B. increase in area C. increase runoff during storm events

Once the Great Black Swamp was cleared and drained, the people there found (multiple answers) A. the soils were incredibly rich B. they could only harvest crops for a year or two before the soils were played out C. the soils were of poor quality D. they had the most productive land in the country

A. the soils were incredibly rich D. they had the most productive land in the country

The zebra mussel could not have 'walked' across the Atlantic Ocean to reach the Great Lakes, even over many generations, because A. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth B. they would have fallen prey to many oceanic mussel-devouring fish C. they would have starved in the ocean D. mussels can't walk

A. they could not have survived the ocean's salinity or depth

Whitefish were never a consumer of fish, probably because A. they had no teeth B. they were too small C. they were exceedingly slow D. all the above

A. they had no teeth

The St. Lawrence Seaway was constructed (multiple answers) A. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes B. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR C. to circumvent Niagara Falls D. all the above

A. to allow ocean-going freighters access to the Great Lakes B. because the U.S. President saw strategic value there during the cold war with the USSR

At this point, the only mandated strategy for ships sailing from foreign ports into the Great Lakes is A. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean B. to flush only tanks that actually carry ballast water C. to combine a chlorine treatment with a salt water flush of ballast tanks D. a request to flush ballast tanks with salt water, but it's optional

A. to flush all of their ballast tanks mid-ocean

Predicting which species are likely to become invasive is A. very difficult to do B. easy in systems that have suffered a lot of environmental impacts C. easy if you know a lot about them D. an exact science

A. very difficult to do

There were fewer alewives in Lake Erie because, compared to the other upper Lakes, it is (multiple answers) A. warmer B. higher in elevation C. shallower D. populated by more species of other fish

A. warmer C. shallower

DNA barcoding (multiple answers) A. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast B. is meant to identify species C. is another term for DNA fingerprinting D. uses the same technology as scanning in supermarkets

A. was initially used to identify invasive species in ship's ballast B. is meant to identify species

The diet of the round goby includes (multiple answers) A. young zebra and quagga mussels B. eggs of other fish C. young of larger fish D. zooplankton

A. young zebra and quagga mussels ?

Annual cargo through the Seaway peaked in the mid-1970s at around 57 million tons; the Seaway was designed to handle A. 50 million tons B. 80 million tons C. 60 million tons D. 100 million tons

B. 80 million tons

What is the shallowest of the Great Lakes? A. Michigan B. Erie C. Huron D. Ontario

B. Erie

Rather than a food chain, it's more accurate to think in terms of a food web because; A. It describes flows of energy among species B. It focuses on trophic relationships as a network C. It describes linkages among species D. It's a more recent concept

B. It focuses on trophic relationships as a network

Successful invasive species tend to (multiple answers) A. be larger than native species B. be very good dispersers C. produce a lot of offspring D. are dietary specialists

B. be very good dispersers C. produce a lot of offspring

Most invasive species are introduced A. by climate shifts B. by humans C. by ocean currents D. by storms

B. by humans

The Clean Water Act (multiple answers) A. focused on nonpoint pollution B. focused on point-source pollution C. ignored nonpoint pollution D. all the above

B. focused on point-source pollution C. ignored nonpoint pollution

Zebra mussels impact native mussels directly A. eating their larvae B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells C. taking up all available substrate D. all the above

B. inhibiting their ability to open their shells

A key difference between non-native (or exotic) species and invasive species is that A. exotic species are introduced accidentally B. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences C. invasives become established outside their historical range D. invasives are intentionally introduced

B. invasives tend to cause negative environmental consequences

For four of the five Great Lakes, the estimated impact of invasion by Asian carp is A. low to moderate B. moderate to high C. moderate D. low

B. moderate to high

The alewife came to dominate native fish in the Great Lakes by (multiple answers) A. virtue of their large size B. preying on their young C. acting as a parasite D. out-competing them for food

B. preying on their young D. out-competing them for food

Invasive mussels were able to colonize isolated inland lakes by (multiple answers) A. riding currents as veligers B. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water C. being sucked up in the ballast of freighters D. being able to live on a boat outside water for days

B. taking refuge in any damp spot on a boat out of water D. being able to live on a boat outside water for days

In a sense, it could be said that the Clean Water Act had its origins in A. the St. Lawrence River B. the Cuyahoga River C. the St. Clair River D. the Detroit River

B. the Cuyahoga River

The Supreme Court rejected Missouri's lawsuit, even though the number of typhoid cases in St. Louis had increased four-fold since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal because A. Oliver Wendell Holmes was actually from Chicago B. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was C. Missouri was not yet a state D. there was no way reverse the situation could be changed

B. the Illinois River appeared to be relatively clean compared to what it was

Which of the following is a Native American tribe that the French did not encounter in the Great Lakes region? A. the Hurons B. the Sioux C. the Iroquois D. the Winnebagoes

B. the Sioux

Features of zebra mussels that enabled them to be such successful invaders include (multiple answers) A. their ability to reproduce at a relatively young age B. the ability of females to produce so many eggs C. a lack of native predators in the Great Lakes D. their high filtration rate

B. the ability of females to produce so many eggs D. their high filtration rate 0.5/1

One thing that the timber holdings in the upper Midwest and the Great Lakes Fisheries had in common was that A. they were both a public resource B. they both seemed limitless C. they were mostly eliminated in a couple of decades D. all the above

B. they both seemed limitless

There was a mistake made in naming Lakes Michigan and Huron. What was it? A. Georgian Bay is actually a separate lake B. they're actually one lake C. Michigan was supposed to be named Mishigami but early map-makers misspelled it D. The western-most lake was supposed to be Huron

B. they're actually one lake

The reported annual cost borne by municipalities and industry in the Great Lakes region to keep pipes free from mussels A. $55 million B. $100 million C. $600 million D. $200 million

C. $600 million

What prevented water-bound organisms from migrating from the ocean to the upper Great Lakes? A. A saltwater thermocline B. The falls of St. Mary C. Niagara Falls D. a thermobar

C. Niagra Falls

The deadliest fire in U.S. history was A. The Great Chicago Fire B. The Woolsey Fire C. The Peshtigo Fire D. The Camp Fire

C. The Peshtigo Fire

Another ballast hitch-hiker, the Eurasian ruffe, became a very successful invader in the Great Lakes, largely due to A. all the above B. it incredible mobility C. an extremely high reproductive rate D. a lack of native predators

C. an extremely high reproductive rate

What is the process by which toxins reach higher levels in species that are higher up the food chain? A. magnification B. toxic multiplication C. bioaccumulation D. zoogenesis

C. bioaccumulation

The west-to-east flow of the Great Lakes is due to differences in A. atmospheric pressure B. water use C. elevation D. their surface area

C. elevation

The first European to explore the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier, but after 1000 miles he had to turn back because his party A. the river became too narrow B. they encountered fierce resistance from the Iroquois C. encountered impassible rapids D. ran out of provisions

C. encountered impassible rapids

When a bighead carp was caught beyond the barrier and just miles from Lake Michigan A. Peabody worked more closely with Dr. Lodge to find a solution B. General Peabody agreed to close the locks C. five states took USACE and Illinois to court D. it was clear that carp were likely breeding in Lake Michigan

C. five states took USACE and Illinois to court

Successful invasive species often lack predators in their new environment, and also tend to be A. not very attractive B. habitat specialists C. habitat generalists D. voracious predators

C. habitat generalists

Compared to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, North America's 4th seacoast is unique in that A. it has experienced so many invasives B. it is more heavily populated C. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters D. all the above

C. it has a single entry point for foreign freighters

Of the changes in the Great Lakes associated with climate, the commercial shipping industry is most affected by A. high water B. more frequent storms C. low water D. algal blooms

C. low water

In response to the State Emergency Manager's claim that water from Lake Huron was no safer than that of the Flint River, scientists from Virginia Tech A. filed a class action lawsuit B. agreed C. provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive D. held a press conference with the mayor

C. provided data showing water from the Flint River was 19 times more corrosive

The St. Lawrence divide (multiple answers) A. separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Mississippi River Basin B. is generally more of a hill than a mountain C. runs through the western part of Chicago D. runs through southern Canada

C. runs through the western part of Chicago D. runs through southern Canada ?

A key question in ecological restoration globally, and especially applicable to the Great Lakes has to do with A. methodology B. labor C. target conditions D. environmental justice

C. target conditions

On an annual basis, the Soo Locks handle more ships and more tonnage A. than all of the world's container ships combined B. than Erie Canal throughout its entire history C. than the Panama and Suez Canals combined D. all the above

C. than the Panama and Suez Canals combined

After the trees were cut in the Great Black Swamp, roads were built and ditches were dug. The latter was greatly facilitated by A. the Toledo Back Hoe B. the Maumee Ditch Mauler C. the Buckeye Traction Ditcher D. the Lake Erie Ditch Witch

C. the Buckeye Traction Ditcher

In the film clip Invasive Species - Asian Carp, Kay Nelson, who represents an array of industries on the southern shores of Lake Michigan, expresses concern about the idea of constructing a permanent barrier in the Sanitary and Ship Canal because A. she wants what's best for the Lake's fish populations B. she doesn't want her clients to lose money C. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix D. all the above

C. the general public has the impression this is a quick fix

Whitefish were ultimately able to switch to invasive mussels as a good source because A. they developed molars that could crush the shells B. they were able to suck the meat out from between the shells C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge D. all the above

C. their stomach muscles began to enlarge

It's thought that lampreys first entered Lake Ontario A. through the Welland Canal B. through the Niagara River C. through the Erie Canal D. through the Fox River

C. through the Erie Canal

A key commercial use of the Great Lakes ever since the days of La Salle involves A. timber harvesting B. tourism C. transportation D. freshwater sales

C. transportation

If ballast control systems are installed on all freighters entering the Great Lakes, the probability of more invasive species showing up there is A. zero B. 50:50 C. very high D. very low

C. very high

Of the world's port cities, the Great Lakes are directly connected to A. 25% B. 2% C. 5% D. 12%

D. 12%

Currently, the average number of trans-oceanic ships passing through the Seaway each day is A. 10 B. 20 C. 8 D. 2

D. 2

How much of the planet's available freshwater is found in the Great Lakes? A. 15% B. 10% C. 25% D. 20%

D. 20%

In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency agreed to mandate treatment systems for all trans-oceanic ships discharging ballast in U.S. waters, but A. it's uncertain as to whether all ships will comply B. such systems aren't required until 2021 C. it's not certain that such systems will be effective against all exotic species D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following factors contributes to the uniqueness of the Great Lakes? A. they are geographically concentrated B. connectivity C. the location D. all of the above E. A and B

D. all of the above

Historical racism was reported to contribute to the use of Flint River water for drinking because A. the residents were mostly poor and African American B. the residents were not viewed as credible C. the complaints of the residents were not taken seriously D. all the above

D. all the above

Once the salmon and alewife were gone in Lake Huron A. a number of native fish species began to increase in number B. fishing towns in Michigan along the Huron coast lost a lot of revenue C. the round goby proved to be a key food source for some native fish species D. all the above

D. all the above

One way that gobies can gain a numerical advantage on native fish is that A. they spawn up to three times per summer B. they are voracious egg eaters C. they drive other fish from their spawning beds D. all the above

D. all the above

Prior to settlement, water flowed clear from the Maumee River to Lake Erie. Now, the extensive grid of ditches and tile lines A. have increased flows in the river B. have made the river more turbid C. have increased nutrient inputs to the river D. all the above

D. all the above

Some strategies for getting rid of carp include A. making fertilizer from them B. making pet food from them C. making fish cakes from them D. all the above

D. all the above

The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal A. was the largest earth-moving project in North America at the time B. helped to sanitize Chicago's water C. reversed the flow of the Chicago River D. all the above

D. all the above

Which of the following is one of the main focus areas for the Great Lakes Initiative? A. removal of toxins B. invasive species control C. nonpoint source pollution control D. all the above

D. all the above

In the film Saving the Great Lakes from Toxic Algae, Jeff Reutters from the Stone Lab recommends that if we are going to reduce the possibility of poisoned drinking water in the Lake Erie region, we should first A. force farmers to stop using phosphorus B. address climate change C. drink only bottled water D. focus on water treatment plants

D. focus on water treatment plants

The listing of the lake sturgeon as endangered illustrates the point that environmental impacts especially impact species that A. tend to forage in near-shore waters B. are subject to heavy commercial harvest C. very small species D. have a low reproductive rate

D. have a low reproductive rate

Compared to the Europeans, the Woodland Culture was A. centuries B. divided into tribes with fixed territorial boundaries C. quite primitive D. lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

D. lacking in some ways but equal or superior in others

In addition to agricultural runoff causing algal blooms in Lake Erie, other major contributors include A. lawn fertilizer B. leaky septic fields C. inputs from the Detroit River D. none of the above

D. none of the above

An extreme form of wave action in the Great Lakes that is associated with rapid changes in wind and barometric pressure is known as a A. suisse B. gale C. tsunami D. seiche

D. seiche

Detractors of the St. Lawrence Seaway believed A. it couldn't be built B. that the Canadians should not be trusted C. the U.S. would have to pay more than Canada D. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

D. that it would ruin the business of U.S. ports on the eastern seaboard

At one point, the Great Lakes were connected to A. the Ohio River Basin B. the bayous of Louisiana C. the salt marshes of the Gulf of Mexico D. the Atlantic Ocean

D. the Atlantic Ocean

Ultimately, the federal government charged the state of Michigan with a violation of A. the Freedom of Information Act B. the Clean Water Act C. the Mann Act D. the Safe Water Drinking Act

D. the Safe Water Drinking Act

The drought in California is a national problem because A. it is such a vacation destination B. the entertainment industry is located there C. they produce so much of the country's wheat and corn D. they grow 90% of the nation's produce

D. they grow 90% of the nation's produce

Invasive mussels were able to virtually take over Lake Mead's bed and canyon walls below the waterline in only two years because A. they were taken up in the ballast of large boats on the lake B. there were so many arriving from the Midwest C. the zebra mussel is able to attach to boat hulls D. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

D. they were able to reproduce rapidly in the warm climate

The primary mission of the early French explorers of the Great Lakes was A. to establish trading posts B. to establish new colonies there C. to defeat the Spanish D. to find a passage to the Great South Sea and Cathay

D. to find a passage to the Great South Sea Cathay

In the film The St. Lawrence Seaway System, the proposed way to get around the fact that the locks and channels were too small for transoceanic ships was A. to extend the shipping season B. to unload the cargo in Halifax instead C. to widen and deepen it D. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

D. to unload cargo and put it on smaller ships

Fisheries managers were surprised to learn that chinook salmon A. were actually just bigger coho salmon B. could talk C. were not much fun for anglers to catch D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

D. were reproducing in the wild in prodigious numbers

On lands near Lake Erie's western basin, there is a large emphasis in ecological restoration of A. prairies B. oak savanna C. boreal forests D. wetlands

D. wetlands

The exorbitantly high cost of pumping water thousands of miles is the thing that prevents it from happening. True False

False

Which of the following is not a feature that the Great Lakes share with the oceans? A. Downdrafts B. Waves C. Upwelling D. Currents

A. Downdrafts

Asian carp possess several of the key attributes that tend to allow species to become invasive, including A. all the above B. good dispersers C. extremely high reproduction rate D. lack of predators

A. all the above

Which of the following trends in the Great Lakes is attributed to climate change? (multiple answers) A. increase in water temperature B. increase in winter ice cover C. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events D. decrease in the growing season

A. increase in water temperature C. increase in the number of heavy rainfall events

A fundamental principle of environmental justice is that (multiple answers) A. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm B. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them C. justice is blind D. people should obey elected officials

A. minority groups should not be disproportionately burdened by environmental harm B. people should have a voice in decisions that affect them C. justice is blind 0.75/1

Increases in high precipitation events is a concern in the Great Lakes because a direct result will be A. more runoff from agricultural fields B. an increase in invasive species C. a drop in tourism D. more water in the Chicago canal

A. more runoff from agricultural fields

The problem of water pollution was compounded by the huge size of the Great Lakes because A. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water B. the ships on the Lakes were so large and generated so much garbage C. it all sank to the bottom and was thus out of sight D. other states outside the region would ship their garbage and contaminants to the Lakes for disposal

A. people didn't think they could have much of an impact on such large bodies of water

A key problem with the St. Lawrence Seaway was (multiple answers) A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small C. international freighters were unwilling to pay the high fees to use it D. all the above.

A. the 9-month shipping season B. that the locks and channels were too small

In reality, wetland serve many useful purposes. For example, (multiple answers) A. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out B. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl C. they are full of valuable game fish D. they filter the water

A. they slow water down, allowing contaminants to settle out B. they provide valuable habitat for waterfowl D. they filter the water

Which of the following does not serve as an example of the dynamic nature of the Great Lakes over geographic time? A. Sleeping Bear Dune is moving inland at the rate of 2 feet per year B. The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years C. Paleo-Indians once hunted mastodons in Michigan D. Michigan (the state and the lake) was once covered by the Wisconsin Glacier

B. The salt concentration of Lake Michigan has been steadily increasing over the last 1000 years

According to the film "What's So Great About the Great Lakes", of the five lakes, Superior is not: A. The deepest B. The stormiest C. The coldest D. The clearest

B. The stormiest

Compared to the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal A. had more locks B. accommodated longer and wider ships C. penetrated further inland D. all the above

B. accommodated longer and wider ships

To help reduce a $25 million budget deficit, the city of Flint (multiple answers) A. tried to entice the Ford Motor Company to open a plant B. decided to build its own water pipeline C. initiated the state's first lottery D. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

B. decided to build its own water pipeline D. decided to temporarily get its water from the Flint River

The EPA exempted the discharge of ballast water from the Clean Water Act (multiple answers) A. because President Nixon threatened to veto the Act if they did not B. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so C. because they thought it was relatively harmless D. because doing so would reduce administrative costs

B. even though they did not have Congressional approval to do so C. because they thought it was relatively harmless D. because doing so would reduce administrative costs

Compared to point-source pollution, nonpoint pollution (multiple answers) A. is easy to pinpoint B. is harder to track C. is more difficult to regulate D. all the above

B. is harder to track C. is more difficult to regulate

Ballast serves a key function on freighters because (multiple answers) A. it gives the crew members a place to swim B. it provides stability to an empty ship C. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free D. it provides a way to store food on long voyages

B. it provides stability to an empty ship C. it is heavy, readily available, and basically free

The zebra mussel, quagga mussel, and round goby (multiple answers) A. can all be found in deep waters B. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter C. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair D. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas

B. likely reached the Great Lakes in the ballast of a freighter C. first appeared in North America in or near Lake St. Clair D. have their native range in the Black and/or Caspian Seas

Even though zebra mussels can only move about 14" an hour using their 'foot,' they can rapidly reach new locations because A. they are often used for bait B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents C. their eggs can survive in the guts of predatory fish D. they are such a popular item in the aquaria trade

B. offspring are covered with hairs that help them to catch currents

Rain, snow, and surface runoff from streams and rivers add water to the Great Lakes, but this is offset by A. precipitation B. outflow C. aquifers D. evaporation

B. outflow

Which river is one of the worst in-place-pollutant problems in the Great Lakes system? A. the St. Clair B. the Detroit C. the St. Mary's D. the Niagara

B. the Detroit

The first canal to bridge the Chicago Portage was A. the Welland Canal B. the Illinois and Michigan Canal C. the Sanitary and Ship Canal D. the Chicago Canal

B. the Illinois and Michigan Canal

There have been a number of unintended environmental consequences that have adversely affected the Lakes once they were connected to the Atlantic Ocean and connections among the lakes were modified by human activity. A key reason that the consequences were so profound is that A. the Lakes are relatively shallow B. the Lakes are relatively young C. the fish community in the Lakes lacked top predators D. all the above

B. the Lakes are relatively young

The amount of cargo to pass through the Seaway currently A. reflects high traffic of ocean-going ships B. is beyond what was imagined in 1959 C. could be carried by two freight trains per day D. equals about 50% of Great Lakes

C. could be carried by two freight trains per day

Since the mid-1970s, the amount of cargo passing through the Seaway annually has A. increased B. gone up, but not a lot C. declined D. held more or less steady

C. declined

The Great Lakes region is uniquely positioned to stop future invasions because A. the region is already saturated with invasives B. it would be relatively easy to separate the Mississippi and Great Lakes basins C. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock D. all the above

C. every overseas freighter must pass through the St. Lambert Lock

Eutrophication (multiple answers) A. is part of Lake Erie's natural history B. is caused by humans C. is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion D. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients

C. is characterized by a high level of oxygen depletion D. is characterized by an abundance of dissolved nutrients

Who eats who in the Great Lakes is not necessarily linear, as exemplified by the lake sturgeon because A. it will eat other sturgeons B. it is related to the dinosaurs C. it is quite large yet eats small prey items D. it lives in the deep water and eats fish much larger than itself

C. it is quite large yet eats small prey items

All energy is derived from A. the soil B. plants and animals C. the sun D. hydroelectric power

C. the sun

The film clip "The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes" describes a number of geologic phenomena that have changed the lakes over time. One of these has to do with the transition from a northerly outflow of Great Lakes water to a southerly course. This transition was caused by A. The Wisconsin Glacier B. A steep drop in temperature at northern latitudes C. The creation of a huge freshwater sea larger than all the lakes combined D. Rising land surface after the glacier's retreat

D. Rising land surface after the glacier's retreat

Eventually, the round goby A. became the dominant forage fish B. helped to keep mussel populations in check C. depressed populations of sculpins and darters D. all the above

D. all the above

For a trait to be considered to be an adaptation in an evolutionary sense A. it must be favorable to an organism's survival B. it must be favorable to an organism's ability to reproduce C. it must be heritable D. all the above

D. all the above

In nature, ecosystems are A. dynamic B. unpredictable C. difficult for humans to control D. all the above

D. all the above

The lamprey moved slowly through Lake Erie because A. it was relatively shallow B. it was relatively warm C. it lacked suitable spawning streams D. all the above

D. all the above

The second set of barriers funded by Congress A. was not turned on initially out of fear of detonating barges with flammable cargo B. were more powerful than the original C. included three clusters of electrodes D. all the above

D. all the above

Alewives became the primary food source of lake trout, but also A. became more valuable to recreational fishermen. B. boosted the immune response of trout against the lampreys. C. was reduced in number by lampreys. D. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout.

D. harmed the reproductive potential of the trout.

When federal funding was halted for the carp-controlling-sewage experiment, Arkansas Game and Fish A. gave the fish back to the fish farmer B. got funding from another source C. destroyed all the fish D. let some of them go

D. let some of them go

Vernon Applegate was able to help reduce lamprey populations by focusing on A. the Welland Canal B. the formation of their circular mouths C. the lamprey's strategy for attaching to fish D. the creeks where lampreys nest

D. the creeks where lampreys nest

Turnover of water, or mixing, in lakes is important in terms of maintaining A. the epilimnion B. predictable currents C. upwelling D. water quality

D. water quality

The scientific method is initiated A. in college B. with funding C. with a good question D. with observations

D. with observations

Canada is supportive of efforts to close the Seaway to ocean-going freighters. True False

False