Nutrition Exam 3

Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in

Dairy Foods

Which of the following os a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?

Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet

Which of the following is not among the common signs of pellagra?

Depression

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?

Exposure to sunlight

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

Fortified milk

Which of the following may result form iodine deficiency

Goiter

Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size?

Ham

What type of anemia results from iron deficiency

Hypochromic microcytic

Deficiency of which of the following minerals is accosted with retarded growth and sexual development in children

Iodine

A vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the intestine is

K

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by the intestinal bacteria?

K

Knowing the role of vitamin K in the body, in what organ would you expect to find it in large quantities?

Liver

An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)

Metalloenzyme

Which of the following meals is most compatible with American Institute for Cancer Research guidelines for cancer prevention?

Poach salmon, steamed broccoli, and corn on the cob

A protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?

Raw egg whites

Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12?

Roast Beef

What is the ionic state of ferrous iron

+1

Which food would have the sodium

1 cup canned spinach

Water requirement

1/mL cal of food / 240 mL per 8 oz 11 cups for women; 15 for men altheles should consume 2-3 cup per every pound lost If urinate every two hours, drink drinking to much

Phosphorus (P-)

2nd most absorbant mineral in the body bone/tooth negitive ion in ICF

A person's bone density is highest at around age

30 years

Water in body

50-70% Intracellular fluid = most in body extracelluar fluid Water carries electrolytes, processes osmosis

Sodium (Na+)

5gm salt = 1tsp salt= 2gm Na+ Note sea salt 40% of salt = Na+ FUNCTIONs: fluid balance nerve impulse conduction deficiency = hyponatremia leads to muscle cramps, shock, coma

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A,D,E,K

Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the bodes synthesis of vitamin D?

Cholesterol

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

Cobalamin

What is the primary function of B vitamin

Coenzyme participation

Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A in the body?

Beta-carotene

Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarin?

Broccoli

Fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to

dental decay

Vitamin Qualities

do not provide energy must be supplied by diet; supplements may help can be destroyed by heat, light, air, acid, etc do not need digestion

Which of the following in not among the common food sources of potassium

dried fruits

Minerals

essential elements for health major minerals tract minerals

Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because

exposure to sunlight converts a precursor into vitamin D

Vitamins are classified as

fat soluble and water soluble

The primary function of sodium is to maintain

fluid distribution

A deficient intake of ___ has been shown to increase the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida

folate

Sulfur

found in proteins (boil of egg) - smell maintains acid/base balance helps in livers drug detoxifying pathways

In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodine, the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition is called

goiter

Calcium

growth in bones / teeth formation of blood clot muscle concentration nerve transmission cellular metabolism deficiency: Tetany (low levels) osteoporosis osteopenia Kyphosis bone mass peaks @ 30 99% in bone 1% in blood - more important if not in blood its pulled from bone calcium 33.3% absorbed weight helps increase hone density

Chromium deficiency is characterized by

hyperglycemia

Magnesium

important for nerve and heart aids in enzyme reactions structure of bone and teeth

Noodles, spaghetti, and bread are made from wheat flour that is enriched with all of the following nutrients except

vitamin B-6

Characteristics of minerals

inorganic indestructible can be toxic water soluble some require protein carnets vary in amounts absorbed vary in amounts excreted and routes differ react with fiber, vitamins, and other minerals

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?

intracellular

Which of the following is not a feature of water

it is oxidized to yield energy

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of

lactose

Potassium (K+)

major positive ion in ICF Functions: water balance, nerve impulse transmission Defiency: Hypokalemia loss of appetite, muscle cramp, irregular heart beat, confusion caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics food sources: fruits and veggies (bananas) Hyperkalemia inhibits heart function leads to slowed heartbeat heart eventually stops beating

Coenzymes

many are B vitamins work with enzyme to promote that enzyme activity coenzymes regulate processes

Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc

meat and whole grain cereals

Chloride (Cl-)

negitive ion in ECF (with Na+) fluid balance in hydrochloric acid has blood pressure Food sources: Salt substitutes chlorinated water

What is the major intracellular cation?

postassium

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet

processed foods

What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride

public water

Which of the B vitamins is sensitive to and can be degraded by light?

riboflavin

Bowed legs, an enlarged and misshapen head, and enlarged knee joints in children are all symptoms of

rickets

What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency disease in children?

rickets

Which of the following is the richest source of iodine

seafood

What is the major extracelluar cation i.e. positive charge

sodium

Minerals involved in fluid balance are

sodium and potassium

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to the disease called

xerophthalmia

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body

source of energy

Biotin

• Coenzyme • Deficiency not likely • Rich in protein foods (egg yolks, peanuts, cheese) • Avidin (raw egg whites); 12/day

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin)

• Contains cobalt • Stored in liver • Requires Intrinsic Factor for absorption • Functions: required to convert folate coenzyme to active forms, Myelin sheath that insulates neurons • Deficiency: Pernicious Anemia (macrocytic anemia), due to lack of B12, Lack of IF (=most cases), found in elderly • Source: Fish, seafood, organ meats, meat, fortified cereals

Folate (B9)

• Folic Acid • Coenzyme, homocystene, cancer protection, formation of neurotransmitters • Deficiency: causes megaloblastic anemia • Decreased RBC synthesis, cells become larger and immature = megaloblast • Causes neural tube defects= spina bifida, Anencephaly (absence of a brain) • Sources: foliage of plants (dark green, leafy) • Orange juice • Bried beans • Organ meats

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

• From Greek word "from every side": widespread in foods • Coenzyme (A or CoA) • Deficiency with alcoholism • No toxicity • Source: sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, eggs, meat, milk,

(B6)

• Pyridoxine • Pyridoxal • Pyridoxamine • Function: coenzyme • Deficiency: decrease Hgb synthesis • Source: animal products, fortified cereals, potatoes, spinach, bananas, cantaloupe • Toxicity: irreversiable nerve damage, Walking difficulty, Hand/foot numbness

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

• The more that you consume, the less you absorb • Functions: develops collagen (important for wound healing), formation of carnitine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, antioxidant, absorption of iron, immune function • Deficiency: Scurvy • Sources: strawberries, citrus fruits • Toxicity = stomach inflammation, diarrhea, do not supplement if prone t kidney stones, cigarette smokers need addn'l 35mg/day

Thiamin (B1)

• Thia= Sulfur • Amine = Amino Acid • Function: coenzyme*, in chemical reactions that make RNS, DNA, and neurotransmitters • Thiamin Deficiency = common in alcoholics • Beri-Beri, "I can't, I can't" • Alcoholics are most deficient for B vitamins • Muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nerve degeneration, sometimes edema • Inability to produce TPP • Pork is excellent source

Niacin (B3)

• Two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide • Function: Coenzyme (NAD) • Increases HDL cholesterol - take time release pills or split doses as causes flushing, itches, nausea • Deficiency: Pellagra "Rough skin" o 4 D's o Dementia o Diarrhea o Dermatitis (sun exposed areas) o Death • Deficiency usually found more in the south because corn/corn products are low in niacin • 60mg Tryptophan (essential amino acid found in turkey) makes 1 mg niacin in body • Sources: tuna, poultry, peanuts, fish, cereals, beef, asparagus, coffee, tea • Toxicity: headache, itching, increased blood flow to skin

Riboflavin (B2)

• Yellow color, lost by sunlight • Coenzyme (FAD/FMN) • Deficiency= ariboflavinosis • Causes cheilosis - magenta colored tongue, crust on skin • Food sources: o Ready to eat breakfast cerals o Dairy nutrient (milk & milk products) o Engriched grains/WG o Meat/eggs o Some Veggies

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Thiamin

Water soluble vitamins and Choline

Thiamin(B1), Riboflavin(B2), Niacin(B3), (B6), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Biotin, Folate (B9), Vitamin (B12) (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid),

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin?

Tryptophan

Water functions

Universal solvent transports nutrients and wastes medium for chemical rnxs contributes to body temp regulation moistens, lubricates, cushions

Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?

Vegetable oils

Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the vitamin content of

Vitamin A

What vitamin involved intensively in amino acid metabolism?

Vitamin B6

Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption form the intestinal tract

Vitamin C

Which of the following contributes most of the weight of the human body

Water

Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A?

Xerophthlmia

Chlorine is

a component of hydrochloric acid

Choline is an important component of

a phospholipid

Vitamin E functions as

an antioxidant

What is a precurior

an inactive form of a nutrient that is activated in the body

Dietary heme iron is derived from

animal flesh

B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, are called the "energy" vitamins because they

are part of coenzymes needed for release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Avidin, a component of raw egg whites, may decrease the absorption of

biotin

In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?

blood clotting

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is found in

bones and teeth

Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found

bones and teeth

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium

catalyst in energy matabolism

what mineral is part of vitamin B12

cobalt

Vitamin C is necessary for the production of

collagen

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)

Antioxidant

Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?

Antiviral agent

Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid

tryptophan

Fortified

nutrient wasn't there to begin with

Enriched

nutrient was there to begin with Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, folic acid, and iron

At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis in a spongy type of bone known as ____ bone.

trabecular