NUR 412 Epi Questions

When speaking at a forum on community health, the public health nurse expresses concern over chronic disease because: (Select all that apply.)

Chronic disease morbidity is on the rise Some chronic disease is appearing at younger ages Approximately half of the population has at least one chronic condition Many individuals with chronic illness have more than one chronic condition Chronic illnesses are very costly for the community

one of the fundamental premises underlying the study of epidemiology is...

disease and illness patterns can be measured

Which activity would the community health nurse be involved with at the primary level of prevention?

Immunization

To prevent the spread of communicable diseases that enter the United States as a result of international travel, the public health nurse advocates for which of the following policies? Select all that apply.

Increased access to and affordability of travel medicine services Quarantine of all individuals exposed to an infected individuals Isolation of infected individuals at the point of entry into the U.S.

Which of the following communicable diseases is believed to have the largest prevalence in the United States?

Influenza

Which of the following conditions is considered endemic to the United States?

Influenza

Irma isn't feeling well and goes to her primary care provider (PCP) to get checked out. She pays $20 to see her PCP, who prescribes some medications that costs $75. Before her health insurance covered the cost of the medication, she must pay $300. Which of the following is correct?

Irma's deductible is $300

Which of the following is true regarding communities of common interest?

It is a group of people that have common interests that bind them together

Which of the following is a characteristic of community health nursing?

It is grounded in social justice

Which statement would be heard during the refreezing stage of change?

"I'm so glad I stopped drinking."

When considering a change, the nurse understands the importance of selecting the appropriate goal. Which should the nurse ask first?

"Is this something you want to do?"

A community health nurse working with a local support group for parents who have lost a child to suicide demonstrates an understanding of the principle of proper timing for effecting positive change by identifying which community member as being most ready to change?

"We've been thinking about adopting."

Place the steps of an outbreak investigation in the correct sequence.

1. Establish the existence of an outbreak 2. Verify the diagnosis & create a case definition 3. Find & document cases systematically 4. Perform descriptive epidemiology 5. Develop & evaluate hypotheses 6. Implement control & prevention measures 7. Evaluate efforts & readjust as needed 8. Communicate findings

Place the following steps of the planned change process is their correct, sequential order.

1. Recognize symptoms 2. Diagnose need 3. Analyze alternative solutions 4. Select a change 5. Plan the change 6. Implement the change 7. Evaluate the change 8. Stabilize the change

A nurse who is working with a community member to identify the importance of factors that can promote or hinder behavior change is engaging in which of the following activities?

Carrying out a force field analysis

Which of the following examples of essential public health services falls within the core function of assessment?

A population health nurse makes home health visits to investigate toxic exposures from a nearby park

Which of the following are characteristics commonly found in blue zones? (Select all that apply.)

A sense of purpose Regular physical activity Right tribe Mindful eating

The community health nurse explains that a focusing event is:

A sudden, relatively uncommon event that raises awareness and concern about an issue

A population health nurse wants to determine the cause of a rare neurological disorder. Which study design would be most appropriate?

Case-control study

NASA reports drastic increases in the atmospheric concentration of which of the following as responsible for global warming?

Carbon dioxide

A population health nurse has identified an increase incidence in cases of myocardial infarction in her community in the last year. He/she is working on an initiative to improve the population's access to primary care clinics so that services like screenings for hypertension and hyperlipidemia can be more easily procured. The essence of this initiative falls under which core function of public health?

Assurance

A nurse has referred a community member and her family to a local dietitian who will provide a grocery store tour and cooking class to teach the family how to select and prepare healthy meals. The nurse has recommended these activities because she/he/they has identified a need to enhance which of the following constructs of the social cognitive theory? Select the most appropriate answer.

Behavioral capacity

Match each term with its correct definition.

Cisgender Someone who conforms to social gender-based expectations for their anatomical sex Gender queer Someone who has both masculine and feminine characteristics Pansexual Someone whose sexual orientation or gender is fluid Asexual Someone who is not sexually attracted to either gender

As a result of the hard work of the population health nurse and his/her staff at the local health department, new evaluation data shows that control measures were successful and the recent outbreak is now over. What is the final step of the outbreak investigation that the nurse must now complete?

Communicate the investigation findings

A windshield survey is a tool used for assessing which of the following?

Communities

A new graduate is exploring various options in public health nursing employment. The nurse recognizes a major difference between a rural and urban setting is determined by which factor.

Complexity

You are helping a very stressed community member that has been trying to lose weight for more than 6 months. He reports still struggling with emotional eating when he's stressed. You recommend that he drink unsweetened green tea and meditate for 5 minutes as an alternative to consuming his usual sugar-sweetened soda and potato chips whenever he's stressed. Which process of change have you employed?

Counter-conditioning

Which of the following epidemiological study designs does not account for temporality?

Cross-sectional

Which of the following occurrences could result in an increased incidence of disease?

Defunding of a hand-washing campaign directed at hospital-based healthcare providers

Which of the following represents health impacts of climate change that can adversely affect a community? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Elevated risk of wildfires Reduced outdoor air quality Extreme weather events Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases

Match the appropriate definition to the provided disease control terminology.

Elimination: reduction in disease incidence to zero in a defined locale Eradication: reduction in disease incidence to zero worldwide Extinction: the infectious agent no longer exists in nature or the lab

To uphold the principle of environmental justice, the population health nurse takes which of the following actions when working with a new community? (Select all that apply.)

Encourages community members to contact their local government representatives to voice their concerns over plans to build a new garbage dump in the area Reviews a new proposal to build a new garbage dump in the area to ensure that vulnerable populations will not experience a higher burden of exposure than others in the community Invites community members to participate in discussions about plans to build a garbage bump in the area

Match each step of the health impact assessment (HIA) to its correct explanation.

Evaluation: Monitor the impact of the HIA Scoping : Develop a plan for the HIA Recommendations: Identify actions that would protect health and prevent harm Screening: Determine whether an HIA is needed

Which level of public health agencies is best equipped to address the destruction caused by Hurricane Irma across the Southeast region of the U.S.?

Federal government

A population health nurse reads a health education brochure that states, "The RR of giving birth to a baby with neural tube defects among pregnant women who consume 400 mcg of folic acid daily is 0.75." The nurse explains that this statement means:

Folic acid is a protective factor; pregnant women who consume the RDA for folic acid are 25% less likely to give birth to a baby with neural tube defects.

When discussing the health disparities arising from environmental injustice in the United States, a public health nurse shares all of the following information EXCEPT:

Gentrification has proven helpful in providing additional resources and higher quality of life for low-income and minority communities

John Snow's observations of the distribution of cholera cases during the 1854 cholera outbreak supported which of the following theories?

Germ theory

Which of the following is a criteria pollutant?

Ground-level ozone

In assessing the LGBT population, the population health nurse would expect to find higher prevalence rates of which condition in the men who have sex with men subpopulation?

HIV/AIDS

Risk of an environmental exposure is assessed by collecting information on which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Hazards or health problems that an exposure can cause How long people are in contact with the exposure What doses of an exposure are harmful How many people come into contact with the exposure

Which of the following is NOT a core function of public health?

Health promotion

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply)

LGBT youth are over seven times more likely to experience sexual violence than heterosexual homeless youth. Transgender men and lesbian women have an increased risk for breast and GYN-associated cancers. Gay men or MSM are the population most severely affected by HIV/AIDS LGBT teens have twice the risk for suicide compared to their heterosexual counterparts.

During a community advisory board meeting, a population health explains several challenges that make increasing immunization levels in communities a difficult task. These challenges include: (Select all that apply.)

Many low-income community members are unable to afford vaccinations Immunizations are not mandatory Some individuals express concerns about the safety of ingredients in vaccines Several myths claim that vaccines cause autism

The 'donut hole' is a problem encountered in which insurance plan?

Medicare

Which of the following groups is considered to be at higher risk or more vulnerable based on reported rates of HIV diagnosis?

Men who have sex with men

Which source of air pollution is attributed to the most environment-associated mortality?

Mobile sources

A population health nurse conducts a case-control study to determine what may be causing community members to develop asthma. The nurse identifies community members with and without asthma and then asks them questions about whether they've been exposed to potential asthma-causing agents. In this study, the control group is which of the following?

Non-asthmatic community members

A community health nurse is preparing to meet with a group of students. Which statements should the nurse include when discussing how trends and issues have influenced health care? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

One explanation for the high cost of U.S. Health Care System is the need to practice defensive medicine by ordering excessive tests and x-rays. In the U.S., the health-related quality of life is lower than for most other countries.

Which of the following is true regarding gender identity and sexual orientation?

One's sense of gender refers to self-identity, whereas orientation refers to attraction, behavior, and identity.

Match the action with the level of prevention:

Pap smears, prostate exams Secondary Prevention Assisting patient post-surgery Tertiary Prevention Teaching Coping Strategies Primary Prevention Monitoring hormone therapy Tertiary Prevention Promoting vaccinations Primary Prevention HIV/STI screenings Secondary Prevention

A community health nurse is developing a teaching plan about Medicare to present at a community event. Which points will be important to include in the presentation? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Part A covers medically necessary hospitalization. Part D covers prescription drug costs.

Which of the following is a SMART goal? Select all that apply.

Participating community members will be able to recall three benefits of physical activity by the end of the workshop. Parents will be able to identify and demonstrate 2 appropriate strategies of non-violence discipline after the third workshop.

Florida CHARTS can be used to find data collected via which of the following methods?

Passive surveillance

City ordinances that designate indoor smoking as illegal are an example of which core function of public health?

Policy development

Match each element of Kingdon's Framework to the appropriate examples of that element.

Policy problems A new data report out by the CDC shows a sharp increase in deaths associated with opioid use. Policy solutions A newly proposed policy would be a massive overhaul of the health care system that would likely take lots of time and money Policy politics The three largest professional nursing organizations in the U.S. have endorsed the policy.

After an unsuccessful poster campaign encouraging self-enforcement of the smoke-free campus policy, the community health nurse recommended that the University issue citations and fees to individuals found smoking on campus. What planned change strategy is the nurse now using?

Power-coercive

Which health care funding source requires a patient to pay more for seeing out-of-network health care providers?

Preferred provider organization

The population health nurse notes that the total number of cases of diabetes in a community remained stable during the last year. What type of data is the nurse analyzing?

Prevalence rate

A nurse teaches the importance of folic acid to a group of pregnant women. This is considered which level of preventive care?

Primary prevention

A population health nurse is working to distribute clean syringes to drug abusing sex workers. This is an example of which of the following?

Primary prevention

Fluoridation of water would be an example of a population-level:

Primary prevention strategy

Which of the following is the largest source of health care funding overall?

Private insurance

Which of the following are characteristics of chronic disease? (Select all that apply.)

Prolonged illness Long latency period Multiple risk factors

A population health nurse has made a personal goal of working to educate pregnant women about having healthy pregnancies and proper care of newborns. This example aligns most appropriately with which of the goals of Healthy People 2020?

Promote quality of life, healthy development and health behaviors across all life stages.

Which of the following examples represents the core function of assessment?

Reporting a new case of cancer to the national cancer registry

Which of the following statements about chronic physical health conditions is FALSE?

Reporting of chronic physical health problems is mandatory

A client visits a local clinic to have cold symptoms assessed. After the doctor performs the client's assessment, the client also has blood drawn and a chest x-ray completed while at the clinic. The patient returns home and later receives an itemized bill for the doctor's visit, a laboratory test, and a radiologic exam. This is an example of:

Retrospective reimbursement

The community health nurse is conducting screening for hearing defects at a local health fair. This is an example of:

Secondary prevention

When working with the LGBTQ population, it is very important to be able to distinguish between various aspects of gender and orientation. Match each term with its correct definition.

Sexual orientation One's preferred choice of sexual or romantic partners Gender identity One's perception of self as a man or woman Biological sex One's anatomical sex organs Gender expression One's demonstration of their self-identified gender

Relative risk can best be used to assess which of the following criteria for causality:

Strength

Using your knowledge of the natural history of a condition, at which stage of the condition would you target primary prevention efforts?

Susceptibility stage

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes motivational interviewing?

Sustain talk helps to identify resistance to change

Using your knowledge of the natural history of a condition, which of the following levels of prevention would be most appropriate to use with a patient currently in the resolution stage?

Tertiary prevention

Exposure to the Ebola virus commonly leads to the development of the actual disease and, since there are no approved treatments currently available, also commonly leads to the death of the exposed individual. Based on this information, the Ebola virus can be described in the following terms.

The Ebola virus has high virulence

Which of the following political considerations is important to consider when identifying a window of opportunity for policy implementation?

The power and influence of stakeholders

Which of the following is NOT associated with the high cost of U.S. healthcare?

The shift from for-profit to non-profit hospitals

A population health nurse is responsible for allocating funding for cancer prevention and treatment services and must decide which of two communities will receive the funding. Funding will go to the community currently experiencing the greater burden of disease. To determine which community receives the funding, what information will the nurse need? (Select all that apply.)

The total number of prevalent cases in each community The total population at risk in each community The total number of incident cases in each community

Public health surveillance can be used for which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

To describe and monitor health events To identify health emergencies early To help set priorities for addressing heath concerns To provide justification for funding allocation and policy creation To assist in planning disease prevention and control programming

A community member meeting with the resident public health nurse has reviewed the pros and cons of medication adherence and is now expressing an interest in exploring and choosing an adherence strategy. Upon hearing this information, the nurse knows that the community member is now in what level of the affective learning domain?

Valuing level

A new study reveals that women who drink 7-10 alcoholic beverages in a week have a relative risk of developing oral cancer of 2.0. The population health nurse knows that this statement means:

Women who drink 7-10 alcoholic beverages per week are 2 times more likely to develop oral cancer than women who drink less than 7-10 alcoholic beverages a week

Which of the following policies would have an indirect impact on health?

Zoning for a new casino in the community's downtown area

While explaining communicable disease transmission to a group of aspiring nurses, the population health nurse identifies which of the following as an example of a fomite?

a tissue

A community health nurse uses a home health checklist to identify potential harmful exposures while visiting with a family in the local community. This effort falls under which core function of public health?

assessment

A coal-fired energy plant and a water treatment plant would be considered elements of the:

built environment

To fulfill the "health in all policies" approach recommended by the National Academy of Medicine, a population health nurse would most likely do which of the following FIRST?

conduct a health impact assessment

Which of the following chronic illnesses results in the greatest mortality in the U.S.?

heart disease

The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune is referred to as...

herd immunity

In the context of the epidemiologic triad model, age, race, and immune status would be considered which of the following?

host factors

When explaining the criteria for causality to a high school class, the population health nurse identifies specificity as a weak criterion for causality given that:

many prevalent health conditions seen today have multiple contributing factors

A community health nurse explains to new parents that they will eventually need to get their newborn vaccinated to protect against several vaccine-preventable diseases since the ________________ provided by the mother through the placenta only provides short-term resistance.

natural passive immunity

A new screening test is developed to identify early stage pancreatic cancer. Unfortunately, the condition is still considered incurable. What are potential consequences of this new test? (Select all that apply.)

prevalence will increase incidence will increase

The precautionary principle aligns with which level of prevention?

primary prevention