NUTRITION CH 4

Prebiotics

Forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon.

prebiotics

Forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans. • Prebiotics can support and promote the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut

diarrhea

Frequent bowel movements with loose (watery) stools • Causes: generally bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract • Treatment: • Replacing fluids, sodium, and potassium to prevent dehydration • It is wise to avoid eating solids until diarrhea resolves

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Frequent heartburn and may include nausea, gagging, coughing, or hoarseness. If not treated properly, acid reflux damages the lining of the lower esophagus and contributes to the development of esophageal ulcers (sores) --higher risk of esophageal cancer -Signs of bleeding from the esophagus and stomach include black, tarry stools and iron-deficiency anemia

Digestive

Functions: Digestion and absorption of nutrients; elimination of wastes Major Organs: Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Inflammatory bowel disease

General name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines. • Inflammation disrupts digestion and nutrient absorption, and damages the intestine. • Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms of IBD.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

General name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines --inflammation disrupts digestion and nutrient absorption, and damages the intestines types: lcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

gastroesophageal reflux

Gnawing pain or burning sensation usually felt in upper chest • Occasional : "heartburn." • Not heart related, but results from stomach acid entering and irritating the esophagus • Frequent (chronic) reflux can be serious • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) damages lining of esophagus • Causes ulcers that may bleed, and may lead to cancer

organ system

Group of organs that work together for a similar purpose. The urinary system, for example, includes two organs, the kidneys and the bladder.

stomach chemical digestion

HCl and enzymes, particularly pepsin

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine, secretes bicarbonate to neutralise stomach acid

Epiglottis

flap of tough tissue that prevents the food from entering the larynx and trachea

epiglottis

flap that folds down over trachea (windpipe) when you swallow • Keeps the bolus from entering trachea (prevents choking)

chyme

mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

protons

positive charged particles in the nucleus, the central region of an atom

pancreas

produces and secretes bicarbonate ions and many digestive enzymes

Bioavailability

refers to the extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it.

electrons

small negatively charged particles that form a cloud surrounding the nucleus

element

substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

Acids

substances that lose H+ when dissolved in water

Bases

substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

Ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine By the time chyme reaches the middle part of the ____________ most of its nutrient contents have been digested and absorbed.

esophagus, bolus

tube connecting pharynx to stomach • Food moves from back of the mouth, through the esophagus, to reach the stomach. • The mass of chewed and swallowed food is a ___________

Gut Microbiota Transplantation

"fecal transplant," to treat certain intestinal disorders, such as Clostridium difficile ("C-diff") infection. --- C-diff bacteria are a usual but potentially harmful resident of the colon normally kept in check by the beneficial populations of gut bacteria. ----When antibiotic use kills most of the bacteria in the colon, C-diff is often able to survive and multiply. This bacterium secretes toxins that inflame and destroy tissues of the large intestine, causing chronic diarrhea that resists many conventional forms of treatment.

Risk factors of ulcers

-Infection w/ H Pylori -use of NSAIDS heavy alcohol consumption -smoking

Lymph

-transports chylomicrons

a

A lacteal is a a) lymph vessel within each villus. b) form of carbohydrate in milk. c) muscular structure that regulates digestion in the large intestine. d) specialized cell.

Chylomicron

A lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins.

A

A serious consequence of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. When a person's kidneys aren't functioning properly, what would you expect to happen to his or her body? A) Certain wastes accumulate in the bloodstream. B) The metabolic rate increases. C) Bile is stored in the liver. D) Stomach acid production declines.

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

solute

A substance that dissolves in the solvent is a

vomiting

Abdominal muscles contract, forcibly expelling toxic stomach and duodenal contents out of the body via the mouth. • Causes: Ingestion of toxic substances, intense pain, head injury, motion sickness, pregnancy, or migraines • Treatment: Avoid solid food until vomiting resolves; sip water or noncarbonated beverages (prevent dehydration).

small intestine

Almost all macronutrients are digested & absorbed here

homeostasis

An internal chemical and physical environment that supports life and good health

B

As part of Adrian's treatment for the intestinal problem, his doctor recommends that Adrian _______. A) take NSAIDS to relieve stomach discomfort B) avoid consuming alcohol C) avoid eating any food for 24 to 48 hours D) reduce fiber intake

catabolism

Breaking down molecules for example, occurs during digestion

Human digestive tract

Can handle combinations of foods, such as mixtures of animal & plant foods. • Can digest foods and absorb nutrients from wide variety of sources, including: • Plants, • Animals, • Fungi, and • Bacteria.

Heartburn

Caused by the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus ("acid reflux"). Because the esophageal lining does not produce as much protective mucus as the stomach, the acid quickly destroys the tissue, causing pain and, sometimes, bleeding

C

Chemical digestion begins in the a) liver. b) stomach. c) mouth. d) pancreas

Cardiovascular

Circulation of blood throughout the body Heart, blood vessels, blood

mouth

Digestion starts in the ______: teeth begin the mechanical digestion of food by biting, tearing, and grinding food into smaller chunks that are easier to swallow

large intestine

Doesn't have villi

Urinary

Elimination of salts, water, and wastes; maintenance of fluid balance Kidneys, bladder

capillaries

Enable nutrients and oxygen to move out of the blood and into cells, and carbon dioxide and other waste products to pass from cells and into the blood.

REspiratory

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

tissue

Four basic types of _________: epithelial (ep′-ih-the′-le-al), connective, muscle, and nervous.

acidic

Kidneys also participate in the buffering system by removing excess H+ from the blood when forming urine. As a result, urine is an ________fluid.

Kidneys & Lungs

Maintain acid base balance in blood

ase

Most enzyme names end with

small intestine & pancreas

Produce most of the digestive enzymes

kidney

Responsible for filtering blood

salivary amylase. lingual lipase

Saliva contains enzymes: ___&______

Pancreas

Secretes bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) that neutralize HCl in chyme when it enters the duodenum. This is a critical step in the digestion process because the enzymes that function in the small intestine do not work in acidic conditions.

Mucus

Slippery alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes

3-4

Stomach empties in about _______hours depending on contents & size of meal

Skeletal

Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells

Anabolism

Synthesizing new compounds. Repairing damaged muscle tissue after injury is an example of _________

75 grams

The MyPlate Report for Christian is set at a 3000 kcal pattern. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults limit added sugar intake to less than 10% of total calories. At 3000 kcal per day, what is Chris' limit for added sugars?

fiber

The bacteria can produce potentially harmful products, particularly when they ferment proteins and their components (amino acids). Eating a hgih _____________diet, however, appears to reduce the level of protein fermentation in the gut

absorption

The primary roles of the digestive system are the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller components (nutrients) and the ____________ of nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system

Nervous

Thought processes, regulation and coordination of various body activities, detection of changes in external and internal environments Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Liver

Uses cholesterol to make bile & process & store many nutrients -makes cholesterol & bile

B

Your friend, Adrian, tells you that he has been experiencing deep, dull pain in his upper abdomen and a feeling of fullness a few hours after eating. Despite the abdominal discomfort, he has normal bowel movements and his weight hasn't changed. 1. Based on this information, Adrian probably has _______. A) irritable bowel syndrome B) a peptic ulcer C) a blocked bile duct D) Crohn's disease

Mucus, pyloric sphincter

____________: lubricates and protects stomach walls __________________: controls rate of chyme's release into small intestine

stomach mechanical digestion

churning of the stomach walls

gastric juice

contains water, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and enzymes

Minerals

elements, such as calcium, iron, and potassium, that are found in the Earth's crust. Many minerals are essential nutrients

amylase

enables a minor amount of starch digestion to occur in the mouth

lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat in stomach

solution

evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

bioavailibity

extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them

c

A ______blank transports lipids in the bloodstream. a) hormone b) cholecystokinin c) chylomicron d) sphincter

molecule

A chemical bond is an attraction that holds atoms together and forms a____________ -Matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together

b

A salt forms when an ______blank combines with a ______blank. a) electrolyte; proton b) acid; base c) element; pH d) enzyme; mineral

four

Ability to control external anal sphincter voluntarily usually occurs by _______years

mechanical digestion

Biting and grinding actions break and mash food into smaller pieces.

alkaline

Blood is slightly _______

Cystic Fibrosis

Certain cells produce thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways,esp in respiratory and digestive systems. ---pancreatic ducts may also become blocked by thick mucus, which interferes with the organ's ability to deliver digestive enzymes to the small intestine. SO: the digestion of nutrients, especially fat, is impaired. ---- can take capsules that contain pancreatic enzymes with their meals. The capsules protect the enzymes from being destroyed by stomach acid.

smell

Chemicals in food become airborne and stimulate areas in nasal passages that send messages to the brain. • The brain combines sensory information relayed from the mouth and nasal passages to identify flavors.

Hepatic Portal Vein

Circulation of nutrients to liver via_____________

absorptive cells of villus

Complete digestion and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into capillaries or lymph vessels -Move nutrients from chyme into lacteals -Move Nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Condition characterized by intestinal cramps and abnormal bowel function, particularly diarrhea, constipation, or alternating episodes of both Intestinal cramps, abnormal bowel function & feeling like elimination of stools was incomplete

Gallstones

Consist of cholesterol -When a gallbladder that contains stones contracts or a gallstone lodges in one of the ducts that carry bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine: Pain in upper right of abdomen -Having excess body fat increases the risk of this disease

Lymphatic/ Immune

Defense and immunity against infectious agents, fluid balance, white blood cell production, absorption of fat-soluble nutrients from intestinal tract Organs: Lymphatic fluid, white blood cells, lymph vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus, fat cells

Veins

Deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood enters ______________for the return trip to the heart.

Constipation

Difficult & infrequent bowel movements • Common causes: • Lack of fiber in diet • Inadequate water intake • Anxiety or depression • Changes in daily routine • Ignoring need to defecate • May lead to inflamed hemorrhoids or diverticulitis • Increasing dietary fiber intake may help.

large intestine

Has no villi, so little absorption occurs in the organ • Feces: (stools) form as chyme becomes semisolid . • Rectum: lower part of large intestine where feces are stored until elimination

skin

Healthy______needs many nutrients for its maintenance, including vitamin A, several types of B vitamins, and the mineral zinc.

malabsorption

However, the small intestine's high cell turnover rate leads to relatively high nutrient needs for these tissues. If the nutrients needed for cell division are lacking, fewer absorptive cells can be replaced, and nutrient_________________ can occur

D

If one molecule of ammonia (NH3) gains a hydrogen ion (H+), it becomes a _______. A) mineral element B) neutral atom C) negatively charged ion D) positively charged ion

solvent

In living things, water is often the _____________, the primary component of solutions.

bacteria

Intestinal _____________ can break down (ferment) undigested food; make vitamins K, B-12, thiamin, and biotin, which their human host may be able to absorb; and produce substances that colon cells can use for energy. Gut microbiota also metabolize certain phytochemicals (phenols) into forms that can be absorbed and used by the body

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Intestinal cramps and abnormal bowel function; bouts of diarrhea, constipation, or alternating bouts of diarrhea & constipation • Unknown causes, but certain foods and emotional stress may contribute to the condition Treatment is individualized and may include: • Low-FODMAP diet (an elimination diet) • FODMAPs are poorly digested carbohydrates , including the form of sugar (fructose) in table sugar, high-fructose corn syrup (a sweetener), and fruit. • Stress management, psychological counseling, and antidepressants may be helpful

3-5

It takes about ___________ hours for chyme to move from the duodenum to the end of the ileum

C

Lance is experimenting in the kitchen and decides to make a gelatin salad. In a food science class, he learned that certain fresh and frozen fruits should not be used in gelatin recipes because they contain an enzyme that breaks down gelatin. Which of the following fresh fruits can he use to make the gelatin salad? A) Guava B) Kiwi C) Strawberries D) Pineapple

C

Lance is experimenting in the kitchen and decides to make a gelatin salad. In a food science class, he learned that certain fresh and frozen fruits should not be used in gelatin recipes because they contain an enzyme that breaks down gelatin. Which of the following fresh fruits can he use to make the gelatin salad? A) Guava B)Kiwi C)Strawberries D) Pineapple

Gut Microbiota

Large intestine is home to vast numbers of various species (types) of bacteria, which are collectively called __________

C

Linda has a history of peptic ulcers. To prevent having a recurrence of such ulcers, she should take all of the following steps EXCEPT _______. A) stop smoking cigarettes B) limit consumption of alcohol C) increase consumption of milk and cream to coat the stomach lining D) reduce use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Linda has heard that during digestion, the stomach can have a very acidic environment. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid damage the muscular walls of the stomach? A) The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it. B) The stomach secretes several quarts of water each day, which dilute the acid, minimizing its damaging effects on the organ's tissues. C) The stomach produces bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid in the stomach and protects its muscle tissue. D) The stomach is home to millions of bacteria that denature the acid in the stomach and protect it.

probiotics

Live, beneficial gut microbes that have been cultured under laboratory conditions. • May be in dietary supplements or in foods • May help prevent or treat diarrhea or certain intestinal disorders

Probiotics

Live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown (cultured) under laboratory conditions --Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the groups of bacteria that are most often used

B

Melanie has chronic constipation. Which of the following recommendations is NOT an effective way of alleviating constipation? A) Eating more high-fiber foods, including whole grain breads and cereals B) Following the same routine each day for having a bowel movement C) Ignoring normal urges to defecate, which "trains" the bowel to eliminate feces when it is most convenient D) Increasing water intake

Jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine -most nutrient absorption occurs here

enzyme

Molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes (speeds up) a particular chemical reaction. ---- recyclable; they do not become part of the products of a reaction, ---one molecule can catalyze many reactions

compound

Molecule that contains 2 or more different elements

chylomicrons

Most fat-soluble nutrients form into ____________which enter lacteals (the lymphatic system)

gastroesophageal sphincter

Muscle that connects the esophagus and stomach, and helps keep the stomach contents in the stomach

peristalsis

Muscular contractions that move small amounts of food and beverages through the intestinal tract

Esophagus

Muscular tube that extends about 10 inches from the back of the mouth, the pharynx, to the top of the stomach. Function: is to transfer a mass of swallowed food into the stomach

C

Now that you know what condition Adrian is experiencing, identify the most probable cause of his intestinal problem. A) Insufficient intake of fiber B) Ingestion of toxic substances C) Stomach infection (H. pylori) D) Hemorrhoids

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

Vomiting

Prevents toxic substances from entering your small intestine, where they can do more harm or be absorbed --occurs when the vomiting center in the brain interprets information from various nervous system receptors concerning the physical and chemical conditions of the stomach, small intestine, and bloodstream.

Integumentary

Protection and immunity, regulation of body temperature, vitamin D synthesis skin, hair, nails

gastroesophageal sphincter

Region of the esophagus next to the stomach • After food enters the stomach, this sphincter constricts, which closes off the end of the esophagus. • Keeps food inside the stomach

Endocrine

Regulation and coordination of many body activities, including growth, nutrient balance, and reproduction Glands or tissues that secrete hormones (chemical messengers)

gallbladder

Release bile to duodenum -stores bile that aids in fat digestion

absorptive cells

Remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph

Pyloric Sphincter:

Ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach, controls the rate at which chyme is released into the small intestine

chemical digestion

Saliva mixes and lubricates food. • Salivary amylase and lipase (enzymes) begin breaking down starch and fat, respectively

peptic ulcer

Sore in lining of stomach or duodenum • Symptoms: Deep, dull, upper abdominal pain approximately 2 hours after eating • Often caused by stomach infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori • Smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and use of NSAIDs are contributing factors. • Stress and dietary factors are not major contributors • Treatment: • Antibiotics to eliminate Helicobacter pylori • Medication to reduce stomach acid production

Peptic Ulcer

Sore that occurs primarily in the lining of the stomach or the upper small intestine dull or burning pain in the upper abdominal area that occurs when the stomach is empty, such as between meals or during the night ----pain is relieved briefly by taking antacids or eating ---pain results when HCl acid in the stomach comes in contact with and digests the lining of the organ, forming one or more sores

prebiotic sources

Soybeans, berries, garlic, barley, kale, and legumes are rich sources of ___________

taste buds

Specialized sensory structures on the tongue and in the lining of mouth and throat Five tastes--sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami Fat may be sensed, too.

Constipation

The following can cause __________ Lack of dietary fiber; low water intake; anxiety lack of exercise, depression, and other psychological disturbances; and changes in your typical routine, such as taking a long trip or having major surgery, can alter your usual pattern of bowel movements

gut microbiota

The large intestine contains vast numbers of various types of bacteria that can: • metabolize (ferment) undigested food material • make vitamins K, B-12, thiamin, and biotin • produce intestinal gas Maintenance of a proper balance of the different kinds of bacteria in the gut is important for good health. Starvation, antibiotic use, and stress can alter balance of the bacterial population. Large numbers of bacteria are excreted in feces.

kidneys

The major role of the ____________ is filtering unneeded substances from blood and maintaining proper fluid balance. As blood circulates, it passes through the ___________, two bean-shaped organs that remove waste products as well as excess water and water-soluble nutrients from the bloodstream. This filtration process forms urine that moves from each kidney by a tube for storage in the bladder.

Segmentation

The small intestine relies on peristalsis and ________________ to help digestion. -Mixes chyme "back and forth" in the small intestine ----involves regular contractions of ringlike intestinal muscles followed by muscular relaxations to *mix chyme* within a short portion of the small intestine

acessory organs

The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _____________ of the digestive system that assist the GI tract in food digestion, nutrient absorption and distribution, and waste elimination

villi

Tiny projections that line the small intestine and have absorptive cells

C

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients are called a) salivary glands. b) lymph nodes. c) villi. d) organelles.

hepatic portal vein

Water-soluble nutrients enter the capillaries of villi and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

gastric juice

Watery solution that contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and some enzymes. HCl helps convert a chemically inactive digestive enzyme (pepsinogen) to its active form (pepsin) and makes proteins easier to digest ---The acid also kills many dangerous disease-causing microorganisms that may be in food

Peristalsis

Waves of muscular activity that help propel material through the digestive tract.

cholecystokinin

When chyme is in the duodenum, its fat and protein content triggers the release of a hormone_______________from small intestinal cells. ---------enters the bloodstream and circulates to the pancreas, where it stimulates the organ to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

electrolytes

When most mineral elements, including sodium and potassium, dissolve in water, they form solutions containing ions that can conduct electricity

a

Which of the following conditions primarily affects the large intestine? a) Ulcerative colitis. b) GERD. c) Gallstones. d) Peptic ulcers.

B

Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system? a) Heart b) Tongue c) Bladder d) Spleen

B

Which of the following practices increases the risk of peptic ulcer? a) Chewing gum b) Smoking cigarettes c) Drinking orange juice d)Eating a low-fiber diet

A

Which of the following statements is true? a) Arteries carry blood away from the heart. b) Hemoglobin carries most of the enzymes in the blood. c) Cells need carbon monoxide to obtain energy. d) The liver is the primary organ of the cardiovascular system

A

Which of the following substances has the lowest pH? a) Gastric juice b) Household ammonia c) Tomatoes d) Milk

solution, solvent

_______________ Evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds • Solution has __________ (primary component) and one or more solutes dissolved in the solvent. • Solubility describes how well a solute dissolves ----Water is the solvent for many solutions in living things, including cells.

arteries, capillaries

_____________carry blood away from the heart. Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels until they form__________

children

__________have more taste buds than adults, which may explain why they often reject strong-flavored foods such as liver, cooked broccoli, and raw onion. As people age, their ability to detect certain tastes, particularly bitter and salty tastes, declines

Diarrhea

________occurs when more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract, and the extra water softens and dilutes the stools. In most cases, diarrhea results from bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract

Lacteal

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

salt

a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base

electron, positive

f an atom gains one _________ it becomes an ion with a negative charge, because electrons are negatively charged. If an atom loses an electron, it becomes an ion with a _________ charge, because it has an extra proton and protons are positively charged