Nutrition Exam 3
Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in
Dairy Foods
Which of the following os a property of the fat-soluble vitamins?
Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet
Which of the following is not among the common signs of pellagra?
Depression
Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D?
Exposure to sunlight
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?
Fortified milk
Which of the following may result form iodine deficiency
Goiter
Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size?
Ham
What type of anemia results from iron deficiency
Hypochromic microcytic
Deficiency of which of the following minerals is accosted with retarded growth and sexual development in children
Iodine
A vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the intestine is
K
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by the intestinal bacteria?
K
Knowing the role of vitamin K in the body, in what organ would you expect to find it in large quantities?
Liver
An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)
Metalloenzyme
Which of the following meals is most compatible with American Institute for Cancer Research guidelines for cancer prevention?
Poach salmon, steamed broccoli, and corn on the cob
A protein that binds with biotin (thus inhibiting absorption) is found in which food?
Raw egg whites
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12?
Roast Beef
What is the ionic state of ferrous iron
+1
Which food would have the sodium
1 cup canned spinach
Water requirement
1/mL cal of food / 240 mL per 8 oz 11 cups for women; 15 for men altheles should consume 2-3 cup per every pound lost If urinate every two hours, drink drinking to much
Phosphorus (P-)
2nd most absorbant mineral in the body bone/tooth negitive ion in ICF
A person's bone density is highest at around age
30 years
Water in body
50-70% Intracellular fluid = most in body extracelluar fluid Water carries electrolytes, processes osmosis
Sodium (Na+)
5gm salt = 1tsp salt= 2gm Na+ Note sea salt 40% of salt = Na+ FUNCTIONs: fluid balance nerve impulse conduction deficiency = hyponatremia leads to muscle cramps, shock, coma
Fat Soluble Vitamins
A,D,E,K
Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the bodes synthesis of vitamin D?
Cholesterol
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?
Cobalamin
What is the primary function of B vitamin
Coenzyme participation
Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A in the body?
Beta-carotene
Which of the following would be a very good source of vitamin C for the lacto-ovo-vegetarin?
Broccoli
Fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to
dental decay
Vitamin Qualities
do not provide energy must be supplied by diet; supplements may help can be destroyed by heat, light, air, acid, etc do not need digestion
Which of the following in not among the common food sources of potassium
dried fruits
Minerals
essential elements for health major minerals tract minerals
Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin because
exposure to sunlight converts a precursor into vitamin D
Vitamins are classified as
fat soluble and water soluble
The primary function of sodium is to maintain
fluid distribution
A deficient intake of ___ has been shown to increase the risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida
folate
Sulfur
found in proteins (boil of egg) - smell maintains acid/base balance helps in livers drug detoxifying pathways
In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodine, the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition is called
goiter
Calcium
growth in bones / teeth formation of blood clot muscle concentration nerve transmission cellular metabolism deficiency: Tetany (low levels) osteoporosis osteopenia Kyphosis bone mass peaks @ 30 99% in bone 1% in blood - more important if not in blood its pulled from bone calcium 33.3% absorbed weight helps increase hone density
Chromium deficiency is characterized by
hyperglycemia
Magnesium
important for nerve and heart aids in enzyme reactions structure of bone and teeth
Noodles, spaghetti, and bread are made from wheat flour that is enriched with all of the following nutrients except
vitamin B-6
Characteristics of minerals
inorganic indestructible can be toxic water soluble some require protein carnets vary in amounts absorbed vary in amounts excreted and routes differ react with fiber, vitamins, and other minerals
Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?
intracellular
Which of the following is not a feature of water
it is oxidized to yield energy
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
lactose
Potassium (K+)
major positive ion in ICF Functions: water balance, nerve impulse transmission Defiency: Hypokalemia loss of appetite, muscle cramp, irregular heart beat, confusion caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics food sources: fruits and veggies (bananas) Hyperkalemia inhibits heart function leads to slowed heartbeat heart eventually stops beating
Coenzymes
many are B vitamins work with enzyme to promote that enzyme activity coenzymes regulate processes
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc
meat and whole grain cereals
Chloride (Cl-)
negitive ion in ECF (with Na+) fluid balance in hydrochloric acid has blood pressure Food sources: Salt substitutes chlorinated water
What is the major intracellular cation?
postassium
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet
processed foods
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride
public water
Which of the B vitamins is sensitive to and can be degraded by light?
riboflavin
Bowed legs, an enlarged and misshapen head, and enlarged knee joints in children are all symptoms of
rickets
What is the name of the vitamin D deficiency disease in children?
rickets
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine
seafood
What is the major extracelluar cation i.e. positive charge
sodium
Minerals involved in fluid balance are
sodium and potassium
A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to the disease called
xerophthalmia
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body
source of energy
Biotin
• Coenzyme • Deficiency not likely • Rich in protein foods (egg yolks, peanuts, cheese) • Avidin (raw egg whites); 12/day
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin)
• Contains cobalt • Stored in liver • Requires Intrinsic Factor for absorption • Functions: required to convert folate coenzyme to active forms, Myelin sheath that insulates neurons • Deficiency: Pernicious Anemia (macrocytic anemia), due to lack of B12, Lack of IF (=most cases), found in elderly • Source: Fish, seafood, organ meats, meat, fortified cereals
Folate (B9)
• Folic Acid • Coenzyme, homocystene, cancer protection, formation of neurotransmitters • Deficiency: causes megaloblastic anemia • Decreased RBC synthesis, cells become larger and immature = megaloblast • Causes neural tube defects= spina bifida, Anencephaly (absence of a brain) • Sources: foliage of plants (dark green, leafy) • Orange juice • Bried beans • Organ meats
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
• From Greek word "from every side": widespread in foods • Coenzyme (A or CoA) • Deficiency with alcoholism • No toxicity • Source: sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, eggs, meat, milk,
(B6)
• Pyridoxine • Pyridoxal • Pyridoxamine • Function: coenzyme • Deficiency: decrease Hgb synthesis • Source: animal products, fortified cereals, potatoes, spinach, bananas, cantaloupe • Toxicity: irreversiable nerve damage, Walking difficulty, Hand/foot numbness
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
• The more that you consume, the less you absorb • Functions: develops collagen (important for wound healing), formation of carnitine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, antioxidant, absorption of iron, immune function • Deficiency: Scurvy • Sources: strawberries, citrus fruits • Toxicity = stomach inflammation, diarrhea, do not supplement if prone t kidney stones, cigarette smokers need addn'l 35mg/day
Thiamin (B1)
• Thia= Sulfur • Amine = Amino Acid • Function: coenzyme*, in chemical reactions that make RNS, DNA, and neurotransmitters • Thiamin Deficiency = common in alcoholics • Beri-Beri, "I can't, I can't" • Alcoholics are most deficient for B vitamins • Muscle weakness, loss of appetite, nerve degeneration, sometimes edema • Inability to produce TPP • Pork is excellent source
Niacin (B3)
• Two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide • Function: Coenzyme (NAD) • Increases HDL cholesterol - take time release pills or split doses as causes flushing, itches, nausea • Deficiency: Pellagra "Rough skin" o 4 D's o Dementia o Diarrhea o Dermatitis (sun exposed areas) o Death • Deficiency usually found more in the south because corn/corn products are low in niacin • 60mg Tryptophan (essential amino acid found in turkey) makes 1 mg niacin in body • Sources: tuna, poultry, peanuts, fish, cereals, beef, asparagus, coffee, tea • Toxicity: headache, itching, increased blood flow to skin
Riboflavin (B2)
• Yellow color, lost by sunlight • Coenzyme (FAD/FMN) • Deficiency= ariboflavinosis • Causes cheilosis - magenta colored tongue, crust on skin • Food sources: o Ready to eat breakfast cerals o Dairy nutrient (milk & milk products) o Engriched grains/WG o Meat/eggs o Some Veggies
Beriberi results from a deficiency of
Thiamin
Water soluble vitamins and Choline
Thiamin(B1), Riboflavin(B2), Niacin(B3), (B6), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Biotin, Folate (B9), Vitamin (B12) (Cobalamin or Cyanocobalamin), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid),
When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin?
Tryptophan
Water functions
Universal solvent transports nutrients and wastes medium for chemical rnxs contributes to body temp regulation moistens, lubricates, cushions
Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet?
Vegetable oils
Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the vitamin content of
Vitamin A
What vitamin involved intensively in amino acid metabolism?
Vitamin B6
Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption form the intestinal tract
Vitamin C
Which of the following contributes most of the weight of the human body
Water
Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A?
Xerophthlmia
Chlorine is
a component of hydrochloric acid
Choline is an important component of
a phospholipid
Vitamin E functions as
an antioxidant
What is a precurior
an inactive form of a nutrient that is activated in the body
Dietary heme iron is derived from
animal flesh
B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, are called the "energy" vitamins because they
are part of coenzymes needed for release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Avidin, a component of raw egg whites, may decrease the absorption of
biotin
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
blood clotting
Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is found in
bones and teeth
Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found
bones and teeth
Which of the following is a major function of magnesium
catalyst in energy matabolism
what mineral is part of vitamin B12
cobalt
Vitamin C is necessary for the production of
collagen
The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n)
Antioxidant
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?
Antiviral agent
Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the amino acid
tryptophan
Fortified
nutrient wasn't there to begin with
Enriched
nutrient was there to begin with Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin, folic acid, and iron
At the end of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae, and inside the flat bones of the pelvis in a spongy type of bone known as ____ bone.
trabecular
