Nutrition Chapter 14

Zygote

the first trimester of pregnancy begins when the ovum and sperm unite to form a single, fertilized cell called a __________; as the _________ travels through the uterine tube, it divides into a ball of 12-16 cells, which, at about day 4, arrives in the uterus 489

Spina bifida

the embryonic neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal vertebrae fail to completely enclose the spinal cord, allow it protrude 496

Umbilical cord

the fetus is connected to the fetal circulatory system via the ___________, an extension of fetal blood vessels emerging from the fetus's navel; blood rich in oxygen and nutrients flows through the placenta and into the umbilical vein; wastes are excreted in blood returning from the fetus to the placenta via the umbilical arteries 490

Colostrum

the first fluid made nad secreted by the breasts from late pregnancy to abou a week after birth; it is rich in immune factors and protein 505

None of the above

After 6 months of age, it is safe and healthful to give infants

Basal mebatolic rate

Babies' ____________ are high, in part because their body surface area is large compared to their body size; still, their limited physical activity keeps total energy expenditure relatively low; for the first few months of live, their activites consist maily of eating and sleeping 512

350 to 450 kcal/ day

During the last two trimesters of pregnancy, about how many extra calories per day does a woman need over her pre pregnancy intake

Neural tube defects

Folate deficiency in the first weeks after conception has been linked with which of the following problems in the newborn

False

True or false? If gestational diabetes is uncontrolled, the fetus may not receive enough glucose and may be born small for gestational age.

True

True or false? Major developmental errors and birth defects are most likely to occur in the first trimester of pregnancy

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is responsible for the letdown response?

Keep dry cereal or crackers at the bedside to ease nighttime and morning nausea

Which of the following is a valid recommendation for reducing symptoms of morning sickness?

Iron

Which of the following micronutrients should be added to the diet of breast fed infants when they are around 6 months of age

Lactating women need more Calories than pregnant women

Which of the following statements about maternal lnutritio nis true?

Certai nproteins in breast milk help protect the newborn from infection

Which of the following statemnts about breast milk is ture

Exercise

________ improves muscle tone, strength, and endurance 503

5%

________ of pregnant women in the US report having used illicit drugs 504

HIV

________, which causes AIDS, cna be transmitted from mothe rto baby through breast milk; thus, ________ positive women in the US and canada are encouraged to feed their infants formula; this recommendation does not apply to all women worldwide; however, because the low cost of sanitary nature of breast milk, as compared to the potential for waterborne diseases with formula feeding, often make breastfeeding the beste choice for woemn in developing countries 512

Exercise

_________ enhances posture and balance 503

Vegan

_________ women need to be more vigilant than usualy about their intake of nutrients that are derived primarily or wholly from animal products; these include vitmain D, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc as well as EPA and DHA; supplements containing these nutrients are usually necessary 503

gastroesophageal reflux

__________ is common during pregnancy because pregnancy related hormones relax the smooth muscle of the lower esophagus; during the last two trimesters, the enlarging uterus pushes up on the stomach, worsening the problem 500

vitamin B12

__________ is vital during pregnancy because it regenerates the active form of folate; not suprisingly, deficiencies of vitamin B12 can also result in macrocytic anemia; yet the RDA for vitamin B12 for pregnant women is only 2.6 ug per day, a mere 8% iacrease over the RDA of 2.4 ug per day for nonpregnant women 496

Exercise

___________ helps prevent excessive prenatal weight and body fat gain 503

Preeclampsia

___________ is characterized by a sudden increase in maternal blood pressure, edema, which leads to excessive and rapid weight gain unrelated to food intake, and protein in the urine; if left untreated, it can progress to eclampsia, a very serious condition characterized by seizures, kidney failure, and potentially, fetal and/or maternal death; no one knows exactly what causes the various hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, but some deficiencies in dietary protein, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium seem to increase the risk; other risk factors include first pregnancy, age over 40, African American race, obesity, diabetes, multiferal pregnancy, and family history of ____________ 501

Gestational diabetes

___________ is increasingly common in hte US, diagnosed in as many as 10% of US pregnancies; it is generally a temporary condition in which a pregnant woman is unable to produce sufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant, resulting in elevated levels of blood glucose; screening for ___________ is a routine aspect of prenatal care because the symptoms, which include frequent urination, fatigue, and an increase in thirst and appetite, appear to be the same as normal pregnancy symptoms 500

iodine

___________ needs increase signfiicantly during pregnancy, but the RDA of 220 ug per day is easy to achieve by using a modest amount of iodized salt during cooking 498

Vitamin A

___________ needs to increase during pregnancy by about 10%, to 770 ug per day; however, excess preformed ________ can cause fetal abnormalities, particularly hear defects and facal malformations; a well-balanced diet supplies sufficient _________, so supplementation during pregnancy is not recommended 497

carbohydrate intake

___________ should be at least 175 g per day 495

caffeine

___________, a stimulant found primarily in coffee, tea, soft drinks, and chocolate, crosses the placenta and thus reaches the fetus; current thinking holds that women who conume less than about 200-300 mg per day are very likely casuing no harm to the fetus; however, some studies have linked maternal intakes as low as 100 mg per day to an increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and decreased birth weight 504

Morning sickness

___________, or nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a condition characterized by varying degrees of nausea, from occasional mild queasiness to constant nausea with bouts of vomiting; in truth, _____________ is not an appropriate term becasue the nausea and vomiting can begin at any time of the day and may last all day; ________ usually peaks between weeks 8 and 12, then resolves by weeks 12 to 16, but some women experiecne it throughout hte pregnancy; usually hte mother and fetus do not suffer lasting harm; however __________ can become threatening in women who experience such frequent vomiting that they are unable to nourish or hydrate themselves or their fetus adequately 499

Fetal adaptation

____________ occurs when a fetus exposed to a stressful environment, such as maternal starvation or malnutrition, goes into survival mode; fetal production of hormones shifts in favor of those that promote energy storage, the activity of certain enzymes may change, and the size and functioning of body organs such as the liver ,kidney, and pancreas are affected; there may even be changes in the expression of certain genes; although these adaptations enable the fetus to survive the harmful prenatal environment, these same hormonal, enzymatic, organ, and genetic changes may contribute to the development of chronic diseases over the life span 525

Exercise

____________ reduces the risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia 503

Exercise

____________ reduces the risk of preterm birth and large-for-gestational age infants 503

Older women

____________ typically have reduced fertility and an increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, gestational diabetes, and hypertension; the risk for chromosomal and other birth defects is also increased; however, on average, older women have higher incomes and more education that younger women, and these can support a healthy pregnancy 502

Vitamin C

_____________ is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, a component of connective tissue and part of the organic matrix of bones; the RDA for vitamin C during pregnancy is increasde by a little mor ethan 10% over the RDA for nonpregnant women 496

Lactation

_____________, the production of breast milk is a process that is set in motion during pregnancy in response to estrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the placenta; in addition to performing various functions to maintain the pregnancy, these hormones prepare the breasts physically for lactation; the breasts increase in size, and milk-producing glands and milk ducts are formed 505

healthful diet and physical activity

a _____________ can help women achieve and maintain an optimal body weight prior to pregnancy; women with a prepregnancy BMI between 19.8 and 26 have the best chance of a successful pregnancy; women who are under-or overwight are at greater risk for infertility as well as complications when pregnacy does occur

Cronobacter

a bacerium called ____________ can contaminate powdered infant formulas; it causes several cases of sepsis and often fatal meningitis in infants each year 510

Gestation

a balanced, nourishing diet is important throughout __________, the period from conception to birth, to provide the nutrients needed to support fetal development without depriving the mother of the nutrients she needs to maintain her own health 488

Gestational diabetes

a condition nof insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that results in consistently high blood glucose levels, specifically during pregnancy; the condition typically resolves after birth occurs 500

Colic

a condition of incosolabe infant crying that lasts for hours at a time 519

Anencephaly

a fatal neural tube defect in which there is partial absence of brain tissue, most likely caused by failure of the neural tube to close 496

Zygote

a fertilized ovum consisting of a single cell 489

Trimester

a full term pregnancy lasts 38-42 weeks and is divided into three __________, with each _________ lasting about 13-14 weeks 489

Spina bifida

a neural tube disease in which a portion of the spinal cord protrudes through the spinal vertebrae, causing varying degrees of paralysis; adequate folate intake does not guarantee normal neural tube development because the precise cause is unknown 496

Placenta

a pregnancy-specific organ formed from both maternal and embryonic tissues; it is responsible for oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange between mother and fetus 490

Pica

a surprising number of prgnant women crave nonfoods, such as laundry starch and clay; this craving, called __________ can result in nutritional or health problems for the mother and fetus 500

Urinary tract infection

abacterial infection of the urethra, the tube leading from the bladder to the body exterior 498

Ovulation

about once each month, a nonpregnant woman of childbearing age experiences ___________, the reelase of an ovum from an ovary; the ovum is then drawn into the uterine tube 489

Teratogen

adopting a healthful diet prior to conception includes the avoidance of alcohol, illegal drugs, and otehr known _________, substances that can cause birth defects; women should also consult their healthcare provider about their consumption of caffeine, medications, herbs, adn supplements, and if they smoke they should attempt to qut

cravings

although some people believe we ________ what we need, scientific evidence is lacking; it is more likely that __________ during pregnancy are due to hormonal fluctuations or physiologic changes or have familial or cultural roots; most _______ are, of course, for edible substances 500

smoking

although the dangers of __________ are well known, about 10% of pregnant women smoke during pregnancy; maternal ___________ exposes the fetus to toxins such as lead, cadmium, cyanide, nicotine, and carbon monoxide; fetal blood flow is reduced, which limits the delivery of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development; maternal _________ increases the risk kfor miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abnormailities, preterm delivrey, and low birth weight; rates of sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory illness, and allergiesare higher in the infants and children of smokers compared to those of nonsmokers 504

adequate, nourishing diet

an ________________ is one of the most important variables under a woman's contro lfor increasing hte chances for borth of a mature newborn; proper nutrition also increases the likelihood that hte newborn's weight will be appropriate for his or her gestational age; generally, a birth weight of at least 5.5 pounds is considered a marker of a successful pregnancy 492

Pica

an abnormal carving to eat nonfood substances such as clay, paint, or chalk 500

Teratogen

an substance that can cause a birth defect

Low birth weight

an undernourished mother who gains too little weight during her pregnancy is more likely to give birth to a _____________ baby than a woman with appropriate nutritional intake; an infant weighing less than 2,500 g at birth is considered to be of low borth weight and an infant weighing less than 1500 g is termed very low birth weight; both groups are at increased risk for infection, learning disabilities, impaired physical development, and death in the first year of life 492

Trimester

any one of three stages of pregnancy, each lasting 13-14 weeks 489

20%

as many as ________ of pregnant women in the US abuse prescription medications 504

cow's milk, goat's milk, and blant based milk alternatives

as noted earlire, these milks do not have a nutrient profile that meets infnat's needs; infants can begin to consume them after the age of 1 year; infants nad toddles should not be given reduced-fat milks before the age of 2 because tehy do not contain enough fat; infants hsould not be given evaportted milk or sweetened condensed milk 519

Colostrium

at birth, the suppressive effect of estrogen adn progesterone ends, and prolactin is free to stimulate milk production; the first substance released ________, sometimes called pre-milk or first milk; it is thick, yellowish in color, and rich in protein and micronutrients, and it include santibiodiesthat help protect the newborn of infection; _____________ also contains a factor that fosters the growth of a particular species of friendly bacteria in the infant gastrointesitnal tract 505

folate intake

because folate is necessary for cell division, it follows that, during a time when both maternal and fetal cells are dividing rapidly, the requirement for this vitamin increases; adequate folate intake is especially critical during the first 28 days after conception when it is required for the formation and closure of the neural tube 496

bifidobacteria

breast fed infants are knwon to have a different profile of gastrointestional flora compared to formula-fed infants; they have greater numbers of health-promoting ____________ and lower counts of infection-producing bacteria; moreover, it is though that the microbiome of breast-fed intants reduces future risk of obesity as well as protecting agaisnt infections and diabetes 510

attachment

breastfeeding is among the most intimate of human interactions; ideally, it is a quiet time away form distractions when the mother and baby begin to develop an enduring bond of affection known as ___________ 510

Embryo

by the end of the _________ stage, about 8 weeks postconception, the embryo's tissues and organs have differentiated dramatically; a primitive skeleton has formed and muscles have begun to develop, making movement possible; a primitive heart has begun to beat, and the digestive organs are becoming distinct; the brain has differnetiated, and the head has a mouth, eyespots with eyelids, and primitive ears 490

Placenta

by the fourth week of pregnancy, a primitive ___________ has formed in the uterus from both embryonic and maternal tissue; within a few more weeks, the ___________ will be a fully functioning organ through which the mother will provide nutrients and remove fetal wastes 490

meoconium

colostrium has a laxative effect in infants, helping the infant expel __________, the sticky first stool 505

milk production

continued, sustained breast ____________ depends entirely on infant suckling; infant suckling stimulates continued production of prolactin, which in turn stimulates more milk production; the longer and more vigorous the feeding; the more milk will be produced

Dental caries

dental erosion and decay caused by acid secreting bacteria in the mouth and on the teeth; the acid produced is aby product of bacteria metabolism of carbohydrates deposited on the teeth 520

Vitamin D

despite the role of ___________ in calcium absorption, the RDA for this nutrient does not increase during pregnancy; pregnant women who recieve adequate exposure to sunlight do not __________ supplements; however, pregnant women with darkly pigmented skin and/or limited sun exposure who do not regularly drink _______________ fortified milk will benefit from vitamin D supplementation; most prenatal vitamin supplements contain 10 ug per day of vitamin D, which is considered safe and acceptable; pregnant women should avoid consuming excessive ___________ because toxicity can cause developmental disability in the newborn 497

Urinary tract infection

drinking adequate fluid also helps combat two common discomforts of pregnancy: fluid retention, and possible constipation; drinking lots of fluids may also lower the risk for ______________, which are common in pregnancy 498

protein intake

during pregnancy, protein needs increase to 1.1 g per day per kg of body weight 495

sodium

during pregnancy, the AI for ___________ is the same as for a nonpregnany adult woman, or 1500 mg per day ; although too much ___________ is associated with fluid retention, bloating, and high blood pressure, and increase in body fluids is a normal and necessary part of pregnancy, and as during any life stage, some ___________ is necessary to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance 498

Exercise

improves mood, energy level, sleep patterns 503

iron

during pregnany, the demand for red blood cells increases to accommodate the needs of the mother's expanded blood volume, the growing uterus, the placenta, and the fetus itself; thus, more _________ is needed; fetal demand for ___________ increases even further during the last trimester, when the fetus stores iron for use during the first few months of life 497

last two trimesters

during the __________ of pregnancy, calrotic needs increase by about 350-450 kcal per day; at the same time, some vitamin and mineral needs increase by as much as 50%, so again, the key for geetting adequate micronutrients while not consuming too many extra calories is choosing nutrient dense foods 495

third trimester

during the ___________ (weeks 28-birth), the fetus gains nearly half its body length and three quarters of its body weight; average birth length is approximately 18-22 inches and average birth weight about 7.5 pounds; brain growth (which continues to be rapid for the next two years of life) is also quite remarkable and the lungs become fully mature; the fetus acquires eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair on the head 490

first trimester

during the ___________, a woman should conume approximately the same number of calories daily as during her nonpregnant days; instead of eating more; she should attempt to maximize hte nutrient density of what she eats 495

Second trimester

during the ______________, the fetus continues to grow and mature; it develops the ability to suck its thumb, hear, and open and close its eyes in response to light; at the beinning of the __________, the fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1.5 pounds 490

Neural tube

embryonic tissue that forms a tube, which eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord 496

balanced and nourished diet

finally, maintaining a ______________ diet before conception reduces a woman's risk of experiencing any of several nutrition related concerns during her pregnancy 488

hindmilk

finally, the very last 5% or so of the milk produced during a feeding is very high in fat, similar to cream; this milk is thought to satiate the infant; it is importnat to let infants suckle for at least 20 minutes at least eeding so that they get these ______________ 509

Anencephaly

folate deficiency is associated with neural tube defects, such as ____________, a fatal defect in which brain tissue is partially or fully absent, and spina bifida 496

Neural tube

folate is required for the formation adn closure of the __________, an embryonic structure that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord 496

alcohol

frequent drinking or occasional binge drinking during pregnancy increases the risk for miscarriage, complications during delivery, preterm birth, and sudden infant death symdrome; in addition, ______________ is a known teratogen, adn its consumption during pregnancy increases the risk that the baby will be born with any of a variety of birth defects, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations as well as a range of life-long developmental, behavioral, and mental problems 504

anemia

full-term infants are born with sufficient iron stores to last for apprximately the first 6 months of life; in older infants and toddles, however, iron is the mineral most likely to be deficient; iron deficiency __________ causes pallor, lethargy, and impaired growth 520

Embryo

further cell growth, multiplication, and differentiation occur, resulting in the formation of an ___________; over the next 6 weeks, embryonic tissues continue to differentiate and fold into a primitive, tubelike structure, which eventually develops limb buds, organs, and facial features 489

calcium

growth of the fetal skeleton requires a significant amount of ___________; however, the RDA for adult pregnant women is the same as that for nonpregnant women, 1000 mg per day, for two reasons; first, pregnant women absorb calcium from the diet more efficiencly than do nonpregnant women; second, the extra demand for __________ has not been found to cause deminilerization of the mother's bones or to increase fracture risk; thus, there is no justification for high intakes 497

Low birth weight

having a weight of less than 5.5 pounds at birth 492

Preeclampsia

high blood pressure that is pregnancy specific and accompanied by protein in the urine, edema, and unexpected weight gain 501

Dental caries

high carbohydrate fluid provides an optimal food source for the bacteria that are the underlying cause of __________ , or cavities 520

constipation

hormone production during pregnancy causes the smooth muscles to relax, including the muscles of the large intestine, slowing colonic movement of food residue; in addition, the pressure exerted by the growing uterus on the colon can slow movement even further, making elimination difficult; practical hints that may help a pregnant woman avoid __________ include consuming 25 to 35 g of fiber each day, concentrating on frsh fruits, legumes, and other vegetables, and whole grains 500

pattern of weight gain

in addition to amount of weight, the ______________ is important; during the first trimester, a woman of normal weight should gain no more tahn 3 to 5 pounds; during the second and third trimesters, about 1 pound per week is considered healthful; overweight women should gain only .6 pound per week, and for obese women, a gain of .5 pound per week is appropriate; if weight gain is excessive in a single week, month, or trimester, the owman should not attempt to lose weight 493

extrusion reflex

in early infancy, the suckling response depends on a particular movement of the tongue that draws liquid out of the breast or bottle; but when solid foods are introduced with a spoon, the ____________ causes the baby to push most of the food back out of the mouth; the _________ begins to lessen around 4-5 months of age 519

Spontaneous abortion

in some cases, the damage from teratogen exposure is so severe that the pregnancy ends in a ___________, most of which occur in the first trimester 490

Amniotic fluid

increased fluid allows for the necessary increase in the mother's blood volume, aids in regulating body emperature, and helps maintain the _____________ that surrounds, cushions, and protects the fetus in the uterus; the AI for total fluid intake, which inlcudes drinking water, beverages, and food, is 3 liters per day 498

too much salt and sugar

infant foods should not be seasoned with salt or spices; naturally occuring sugars, such as those found in fruits, are acceptable, but cookies nad other processed desserts high in added sugar should be avoided 519

foods that can cause choking

infants cannot adequately chew foods such as grapes, hot dogs, cheese sticks, nuts, popcorn, raw carrots, rasins, and hard candies 519

nursing bottle syndrome

infants should not be left alone with a bottle, whether lying down or sitting up; as infants manipulate the nipple of the bottle in their mouth, the high-carbohydrate fluid drips out, coming into prolonged contact with the developing teeth; this high carbohydrate fluid provides an optimal food source for bacteria that are the cause of dental caries 520

allergies

many foods have the potential to stimulate an _____________ reaction; breastfeeding helps reduce the risk of food allergies, as does delaying the introduction of solid foods until the age of 4-6 months 519

Preterm

many low and very low birth weight babies are born __________, that is, before 38 weeks gestation; others are born at term but are small for gestational age; in other words, they weight less than expected 492

total weight gain

of the _____________ during pregnancy, 10-12 pounds are accounted for by the fetus itesslf, the amniotic fluid, and the placenta; in addition, the woman's blood volume increases 40-50% accounting for another 3-4 pounds; a woman can expect to be about 10-12 pounds lighter immediately after the birth, and within about 2 weeks, another 4 to 8 pounds lighter because of fluid loss 493

colic

perhaps nothing is more frustrating to new parents than the relentless crying spells of some infants, typically referred to as ___________; in this condition, newborns and young infants who appear happy, healthy, and well-nourished suddenly begin to cry or even shriek, continuing for several minutes to 3 hours or more, no matter what their caregiver does to console them 519

weight gain

recommendations for ___________ vary according to a woman's weight before she became pregnant and whether she is expecting a single or multiple birth; the average recommended ___________ for women of normal prepregnancy weight is 25-35 pounds; underweight women should gain a little more than this amount, and overweight and obese women should gain less; adolescents should follow the same recommendations as those for adult women; women of normal prepregnancy weight who are pregnant with twins are advised to gain 37-54 pounds 492

Exercise

reduces lower back pain and shortens the duration of active labor 503

Listeriosis

serious and sometimes fata lillness caused by infection with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, typically from consumption of contaminated food 501

iron

the RDA for _________ for pregnant women is 27 mg per day, compared to 18 mg per day for nonpregnant owmen and 15 mg per day for nonpregnant adolescents; this represents a 50-80% increase, despite the fact that ____________ loss is minimized during pregnancy because menstruation ceases; typically, women of childbearing age have poor _________ stores and the demands of pregnancy are likely to produce a deficiency 498

zinc

the RDA for ___________ for adult pregnant women increases by about 38% over the RdA for nonpregnant women, from 8 to 11 mg per day; _________ is critical in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and inadequate intake can lead to malformations in the fetus, premature labor, adn extended labor; the absorption of __________ from supplements may be inhibited by high intakes of non-heme iron, such as high potency iron supplements, when these two minerals are taken together 498

man's nutrition

the ____________ and health prior to pregnancy is important as well; parental obesity contributes to abnormalities in sperm, imparied fertility, alterations in gene expression, increased risk of pregnancy loss, and increased risk for chronic disease in offspring; also, both sperm number and motility are reduced by alcohol conumption as well as by the use of certain prescription and illegal drugs 488

Listeriosis

the bacterium listeria monocytogenes, which causes _____________ is of particular concern to a pregnant woman and her fetus; __________ is the third leading cause of death from foodborne illness, and 90% of people who contract the disease are in highly vulnerable groups, including pregnant women; in the fetus, __________ can result in severe infection that triggers miscarriage or premature birth 501

Preterm

the birth of a baby prior to 38 weeks gestation 492

Umbilical cord

the cord containing the arteries and veins that connect the baby to the mother via the placenta 490

fat intake

the guideline for the percentage of daily Calories that comes from fat does not change during pregnancy; however, consumption of the right kinds of fats is important 495

Lead poisoning

the heavy metal ______ is a neurotoixn that is especially harmful to infants and children because their brains and central nervous systems are still developing; ____________ can result in decreased mental capacity, behavioral problems, impaired growth, impaired hearing, and other problems; unfortunately, leaded pipes and lead paint can still be found in older homes and buildings 520

Embryo

the human growth and developmental stage lasting from the third week to the end of the eighth week after fertilization 489

Fetus

the human growtn and developmental stage lasting from the beginning of the ninth week after conception to birth 490

Blastocyst

the inner portion of the __________, called the __________ has implanted into the uterine lining by day 10 of pregnancy 489

foremilk

the milk that is initially released _-__________ is watery and low in fat, and is though to satisfy the infant's initial thirst 509

Spontaneous abortion

the natural termination of a pregnancy and expulsion of pregnancy tissues because of a genetic, developmental, or physiologic abnormality that is so sever that the pregnancy cannot be maintained 490

docosahexaenoic acid

the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ____________ and the omega 6 arachidonic acid have been linked in some, but not all, studies to both enhanced brain growth and eye development; because the fetal brain grows dramatically during the third trimester; ____________ is especially important in the maternal diet; good sources are oilf fish, such as salmon, sardines, anchovies, and mackerel; it is also found in smaller amounts in tuna, chicken, and eggs enhanced by feeding hens a DHA rich diet 495

placenta

the outer portion of the zygote becomes the ___________, 489

Gestation

the period of intrauterine development form conception to birth; typcically 38-42 weeks 488

Conception

the point at which a woman's ovum is fertilized with a mans' sperm; deficiency related porblems can develop extremely early in the pregnancy, typically before hte mother even relizes she is pregnant; an adequate and varied preconception diet reduces the risk for such early onset problems

Fetal adaptation

the process by which fetal metabolism, hormone production, and other physiologic processes shift in respose to factors, such as inadequate energy intake, in the maternal environment 525

Lactation

the production of breast milk 505

Ovulation

the release of an ovum from a woman's ovary 489

Sudden infant death syndrome

the sudden death of a previously healthy infant; the most common cause of death in infants over 1 month of age

sudden infant death syndrome

the sudden death of previously healthy infant; the most common cause of death in infants over 1 month of age; in the US, exclusive breasfeeding for 6 months has the potential to lower healthcare costs by as much as $13 billion per year, in large part to a reduction in infant mortality rates related to _____________ and necrotizing enterocolitis in breast fed infants 510

Fetus

the third month of pregnancy marks the transition from embryo to ___________; to support its dramatic growth, the ________ requires abundant nutrietnts from the placenta; it is connected to the fetal circulatory system via the umbilcal cord 490

Conception

the uniting of an ovum and sperm to create a fertilized egg, or zygote; aka fertilization

Amniotic fluid

the water fluid contained within the innermost membrane of the sac containing the feturs; it cushions and protects the growing fetus 498

Morning sickness

there is no cure for __________; however, some women find the following strategies helpful for reducing its severity: eating small, frequent meals and snacks throughout the day consuming the majority of fluids between meals; frozen ice pops, water melon, gelatin desserts, and mild broths are some well- tolerated sources of fluid keeping snacks such as dry cereal or crackers at the bedside to ease nighttime queasiness or nausea before rinsing taking prenatal supplements at a time of day when vomiting is least likely avoiding sights, sounds, smells, and tastes that bring on or worsen queasiness 499

corn syrup and honey

these may contain spores of the bacterium clsotridium botulinum; these spores can germinate and grow into viable bacteria in the immautre digestive tract of infants; the bacteria secrete in the potent botulism toxin, which can be fatal; children older than 1 year can safely consume corn syrup adn honey because their digestive tract is mature enough to kill any c. botulinum bacteria 519

Prolactin

toward the end of pregnancy, the hormone __________ increases; ________ is released by the anterior pituitary gland and is responsible for milk synthesis 505

Morning sickness

varying degrees of nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy, most commonly in the first trimester 499

dehydration

whether the cause is diarrhea, vomiting, or inadequate fluid intake, ___________ is extremely dangerous to infants and, if left untreated, can quickly result in death; treatment includes providing fluids, a task that is difficult if vomiting is occuring 519

Vegetarian

wit hthe possible exception of iron, zinc, and the fatty acids EPA and DHA, __________ women who consume dairy products and/or eggs have no nutritional concerns beyond those encountered by every pregnant woman 503

prepregnancy BMI

women who have a low ______________ or gain too little weight during pregnancy increase the risk of having a preterm or low-birth-weight baby; the pregnancy may also dangerously deplete their own nutrient reserves 493