Zoonotic Disease Exam 1

Rift Valley fever virus is stable at _____ temperature

-60-23 degrees celcius 50-85% humidity

Five essential elements for infectious disease transmission

1. Agent 2. Host 3. Reservoir 4. Escape from reservoir 5. Portal of entry into host

Acute neonatal death, abortion, production loss is seen in four species with Rift Valley fever virus. What are the four species

1. Cattle 2. Buffalo 3. Sheep 4. Goats 5. Camels

Five routes of transmission

1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Vehicle 4. Vector born 5. Airborne

Four types of vehicles

1. Fomite 2. Oral 3. Biological products

Two types of vector borne transmission

1. Mechanical 2. Biological

Three approved antimicrobials for bees

1. Oxytetracycline 2. Tylosin 3. Lincomycin

What makes up the epidemiologic Triad

1. Pathogen 2. Host 3. Environment

Six types of etiological agent

1. Prion 2. Viral 3. Bacterial 4. Fungal 5. Protozoan 6. Parasites

3 things accosted with the host

1. Species: age gender 2. Immune status 3. Behaviors

Two things associated with environment

1. Temperature, humidity 2. Crowding: urban, rural

4 things associated with the pathogen

1. Type 2. Infectivity 3. Pathogenicity 4. Virulence

Honey bees prefer and thrive best on

A mix of pollen sources

Based in samples dent form the Bronx zoo

A small virus was found using electron microscopy, it was found to be FLAVIVIRUS

Humans may be ____ or ____ hosts

Accidental or dead end

______ Mosquito is primary vector

Aedes

Common routes of escape

Aerosol, feces, urine, blood

Climate change effect on honey bees

Affect synchrony between plant flowering and pollinator flight periods

RVFV is found on what continent?

Africa

Replication of Development of the _____ usually occurs in the host

Agent

Contributions to prevalence

Agent, species, geography (season, weather)

_____ is an infrequent rout of zoonotic disease transmission

Airborne

Bacterial diseases affecting bees

American foulbrood European foulbrood

_______ ______ supports rapid multiplication of the agent

Amplifier host

Rift Valley fever virus primarily affects _____ buck cal also infect ____

Animals, can also infect humans

Proportion of infected individuals that develop clinical disease

Another term for pathogenicity

Proportion of diseased individuals that develop severe disease

Another term for virulence

________ are disease that are transmissible between humans

Anthroponoses

Reservoir host for rabies

Bate raccoons

_____ vector involves multiplication or development of the agent

Biological

Bronx zoo had suspicion that

Bird and human illness were related

Mosquitoes become infected withWNV after _____ the infected birds

Biting

Other mosquitoes and _____ also act as a vector for Rift Valley fever virus

Biting flies

Reservoir host for e.coli

Cattle

Beginning of WNV

Dead crows were found in NYC

_______ _______ ______ does not normally transmit the agent

Dead end host

Viruses affecting bees

Deformed wing virus Israeli acute paralysis virus Acute bee paralysis virus Slow bee paralysis virus Chronic bee paralysis virus

_____ ____ involves spread through contact with open wounds, mucus membranes, abraded skin, contacting an infected animals tissues or fluids

Direct contact

Zoonotic transmission of Rift Valley fever virus

Direct contact with blood or organs of infected animals

Infectivity does not imply _____

Disease

Asia dam in Egypt may have reduced Rift Valley fever by controlling

Flood water mosquito breeding sites

Three modes of transmission for anthrax

Food born: intestinal Direct contact: cutaneous Airborne: respiratory

Two modes of transportation for brucellosis

Food born: milk Direct contact with infected animals

RVFV is associated with

Heavy rainfall peaks in late summer Also associated with dams

Some birds infected with WNV can delvelop ___ levels of the virus in blood stream

High

Varroa Mite

Honey bee ectoparasite Mechanical and biological vector of many bee viruses #1 killer of honey bees Affect bee immune system Accelerate replication of latent viruses

Example of dead end host

Horse and West Nile virus

Dead end host for WNV

Humans, horses inter mammals

Landscape diversity is _____ for honey bee nutrition and immune function

Important

A fomite spreads pathogens through contact with _____ objects contaminated by an infected animal

Inanimate

Host is capable of becoming ______ with the agent and disease may occur

Infected

Reservoirs serve as a common source of _____

Infection

_____ is the ability of an organism to penetrate tans reproduce in a host

Infectivity

Oral route of transmission

Ingestion of disease causing agents from contaminated food or water

Indirect contact rout of transmission occur through _____

Intermediary

Key pressures on pollinators and their interactions

Land use Climate change Alien species Pest and pathogen

Neonicotinoids side effects

Lethal an sublethal Reproduction Foraging Memory loss Overwintering Homing

______ vector has not multiplication or development of the agent

Mechanical

Clinical symptoms of Rift Valley fever virus

Mild flu like symptoms Severe disease is rare and has less than 1% fatality

Example of natural host

Mince and Hantavirus

_____ factors influence disease

Modifiable

Examples of animals as sentinels for human outbreaks

Monkey: yellow fever Swine: nipha Birds: WNV Ape: Ebola Horse: EEE

In nature, West Nile virus cycles between culex _____ and birds

Mosquitoes

Animal infectious diseases that are transmitted experimentally but not naturally are _____ zoonotic

NOT

Diseases produced by toxins or venom of vertebrate animals is ______ a zoonotic disease

NOT

Human infectious disease transmitted by arthropods without an animal in the pathogens life cycle is _____ zoonotic

NOT

Human only infectious diseases transmitted by contamination of animal products is _____ a zoonotic

NOT

_______ ______ maintains the infection in the endemic state

Natural Host

_____ are pesticides affecting bees

Neonicotinoids

Neonicotinoids are a _____ acting as an antagonist of insect nicotine can acetylcholine receptor

Neurotoxin Worlds most widely used group of pesticides Used in spraying and soil Can be applied to seeds and absorbed into growing plant tissue Low vertebrate toxicity Environmentally persistent

_______ _____ is a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaboration and communication in all aspects of health care for humans, animals and the environment

One health

Dead end hosts of WNV dot not delvelop high levels of virus in blood stream and can not pas the virus in to _____

Other biting mosquitoes

_______ is FDA approved for European foulbrood

Oxytetracycline, requires VFD

______ is the ability of an organism to cause disease

Pathogenicity

Rift Valley fever virus is a a______

Phlenovirus, three strand DNA virus

Reservoir host for camphylobacter

Poultry

Many zoonoses are ____

Preventable

Infected host can serve as a _____

Reservoir

_____ is where the infectious agent normally lives and multiplies

Reservoir

Common portals fo entry

Respiratory GI Broken skin

Zooanthroponosis is also called

Reverse zoonoses

The agent must have a _____ ____ ____ from the infected reservoir

Route of escape

_______ are diseases that are transmissible from the abiotic environment to humans (many are also zoonotic)

Sapronoses

Service animals are ______ for human disease

Sentinels

Rift Valley fever virus was first recognized in _____ in Kenya

Sheep

The agent must have a portal of entry into the _______ host

Susceptible

Examples of direct routes of transmission

Touching Biting Scratch Contaminated droplets Contaminated reproductive droplets Transplacental: vertical

Air borne routes of transmission

Travel large distance Remain suspended in the air for extended period Enter respiratory tract Infrequent route of zoonotic disease transmission

Parasite that affects bees

Varroa Mite

_____ is the #1 killer of honey bees

Varroa Mite

Transfer by and arthropod that acquires a disease agent from and animal and transmits it to person

Vector born

Two modes of plague transmission

Vector borne via fleas Aerosol via humans

Three modes of transportation for tularemia

Vector borne via ticks Airborne Direct contact with infected animal

Examples of indirect contact

Vehicle or vector

Biological products such as blood, organs, semen act as a ____

Vehicle route of transmission

Rift Valley fever is transmitted by ________ transmission

Vertical

_____ is the ability of an organism to cause severe disease or death

Virulence

Reservoir host for West Nile virus

Wild bird

_________ are diseases transmitted from humans to animals

Zooanthroponosis

_______ are disease that are transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans under natural conditions

Zoonoses