nutrition quiz 1

social group

a group of people, such as a family, who depend on one another and share a set of norms, beliefs, values, and behaviors.

essential nutrient

a nutrient that must be obtained from food because the body cannot make it for itself.

nutrition

a science that encompasses the study not only of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, but also of such diverse subjects as the effects of alcohol, caffeine, and pesticides. in addition, nutrition scientists continually expand our understanding of the impact food has on our bodies by examining research in chemistry, physics, biology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, and other nutrition-related fields. A number of other disciplines also make valuable contributions to the study of nutrition. these related fields include psychology, anthropology, epidemiology, geography, agriculture, ethics, economics, sociology, and philosophy. the study of foods, their nutrients and other chemical components, their actions and interactions in the body, and their influence on health and disease.

Researchers who monitored the habits and health of a group of some 7,000 Californians for nearly two decades were able to pinpoint seven common lifestyle elements associated with optimal quality of life and longevity:

avoiding excess alcohol; not smoking; maintaining a healthful weight; exercising regularly; sleeping seven to eight hours a night; eating breakfast; and eating nutritious, regular meals. In fact, after 20 years, those who had adhered to these healthful habits were only half as likely to have died as those who had unhealthful habits.

Most diseases fall in between

being influenced by inherited susceptibility but responsive to dietary manipulations that help counteract the disease process. Thus, diabetes may be managed by means of a special diet; cardiovascular disease may respond favorably to a heart-healthy diet.

overnutrition

calorie or nutrient overconsumption severe enough to cause disease or increased risk of disease; a form of malnutrition.

calorie, vitamins, minerals, metabolism, water definitions

calorie the unit used to measure energy. vitamins organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients that are vital to life but needed only in relatively minute amounts (vita 5 life; amine 5 containing nitrogen). minerals inorganic compounds, some of which are essential nutrients. metabolism collective term for all of the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells, including the reactions by which the body obtains and uses energy from foods. water fluid that provides the medium for life processes.

energy-yielding nutrients

carbohydrates fats proteins Upon being broken down in the body, or digested, three of the nutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—yield the energy that the body uses to fuel its various activities. In contrast, vitamins, minerals, and water, once broken down in the body, do not yield energy but perform other tasks such as maintenance and repair

degenerative disease

chronic disease characterized by deterioration of body organs as a result of misuse and neglect. poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, and other lifestyle habits often contribute to degenerative diseases including heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes.

bulk solid materials

consists of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and a tiny bit of minerals and vitams

first vitamin discovered

early 1900 wasnt until 1928 when the american institute of nutrition was formed and officially recognized nutrition as a distinct field of study

perceived barriers to healthful eating

healthful foods are not always available from fast-food and take-out restaurants. It costs more to eat healthful foods. I'm too busy to take the time to eat healthfully. I hear too much conflicting information about which foods are good for me and which foods are not. healthful foods don't taste as good. the people I usually eat with do not eat healthful foods.

people of all ages

make food-purchasing decisions based on claims regarding nutrition and health each additional nugget of nutrition news that comes along raises new concerns Some manufacturers and media outlets feed the confusion by offering healthconscious consumers unreliable products and misleading dietary advice, often making unsubstantiated claims for a number of nutritional products, including supplements touted as fat melters, muscle builders, and energy boosters.

our bodies have similar

materials to those in most foods, in roughly the same proportions

the field of nutrition is a relative newcomer on the scientific block. Although hippocrates recognized diet as a component

of health back in 400 B.c., only in the past hundred years or so have researchers begun to understand that carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are needed for normal growth.

Other Factors That Affect Our Food Choices

preference for certain tastes. Just about everyone enjoys sweet foods, for example, because humans are born with an affinity for sugar. In addition, we usually prefer foods that have happy associations for us: foods prepared for special occasions, those given to us by a loved one when we were children, or those eaten by an admired role model. By the same token, intense aversions to certain foods psychological needs- such as an infant's association of food with a parent's love. Yearnings, cravings, and addictions with profound meaning and significance sometimes surface as food behavior. Some people respond to stress—positive or negative—by eating; others use food to fill a void,

Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, vitamins and minerals do not supply energy, or calories. Instead, they

regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism.

undernutrition

severe underconsumption of calories or nutrients, leading to disease or increased susceptibility to disease; a form of malnutrition.

almost any food you eat is water

some foods are as high as 99% water

nutrients

substances obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance, and repair. the nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

energy

the capacity to do work, such as moving or heating something.

hunger

the physiological need for food.

appetite

the psychological desire to eat, which is often but not always accompanied by hunger.

ethnic cuisine

the traditional foods eaten by the people of a particular culture

calories

unit to measure energy the body uses from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to do work or generate heat

Vitamins are divided into two classes:

water-soluble (the B vitamins and vitamin C) and fatsoluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K).

factors that influence making food choices

1. availability- Our diets are limited by the types and amounts of food available through the food supply, which in turn are influenced by many forces. Because we have the geographic area, climate, soil conditions, labor, and capital necessary to maintain a large agricultural industry, Americans enjoy what is arguably the most abundant food supply in the world. 2. income, food prices, convenience 3. advertising and the media 4. social and cultural factors 5. personal values or beliefs 6. other

each gram of carbohydrates and protein consumed supplies your body with

4 calories each gram of fat supplies 9 calories alcohol is 7 calories per gram, but is not a nutrient because it does not repair body tissue

Television and radio commercials, as well as magazine and newspaper ads and the Internet, play an extremely powerful role in influencing our food choices and our knowledge of nutrition.

Additionally, in a recent consumer survey, some 78 percent of shoppers report interest in reading nutrition labels. Given today's health-conscious environment, food manufacturers promote the nutritional merits of their products more than ever before.

grains, vegetables, fruit, and dairy foods are less expensive than most protein foods and foods high in saturated fat, added sugars, and/or sodium. In other words, with healthy foods, you get fewer calories but more nutrients per dollar.

Just cutting back on the amount of meat and poultry—the source of much of the fat in the American diet and the category in which many of our food dollars are spent—goes a long way in trimming food budgets. also promotes weight loss

When Healthy People 2010 was released in 2000, life expectancy was 76 years. Today, the average life expectancy at birth is 78.7 years, and death rates for heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer have declined. .

Since the 1980s, however, the prevalence of overweight has soared, and the current prevalence of obesity among adults continues to be greater than one-third of the population.

Often neglected but equally vital, water is the medium in which all of the body's processes take place.

Some 60 percent of your body's weight consists of water, which carries materials to and from cells and provides the warm, nutrient rich bath in which cells thrive. Water also transports hormonal messages from place to place. When energy-yielding nutrients release energy, they break down into water and other simple compounds. Without water, you could live only a few days. Each day your body loses water in the form of sweat and urine. Therefore, you must replace large amounts of it—on the order of two to three quarts a day. To be sure, you don't need to drink that much water daily, because the foods and other beverages you consume do supply some of the water you need

personal values or beliefs

Some people adopt a certain way of eating or making food choices based on a larger worldview. For instance, many environmentally conscious people, believing that raising animals for human consumption strains the world's supply of land and water, choose to abstain from meat as much as possible in an effort to preserve Earth's resources. Others may choose to boycott certain manufacturers' items for political reasons, perhaps because they disagree with a company's advertising practices. Today, many people make food choices based on sustainability issues, animal welfare concerns, and the benefits of purchasing locally produced, seasonally available, and organically grown food. Sustainability in the food system is defined as a society's ability to shape its economic and social systems to maintain both natural resources and human life, and it involves building locally based, self-reliant food systems.

people who regularly consume a variety of plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, have reduced risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, certain cancers, and other chronic diseases.

The key to disease prevention and optimal health is not in eating or avoiding a certain food, but rather in creating a lifestyle that includes time for preparing nutritious meals and enjoying regular physical activity.

six classes of nutrients

Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and some of the minerals The other compounds may include food additives, pigments, phytochemicals, and other substances.

The minerals also perform important functions.

Some, such as calcium, make up the structure of bones and teeth. Others, including sodium, float about in the body's fluids, where they

health fraud and quackery

americans spend billions of dollars annually on medical and nutritional health fraud and quackery conscious deceit practiced for profit, such as the promotion of a false or an unproven product or therapy. quackery health fraud; a quack is a person who practices health fraud (quack 5 to boast loudly).

malnutrition

any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of calories or nutrients.

culture

knowledge, beliefs, customs, laws, morals, art, and literature acquired by members of a society and passed along to succeeding generations.