Nutrition Review
The most recent "food guide" put forth by the government is in the shape of a" - pyramid - plate - box - globe
- plate
One serving from the vegetable group would be: - 2 cups of cooked broccoli - 1/2 cup of rice - 1 cup leafy greens - 1/2 cup vegetable juice - 1 cup leafy greens and 1/2 cup vegetable juice
1 cup leafy greens AND 1/2 cup vegetable juice
The RDA for carbohydrate intake is set at ________ to meet the needs of the _________. - 100g; cardiovascular system - 200g; working muscles - 130g; brain (central nervous system) - there is no RDA for carb intake
130g; brain (central nervous system)
what is the AMDR for fat intake? - 10-35% - 5-15% - 20-35% - 45-65%
20-35%
For a food manufacturer to make the claim "reduced" sugar or "reduced" fat on packaging, it must contain ________ less of that nutrient than the original product. - 10% - 25% - 50% - 75%
25%
On the nutrition facts label % DV are based off individuals that consume how many calories per day? - 1500 - 2000 - 3000 - 3500
3000
A food has 5 grams of protein, 1 gram of fat and 5 grams of carb. How many calories are in this food? - 11 cal - 49 cal - 99 cal - more than you can calculate
49 cal
If a food contains 10 grapes of fat and 100 kcal, what percent of the total calories comes from fat? - 10% - 40% - 90% - need more information
90%
____________ is expressed as ranges, or proportions, of nutrients for healthy intake and we typically use this term to express needs for carbs, fats and protein. - AMDR - EAR - AI - UL
AMDR
which of the following dictates the structure and function of a protein? - body weight - DNA - level of saturation - dietary intake
DNA
Which condition would benefit from weight loss, reducing meal size and voiding high sodium, fatty and spicy foods? - celiac disease - peptic ulcers - GERD - constipation
GERD
------- is an enzyme produced in the _______ cells of the stomach and kills most the bacteria on food. - HCl; parietal - mucous; mucosal - amylase; salivary - gastrin; gastric
HCl; parietal
____________ particles pick up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and return it to the liver - LDL - chylomicrons - HDL - IDL
HDL
which of the following would be most desirable in terms of HDL cholesterol levels? - HDL < 40 - HDL > 60 - HDL as low as possible - HDL < LDL
HDL > 60
What is the function of Peyer's patches and where are they located? - immune function; small intestine - to aid in fat absorption; small intestine - to decrease acidity of chyme; stomach - to increase transit time of nutrients through the small intestine
Immune function; small intestine
To limit caloric intake, it is helpful to focus on ____________. Choosing foods high in ___________ and low in ____________ would help limit overall energy intake and promote healthy weight loss. - nutrient density; calories; vitamins - nutrient density; nutrients; calories - energy density; energy; nutrients - energy density; vitamins; energy
Nutrient density; nutrients; calories
which of the following statements is FALSE about minerals? - they are inorganic - RDI's are all above 100mg per day - minerals do not contain calories - found in a wide variety of plant and animal sources
RDI's are all above 100 mg per day
blood pressure is increased by all of the following, EXCEPT: - angiotensin 2 causes a constriction of vessel walls - aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption - water follows sodium, decreasing urine output - renin causes vessels to relax and fluid levels to increase
Renin causes vessels to rely and fluid levels to increase
what is the main cause of goiter in third world countries - too much iodine is consumed, and therefore excess TSH is produced - TSH continues to be released because no thyroid hormones are made (due to a lack of iodine consumption) - selenium consumption is deficient which increase TSH release - there is no known cause of goiter
TSH continues to be released because no thyroid hormones are made (due to lack of iodine consumption)
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? - acting as a lubricant - dissolving nutrients in the blood - acting as a source of nitrogen for growth and repair - helping to regulate body temperature
acting as a source of nitrogen for growth and repair
The transport of substances across a cell membrane with the aid of a carrier molecule and the expenditure of energy is called _______________ and the nutrient that requires this type of transport is _______________. - osmosis; water - facilitated transport; fatty acids - active transport; amino acids - facilitated transport; glucose
active transport; amino acids
if someone is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, which of the following would be the best approach to increase their iron absorption? - add skim milk at each meal - add orange juice to their iron containing meals - consume plants foods containing iron - take a supplement of iron
add orange juice to their iron containing meals
The term "fortified" would be best defined by the following and an example of a fortified food would be? - adding in new nutrients after processing; orange juice - adding nutrients back in that were removed during processing; white bread - adding vitamins in before processing; smoothie - adding minerals back in before processing; smoothie
adding in new nutrients after processing; orange juice
magnesium deficiency is rare, but who would be at most risk for developing a deficiency? - elite athlete - teenager - vegetarian - alcoholic
alcoholic
which of the following is NOT a function of fat in the body? - provide stored energy - protect internal organs - insulate body from temperature change - all are functions of fat
all are functions of fat
Which of the following are NOT required to be included on a Nutrition Facts Label? - cholesterol and sodium - total carbohydrate and sugar - protein and calories - all are required on a nutrition facts label
all are required on a nutrition facts label
which of the following IS NOT TRUE regarding "reduced-fat" foods? - increased sucrose added for flavor - protein-based fat replacers added - artificial fat added - always contain less calories than the original version
always contain less calories than the original version
which of the following would you choose to decrease unhealthy cholesterol levels in your blood? - whole grains - beans and berries - probiotics - peanuts
beans and berries
which of the following would be considered rich sources of NON-HEME iron? - steak and chicken - fish and pork - beans and spinach - milk and citrus fruits
beans and spinach
Which enzyme is responsible for emulsifying fat and in which organ is it produced? - CCK; pancreas - Gastrin; stomach - Pancreatic Lipas; pancreas - Bile; liver
bile; liver
when a marathon runner replaces fluid and electrolyte losses with plain water over the course of a four hour race, what is a possible (but rare) outcome? - hyponatremia - hypernatremia - abnormal heart rhythm - both hyponatremia and abnormal heart rhythm
both hyponatremia and abnormal heart rhythm
which of the following is FALSE in regards to bone mass? - during puberty, bone mass increases rapidly - men achieve a higher peak bone mass than women - both men and women slowly lose bone mass after about the age of 30 - in women, loss of bone mass is accelerated around the years surrounding menopause
both men and women slowly lose bone mass after about the age of 30
which of the following would limit the absorbability of iodine? this food is also known as a _________. - tea; phenol - cabbage; goitrogen - soda; inhibitor - tomato; lycopene
cabbage; goitrogen
When there are high blood calcium levels, ___________ is released from the thyroid gland which __________ calcium release from the bone, in order to normalize blood calcium levels. - PTH; stimulates - Calcitonin; inhibits - Renin; inhibits - Aldosterone; stimulates
calcitonin; inhibits
when there is not enough _____________ available, the body burns ____________ for energy which can result in a deadly condition in type 1 diabetics called ketoacidosis. - carbohydrate; fats - fats; carbohydrates - protein; fats - carbohydrate; muscles
carbohydrate; fats
which of the phytochemicals have been shown to have direct health benefits on macular degeneration, cataracts, and decreasing one's risk for cancer? pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and apricots are rich sources of this phytochemical. - phytoestrogens - carotenoids - flavenoids - phenolic acids
carotenoids
Which type of reaction releases energy trapped in chemical bonds which results in ATP release? And, which type of nutrient is usually involved in this reaction? - anabolic; protein - catabolic; protein - anabolic; carb - catabolic; carb
catabolic; carb
which of the following transports fats OUT of the digestive tract and into the lymph system for further transport and processing? - micelle - chylomicron - HDL - LDL
chylomicron
the process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called: - complementary proteins - protein pairing - deamination - sequencing of amino acids
complementary proteins
it has been recommended that women consume less than 6 teaspoons of added sugar per day and men consume less than 9. however, most americans.... - already consume less than this recommendation - consume right about this recommendation - consume about three times this recommendation
consume about three times this recommendation
Which of the following foods would be the best example of a food containing mainly "empty" calories? - broccoli - kale - peanut butter - doughnuts, coke, etc.
doughnuts & coke
which of the following is FALSE regarding fat soluble vitamins? - easily excreted by the body if excess is consumed - stored in fatty tissue and the liver - includes vitamins A,D,E and K - involves digestion through the lymphatic system
easily excreted by the body if excess is consumed
which part of the whole grain contains the majority of the kernel's protein and some vitamins and minerals? - germ - bran - grain - endosperm
endosperm
omega-3 and omega-6 are both: - alpha-linolenic acids - saturated and essential - essential and polyunsaturated - fat soluble vitamins
essential and polyunsaturated
all vegan diets are heart healthy - true - false
false
the majority of individuals with diagnosed diabetes are type 1 and the prevalences of type 2 diabetes in adolescents is on the decline. - true - false
false
when there is low to moderate amounts of calcium available in the lumen of the small intestine, calcium is absorbed into the mucosal cells of the small intestine by passive diffusion and travels into the blood vessels - true - false
false
the RDI for potassium is approximately half that of sodium, and most americans consume slightly more than what is recommended due to its availability in a wide range of foods. - true - false
false.
On nutrition labels "UL" is typically used for which type of nutrient? - water soluble vitamins - fat soluble vitamins - water - sodium - cholesterol
fat soluble vitamins
diets rich in the following would reduce ones' risk for heart disease and certain types of cancer - omega-6 fatty acids - fiber - HDL - saturated fats
fiber
If you were to place the following (fat, fiber, protein) in order from LEAST to GREATEST in terms of kcal per gram, which of the following would be in the correct order? - fat, protein, fiber - fiber, fat, protein - fiber, protein, fat - protein, fat, fiber
fiber, protein, fat
For a woman of child bearing age, beans and leafy greens are an important addition to the diet because __________ has been shown to decrease the risk of _________. - vit D; rickets - calcium; osteoporosis - vit K; iron transport - folate; spina bifida
folate; spina bifida
high fructose corn syrup has been shown to have a negative effect on our _____________. - digestive tract - genes - muscle fibers - eye sight
genes
chromium has been marketed to type 2 diabetic patients due to its role in: - glucose metabolism - decreasing appetite - healthy vision - wound healing
glucose metabolism
___________ is a _________ that circulates in the blood. - glucose; monosaccaride - sucrose; monosaccaride - glucose; HDL - galactose; LDL
glucose; monosaccaride
The link between calcium and lowering blood pressure, or tomatoes and decreasing cancer are examples of: - nutrient laws - health claims - health policies - food facts
health claims
in terms of the development of atherosclerosis, which of the following are in the most logical order? - plaque formation, healthy artery, injury to an artery, rupture - healthy artery, injury to the artery, plaque formation, rupture - fatty streak formation, injury to the artery, rupture, healthy artery - healthy artery, rupture, plaque formation, fatty streak formation
healthy artery, injury to the artery, plaque formation, rupture
Which two nutrition related diseases have the highest percentage of deaths in the US? - heart disease and cancer - heart disease and diabetes - stroke and cancer - diabetes and stroke
heart disease and cancer
iron overload can happen over time and accumulates in tissues such as the ______ and the ______. it is referred to as ________. - heart; liver; hemochromatosis - bones; liver; hyperanemia - heart; liver; irontoxemia - liver; pancreas; xerophthalmia
heart; liver; hemochromatosis
______________ is an insoluble iron storage compound produced by the body when iron exceeds the storage capacity of ferritin - hemoglobin - transferrin - hemosiderin - myoglobin
hemosiderin
folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 are needed in adequate amounts to recycle which amino acid so that it does not reach abnormally high levels in the blood, which in turn increases ones' risk for heart disease? - cysteine - homocysteine - methionine - arginine
homocysteine
which hormone would be most active during periods of starvation or fasting? - hormone sensitive lipase - CCK - lipoprotein lipase - insulin
hormone sensitive lipase
Which food would be most likely to digested and transported by way of the lymphatic system? - pretzels - chicken breast - strawberry jam - ice cream....butter
ice cream and butter
which of the following would not cause a sensation of thirst? - decreased blood volume - increased concentration of dissolved solutes - decreased saliva production - increased blood volume
increased blood volume
Which of the following statements is FALSE in regards to Celiac disease? - it can occur at any age - it occurs at higher rates in individuals with other autoimmune conditions - individuals must avoid corn, soy and wheat - individuals must avoid foods containing gluten
individuals must avoid corn, soy and wheat
which age group needs the most fat intake per kg/BW? - adolescents - preschool age children - elderly - infants
infants
which of the following would be the best treatment for management of type 1 diabetes? - exchange diet - insulin injections or insulin via pump - weight loss - oral meds to increase insulin sensitivity
insulin injections or insulin via pump
which of the following is NOT major function vitamin A? - involved in healthy vision - involved in the process of cell differentiation - involved in healthy growth regulation - involved in healthy blood pressure regulation
involved in healthy blood pressure regulation
Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient? - fiber - glucose - iron/calcium - cholesterol
iron/calcium
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of saturated fat? - contains more than 4kcal per gram - contains no double bonds - is the main ingredient found in cooking oils - commonly found in animal fats
is the main ingredient found in cooking oils
foods rich in these phytochemical may benefit bone health, decrease both cancer and CVD risk and include soy, flaxseed and whole grains. - carotenoids - isoflavenoids - organosulfurs - phytoestrogens
isoflavenoids
Which of the following is TRUE regarding trans fat? - it is less harmful than saturated fat - it is commonly found in nuts and cold water fish - causes a fat acid to have a "kink or bend" in the fatty acid structure - it causes the ferry acid to appear and behave more like a saturated fat
it causes the fatty acid to appear and behave more like a saturated fat
which of the following best describes a "cis" fatty acid? - it has a "kink" or a bend - it is a liquid at room temperature - it contains no double bonds - it has a "kink" or a bend AND it contains no double bonds - all of the above
it has a "kink" or a bend AND it contains no double bonds
individuals with the disease PKU should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. why? - it contains high levels of iron - it will raise their levels of phenylalanine which they are unable to metabolize - it does not contain antioxidants - it could cause a food allergy
it will raise their levels of phenylalanine which they are unable to metabolize
which type of protein energy malnutrition is characterized by deficient protein intake and edema? - marasmus - kwashiorkor - PKU - sickle cell anemia
kwashiorkor
which is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with type two diabetes? - insulin resistance (inability to use insulin circulating in the bloodstream) - lack of insulin production (no insulin is produced) - typically a result of lifestyle choices - usually managed by diet and/or exercise
lack of insulin production (no insulin is produced)
Which of the following is considered a "pro-biotic"? - berries - bananas - lactobacillus - legumes
lactobacillus
The __________ can absorb water and some vitamins and minerals. Also, intestinal microflora are produced here. - large intestine - small intestine - pancreas - liver
large intestine
which of the following does not aid in the digestion of lipids? - pancreas - small intestine - large intestine - liver
large intestine
The _________ system is important for fluid balance and transport of fat soluble products of digestion. - endocrine - lymphatic - excretory - respiratory
lymphatic
which of the following describes the accurate RDI for fluid intake for both men and women in L per day? - men 3.7, women 2.7 - men 2, women 1 - men 10, women 5 - there is no RDI for fluid intake
men 3.7, women 2.7
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding micronutrients? - micronutrients are a rich source of energy - needed in small amounts - founds in a wide variety of fresh foods - include all vitamins and minerals
micronutrients are rich source of energy
which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing osteoporosis ? - gender (female) - diet low in calcium and vitamin D - tobacco use - moderate alcohol use
moderate alcohol use
Fructose is a ___________ found in which group of foods? - disaccharide; meats - monosaccharide; fruits - disaccharide; vegetables - monosaccharide: breads and cereals
monosaccharide; fruits
Alcohol contains how many kcal per gram? - more than carb but less than fat - more than fat and carb - less than all three macronutrients - none of the above
more than carb but less than fat
The digestion of carbohydrate begins in the ___________ as it interacts with _____________. - mouth; salivary amylase - mouth; linguine lipase - small intestine; pancreatic lipase - small intestine; pancreatic amylase
mouth; salivary amylase
this vitamin can be used in cardiac patients to treat high lipid levels. It's deficiency symptoms are sometimes referred to as the four D's (death dementia, diarrhea and dermatitis). - riboflavin - thiamin - niacin - B6
niacin
which of the following contains the highest percentage from monounsaturated fat? - olive oil - coconut oil - corn oil - bacon
olive oil
__________ help with the formation of bone and __________ assist with the breakdown of bone. - osteoblasts; osteoclasts - osteoclasts; osteoblasts - free radicals; antioxidants - antioxidants; free radicals
osteoblasts; osteoclasts
once iron is absorbed through the mucosal cells of the small intestine, it either enters the blood or is transported throughout the body to know of the following, EXCEPT: - bone marrow - liver - myoglobin and other iron containing proteins - pancreas
pancreas
The enzyme ___________ breaks down starch into simple sugars in the small intestine. - salivary amylase - gastrin - pancreatic amylase - CCK
pancreatic amylase
which of the following is NOT a source of cholesterol in the diet? - chicken - eggs - bacon - peanut butter
peanut butter
H. Pylori is a common cause of which condition(s)? - celiac disease - GERD - Peptic Ulcers - constipation - only peptic ulcers and constipation
peptic ulcers
this nutrient makes up 1% of an adults body, more readily absorbed than calcium, involved in the structure of energy production molecules and maintaining bone health. - vit D - selenium - phoshporus - potassium
phosphorus
Fiber is a type of: - monosaccharide - disaccharide - polysaccharide - fatty acid
polysaccharide
omega-3 fatty acids are: - polyunsaturated - fats that favor inflammation in the body - fats that decrease inflammation in the body - polyunsaturated and fats that favor inflammation in the body - polyunsaturated and fats that decrease inflammation in the body
polyunsaturated and fats that DECREASE inflammation in the body
which nutrient is being described by the following statements? the majority of Americans consume much less than recommended, it is an electrolyte (and mineral) and found mainly in fresh fruits and vegetables. - sodium - selenium - iron - potassium
potassium
Which of the following nutrients is involved more in anabolic reactions rather than catabolic reactions? - fats - carbs - protein - fiber
protein
when examining the 5 food groups, if you want to maximize mineral intake, which two food groups would you be sure to include into your dietary intake? - protein and grains - protein and fruits - vegetables and fruits - dairy and vegetables
protein and grains
this vitamin has an important component in the citric acid cycle and is primarily found in dairy products. a deficiency is called ariboflavinosis. - calcium - zinc - riboflavin - niacin
riboflavin
who is the author of the book, "finding ultra" and made a career promoting his vegan lifestyle as an endurance triathlete? - rich roll - cam newton - dr. sanjay gupta - dr. dean ornish
rich roll
______________ inhibits gastric secretions and motility and increases output of water and bicarbonate. - gastrin - ghrelin - secretin - CCK
secretin
The _______ content of plant foods, such as grains and seeds, depends on this nutrient's content found in the soil in which the plants are grown. This nutrient is also important in the antioxidant system glutathione peroxidase. - zinc - selenium - iron - phosphorus
selenium
a derivative of retinoid acid is used to treat certain ______ conditions. - skin - eye - digestive - pain
skin
Which organ involves "segmentation" of food and digestive juices? - esophagus - small intestine - large intestine - stomach
small intestine
Maltase, sucrase, and lactate are enzymes found in the ___________ and breakdown _________. - stomach; simple sugars - small intestine; simple sugars - large intestine; simple sugars - pancreas; simple sugars
small intestine; simple sugars
which of the following is unique to its' ring-like structure? - phospholipids - sterols - monosaccarides - fiber
sterols
which of the following is NOT true in regards to phospholipids? - commonly found in foods as emulsifiers - found in the cell membrane - structure is primarily ring-like - have lipids attached to a phosphate group
structure is primarily ring-like
which of the following is the "sweetest" tasting sugar or artificial sugar? - sucrose - fructose - sucralose - aspartame
sucralose
which of the following is otherwise known as "table sugar"? - fructose - sucrose - high fructose corn syrup - glucose
sucrose
_____________ found in tea and in some grains can interfere with the absorption of iron - phenols - tannins - fiber - omega-3 fats
tannins
which of the following is most accurate regarding fluid and electrolytes found inside and outside cells? - the majority of fluid in the body is found inside cells - sodium and chloride are mainly found inside cells - water will move (via osmosis) in the direction opposite that of dissolved solutes - all of the above are accurate
the majority of fluid in the body is found inside cells
beriberi is a deficiency disease resulting from lack of which vitamin? - riboflavin - thiamin - niacin - vitamin C
thiamin
more than half the iodine in the body is found in the - liver - small intestine - thyroid gland - gall bladder
thyroid gland
which of the following is NOT function of vitamin C - immune function - antioxidant - aids in collagen production - thyroid hormone production
thyroid hormone production
what is the main role of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)? - to signal the brain to retain calcium in the bone - to signal the kidneys to reabsorb water into the blood - to signal the intestine to reabsorb fluids during digestion - to signal the liver to increase absorption of iron
to signal the kidneys to reabsorb water into the blood
Which of the following would be added to food to extend the shelf life and to decrease spoiling of food when exposed to oxygen? - omega-6 fatty acids - eicosanoids - fiber - trans fat via hydrogenation
trans fat via hydrogenation
which type of fat is the predominant type found in both our blood and in our diet? - HDL - LDL - triglycerides - phospholipids
triglycerides
Most phytochemical have antioxidant activity, protect our cells against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. - true - false
true
in terms of protein quality --- protein found in grains and legumes is less digestible (or of lesser quality) than the protein found in egg white or chicken breast. - true - false
true
low vitamin B12 intake can result in pernicious anemia which does not respond to iron supplementation - true - false
true
research shows that low-fat dairy is more effective at protein synthesis and replenishing net muscle protein balance than high-fat dairy. - true - false
true
saturated fats are commonly solid at room temperature, whereas unsaturated fats are commonly liquids at room temperature - true - false
true
sodium is a major positively charges, extracellular ion involved in fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle contraction - true - false
true
the presence of fiber in a meal or a food slows down digestion and absorption - true - false
true
which individual would not be considered at increased risk for developing iron deficiency anemia? - individual living in poverty - vegan athlete - pregnant woman - type 1 diabetic athlete
type 1 diabetic athlete
The exchange system for meal planing is aimed at assisting those with which condition? - hypertension - type 2 diabetes - celiac disease - diverticulosis - celiac disease and diverticulosis
type 2 diabetes
artificial sweeteners have been associated with increased risk for the development of? - type 1 diabetes - heart disease - type 2 diabetes - celiac disease
type 2 diabetes
A healthful diet should be: - varied, moderate, balanced and adequate - varied, moderate, balanced and average - varied, moderate, assured and plentiful - assorted, colorful, clean and average
varied, moderate, balanced and adequate
a __________ deficiency may result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues. It is also highly involved in transamination and deamination reactions. - vit B12 - vit B6 - vit C - vit D
vit B6
which vitamin would be most likely to repair a damaged cell membrane? - vit A - vit E - vit K - vit C
vit E
infants are given a vitamin K shot at birth because: - vit K is required for blood clotting - infants have immature digestive systems - vit K is required for normal brain development - vit K is required for blood clotting AND infants have immature digestive systems - all of the above
vit K is required for blood clotting AND infants have immature digestive systems
intrinsic factor decreases with age, and causes a decreased ability to absorb which nutrient in particular? - iron - vit D - iodine - vit B12
vitamin B12
which of the following would be a nutrient of "concern" for an individual following a strict vegan diet? - vitamin C - vitamin B12 - Fiber - vitamin A
vitamin B12
which of the following would not assist in decreasing oxidative damage from free radicals? - b-carotene - vitamin E - vitamin C - vitamin B12
vitamin B12
which vitamin would have to be consumed most frequently? - vitamin B12 - vitamin C - Vitamin A - Vitamin K
vitamin B12
In older adults, atrophic gastritis decreases the absorption of nutrients but on nutrient is of particular concern, which is: - iron - vitamin b12 - vitamin c - thiamin
vitamin b12
which of the following would result in the greatest glycemic response? - wheat bread - white bread - beans - steak
white bread
only diet been scientifically proven to "reverse" documented heart disease: - vegetarian - mediterranean - whole foods; plant based - lacto-ovo
whole foods; plant based
