OB 6301 Chapter 7 (multiple choice)

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug

A) Joe

You graduated from college two years ago and began working at Hampstead Electronics. You have received good performance evaluations and a raise. You just found out that your organization has hired a recent college graduate with no experience at a higher salary than you are now making. You consider this an unfair act and resolve to do something about it. Which of the following theories best describes such a situation? A) equity theory B) two-factor theory C) goal-setting theory D) theory of needs E) self-determination theory

A) equity theory

In an example, a local church is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who earns the minimum wage. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, and works because he enjoys it. Jane is a 45-year-old lawyer who earns well and is well-respected in her profession. She is extremely career-oriented and is proud of her achievements. Jane is likely to focus on which of the following levels of needs? A) esteem B) growth C) physiological D) self-actualization E) safety

A) esteem

Which of the following would be an example of procedural justice in your instructors course syllabus? A) not accepting late work B) having a mandatory attendance policy C) requiring you to complete a group project D) both A and B E) none of the above

A) not accepting late work

According to the expectancy theory, the degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will generate a desired outcome is indicated by the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) personal goal-self actualization

A) performance-reward

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following relationships indicates the degree to which the individual believes that a particular level of output will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome? A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) performance-achievement

A) performance-reward

Jamie is looking for a new job. She used to be the top sales representative for the region and was expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's golfing buddies was promoted to district manager instead. Jamie's dissatisfaction with her current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) personal goal-self actualization

A) performance-reward

Loni has worked at local dry cleaners for the past two years as a cashier. When the store was not busy with customers, Loni enjoyed helping Donatella, the seamstress, with various tasks such as sewing on buttons and fixing minor holes and such. Recently, Loni's job description was changed to include working with Donatella in the Alterations area 10 hours a week. Since then, Loni's enjoyment of working with Donatella has decreased. This decline can be explained by ________. A) self-determination theory B) goal setting theory C) Theory X and Theory Y D) hierarchy of needs E) expectancy theory

A) self-determination theory

What sort of goals does Management by Objectives (MBO) emphasize? A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable B) achievable, controllable, and profitable C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative D) challenging, rewarding, and measurable E) profitable, attainable, and verifiable

A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable

Your fellow employees have a terrible work situation. They work in an old, run-down building with an antiquated heating system. The work itself is tedious and the supervisor is rarely available and only shows up to give reprimands for production shortfalls. Nobody has received a promotion in two years. The work is boring, repetitious, and unrewarding. You are trying to improve this situation with the help of Herzberg's two-factor theory. You decide that your first job should be to improve the hygiene factors. Which of the following would you consider a hygiene factor? A) working conditions B) training related to new skills C) recognition D) employee empowerment E) promotion

A) working conditions

Which of the following statements is true regarding Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? A) "Social" needs relate to autonomy and achievement. B) A substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. C) "Esteem" needs relate to affection and friendship. D) Social needs are lower-order needs. E) Lower-order needs are satisfied internally.

B) A substantially satisfied need no longer motivates.

________ involves translating the organization's overall objectives into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization. A) Strategic planning B) Management by objectives C) Representative participation D) Management buy-out E) Management by exception

B) Management by objectives

________ is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. A) The confirmation bias B) The Pygmalion effect C) The anchoring bias D) The framing effect E) The distinction bias

B) The Pygmalion effect

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory? A) This theory proposes that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. B) This theory hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task. C) This theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. D) This theory is based on three needs: need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation. E) This theory states that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

B) This theory hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task.

McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs? A) achievement, growth, and security B) achievement, power, and affiliation C) self-actualization, stability, and affiliation D) affiliation, control, and security E) control, status, and affiliation

B) achievement, power, and affiliation

Goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory do not ________. A) address employee behavior B) compete with one another C) work toward improving motivation D) both A and C E) both B and C

B) compete with one another

An employee, rightly or wrongly, perceives the boss doesn't like him. As a result, he expects to get a poor appraisal, regardless of the level of effort he puts in. Under such circumstances, according to the expectancy theory, the employee is likely to see the ________ relationship as weak and demotivating. A) rewards-personal goals B) effort-performance C) performance-reward D) personal goal-self actualization E) performance-achievement

B) effort-performance

Which of the following is one of the four ways of increasing self-efficacy that involves gaining relevant experience with the task or job? A) verbal persuasion B) enactive mastery C) vicarious modeling D) arousal E) focused training

B) enactive mastery

With reference to the expectancy theory, when pay is based on factors other than performance such as seniority, the ________ relationship tends to be weak. A) effort-satisfaction B) performance-reward C) effort-performance D) personal goal-self actualization E) performance-achievement

B) performance-reward

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following factors is considered a hygiene factor? A) promotional opportunity B) quality of supervision C) achievement D) recognition E) responsibility

B) quality of supervision

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need? A) social B) safety C) esteem D) self-actualization E) recognition

B) safety

If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy. A) self-actualization B) security C) social D) esteem E) growth

B) security

Jasmine wants to become head of her department. Although she will be greatly compensated if she achieves this aim and will gain control over many subordinates, the main reason she is pursuing this position is that she thinks she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to the McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs primarily drives Jasmine in this case? A) the need for stability B) the need for achievement C) the need for growth D) the need for affiliation E) the need for power

B) the need for achievement

Joanna watches her friend Sharon slim down. This increases her confidence that she can lose weight too. Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is represented by this example? A) enactive mastery B) vicarious modeling C) arousal D) verbal persuasion E) focused training

B) vicarious modeling

Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory? A) The hygiene factors tend to be intrinsic factors. B) Factors that lead to job satisfaction are extrinsic factors. C) Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied. D) Recognition is a hygiene factor. E) Hygiene factors lead to job satisfaction.

C) Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied.

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following statements would likely be true? A) When the working conditions are comfortable, employees will be satisfied. B) Quality of supervision is a motivation factor. C) Fixing the conditions that make the employees dissatisfied will not make them satisfied. D) Employees are dissatisfied due to lack of recognition. E) The major reason for dissatisfaction is probably the lack of promotion.

C) Fixing the conditions that make the employees dissatisfied will not make them satisfied.

Which of the following statements is true regarding goals? A) Goal commitment is most likely to occur when the individual has an external locus of control. B) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output as compared to specific goals. C) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals. D) If factors such as acceptance of the goals are held constant, the more simple the goal, the higher the level of performance. E) Assigned goals appear to generate greater goal commitment in lower rather than higher power-distance cultures.

C) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.

Some researchers have attempted to revive components of the need hierarchy concept, using principles from evolutionary psychology. Which of the following statements is true in this regard? A) Researchers propose that higher-level needs are the chief concern of immature animals or those with primitive nervous systems. B) Researchers observe: lower needs are more frequently observed in mature animals with more developed nervous systems. C) Researchers have noted distinct underlying biological systems for different types of needs. D) Researchers observe that in time, these revisions to Maslow's hierarchy will definitely be useful to practicing managers. E) Researchers have noted the presence of intricate social systems for different types of needs.

C) Researchers have noted distinct underlying biological systems for different types of needs.

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. A) Emotional contagion B) Affect intensity C) Self-efficacy D) Cognitive dissonance E) Need for power

C) Self-efficacy

Mariah is the manager in a restaurant. According to Douglas McGregor's Theory X, which of the following is a behavior she would most likely exhibit? A) She would empower her subordinates. B) She would trust her employees to use discretion in most matters. C) She would strictly control all the details of any project she is managing. D) She would delegate authority extensively to junior managers. E) She would let her employees choose their own goals.

C) She would strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees would be best suited as a mentor to new employees with a chance to develop friendships? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug

C) Tim

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following factors is most likely to create job satisfaction? A) improving working conditions B) assuring job security C) appreciating a job well done D) improving the quality of supervision E) changing company policies

C) appreciating a job well done

With reference to the four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________. A) because you gain relevant experience with the task or job B) because you see someone else doing the task C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful D) because you get rewarded for performing a similar task well E) because you get energized or "psyched up" for performing the task

C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

Which of the following types of justice is most strongly related to organizational commitment and satisfaction with outcomes such as pay? A) associative justice B) interactional justice C) distributive justice D) procedural justice E) integrative justice

C) distributive justice

Helen is an office worker who processes health insurance forms. She has worked at her present job for three years. Initially she was criticized by her supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter improved considerably. Now she consistently processes her forms without errors and even does more forms than her required quota. However, she has found her supervisor has not responded to the extra effort she puts in, giving her no praise and no financial reward. Helen is most likely to perceive that there is a problem in the ________ relationship. A) rewards-personal goals B) performance-awareness C) effort-performance D) personal goal-self actualization E) performance-achievement

C) effort-performance

The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect. A) self-efficacy B) self-concordance C) galatea D) self-determination E) pseudocertainty

C) galatea

Many elements in management by objectives (MBO) programs match propositions of ________ theory. A) motivation-hygiene B) cognitive evaluation C) goal-setting D) self determination E) hierarchy of needs

C) goal-setting

The concept of self-concordance proposes that ________. A) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction B) employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more likely to attain their goals D) people with high achievement need tend to be the best general managers E) extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task

C) individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more likely to attain their goals

Which of the following is not an ingredient common to all MBO programs? A) an explicit time period B) participative decision making C) interdependence of tasks D) performance feedback E) specification of the goal

C) interdependence of tasks

In an example, a local church is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who earns the minimum wage. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, and works because he enjoys it. Jane is a 45-year-old lawyer who earns well and is well-respected in her profession. She is extremely career-oriented and is proud of her achievements. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Mary is likely to focus on satisfying ________ needs. A) social B) esteem C) physiological D) self-actualization E) growth

C) physiological

According to the theory of job engagement, which of the following activities will aid a manager in facilitating engagement for their employees? A) giving the employees a raise B) offering the employees a vacation C) providing comfortable desks D) including the employees in weekly planning meetings E) none of these work under the theory of job enrichment

C) providing comfortable desks

Jill is an excellent technical writer. She has never missed a deadline and all her projects are of superior quality. She now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that she can spend more time with her family. She feels that she has proven her reliability. However, her boss is unable to comply with her request and gives her a substantial raise instead. Jill's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) performance-achievement

C) rewards-personal goals

The main difference between the ideas of self-efficacy and self-esteem is ________. A) self-efficacy cannot be improved B) self-esteem is often baseless C) self-efficacy refers specifically to tasks D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) self-efficacy refers specifically to tasks

Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in OB. According to a study, by workers' own reports, they waste roughly 2 hours per day, not counting lunch and scheduled breaks and the biggest time-wasters are Internet surfing and ________. A) updating their skills B) conversing with managers C) talking with co-workers D) simulating work environment E) reading instructional books

C) talking with co-workers

The expectancy theory proposes that ________. A) employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility B) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation C) the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness D) extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task E) within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and as each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next one becomes dominant

C) the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness

Which of the following theories indicates the existence of a dual continuum? A) hierarchy of needs theory B) self-determination theory C) two-factor theory D) cognitive evaluation theory E) theory of needs

C) two-factor theory

Which of the following is true regarding job engagement? A) Organizations that have less engaged employees are more successful. B) Groups with more engaged employees have lower levels of productivity. C) Academic studies have found negative outcomes of job engagement. D) Critics note that higher levels of engagement may result in work-family conflict. E) Practicing managers believe that job engagement cannot improve performance.

D) Critics note that higher levels of engagement may result in work-family conflict.

Motivation can be defined by three key elements. ________ is one of these three key elements and it is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. A) Intelligence B) Experience C) Expertise D) Intensity E) Knowledge

D) Intensity

Which of the following statements is true regarding a management by objective (MBO) program? A) Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of cognitive evaluation theory. B) MBO strongly advocates that the goals should be assigned by the managers without the employees participating in the goal setting process. C) MBO programs set generalized rather than specific goals. D) MBO programs involve explicit time periods. E) MBO programs strongly discourage providing performance feedback because it can have negative effects on employee motivation.

D) MBO programs involve explicit time periods.

The culture of which country tends to have lower levels of internal motivation? A) United States B) Canada C) Great Britain D) Portugal E) Australia

D) Portugal

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most suitable for taking on your responsibilities when you are on a vacation? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug

D) Sarah

Some of your friends like to cram all night before exams; however, you are not able to keep your focus on the material for that length of time. Your study habits can be attributed to which element of motivation? A) intensity B) direction C) persistence D) both A and C E) both B and C

D) both A and C

Gloria thinks that she is paid less than other workers in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wasting time. Her actions result due to a perceived ________ injustice. A) interactive B) interpersonal C) procedural D) distributive E) associative

D) distributive

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________. A) dislike work B) need to be controlled C) avoid responsibility D) exercise self-direction E) attempt to avoid work

D) exercise self-direction

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort—performance relationship, performance—reward relationship, and rewards—personal goals relationship? A) goal-setting theory B) self-efficacy theory C) equity theory D) expectancy theory E) self-determination theory

D) expectancy theory

One of your classmates was recently found to have cheated on the exam. Though furious, your instructor spoke to the student very kindly and listened to the student's story of being very stressed out and having to work a part-time job. Your instructor's behavior is an attempt at ________. A) procedural justice B) distributive justice C) punitive justice D) interpersonal justice E) intrinsic justice

D) interpersonal justice

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________. A) cost-benefit ratio B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off C) quantity-quality trade-off D) outcome-input ratio E) quality of outcome

D) outcome-input ratio

Jessica does not believe that the methods and processes for determining salary increases in her company are fair. As per this example, Jessica believes that there is a problem with the firm's ________ justice. A) interpersonal B) distributive C) associative D) procedural E) outcome

D) procedural

You graduated from college two years ago and began working at Hampstead Electronics. You have received good performance evaluations and a raise. You just found out that your organization has hired a recent college graduate with no experience at a higher salary than you are now making. You consider this an unfair act and resolve to do something about it. In such a situation, you will most likely ________. A) work harder B) produce better work C) acknowledge that the newly hired person is worth more D) reduce the quality or quantity of work E) continue the job to acquire benefits of seniority

D) reduce the quality or quantity of work

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship. A) performance-achievement B) effort-performance C) performance-reward D) rewards-personal goals E) effort-satisfaction

D) rewards-personal goals

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation? A) theory of needs B) motivation-hygiene theory C) two-factor theory D) self-determination theory E) goal setting theory

D) self-determination theory

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory. A) two-factor B) self-determination C) goal-setting D) self-efficacy E) hierarchy of needs

D) self-efficacy

The two-factor theory proposes that ________. A) within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and as each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next one becomes dominant B) employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility D) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

D) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction

The researcher who developed self-efficacy theory, Albert Bandura, proposes four ways self-efficacy can be increased. Which of the following is one of these four ways that involves becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

D) vicarious modeling

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs? A) People with a high achievement need prefer doing tasks that involve a very high level of risk. B) People with a high achievement need prefer jobs that have a low degree of personal responsibility. C) Best managers tend to have a high need for affiliation. D) People with a high achievement need tend to be successful managers, especially in large organizations. E) Best managers tend to have a high need for power.

E) Best managers tend to have a high need for power.

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. A) Leadership B) Management C) Selective perception D) Emotional labor E) Motivation

E) Motivation

________ indicates how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) Selective perception B) Positivity offset C) Cognitive dissonance D) Emotional contagion E) Self-concordance

E) Self-concordance

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship? A) The employee lacks the skill required for the desired performance level. B) The organization's appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and initiative. C) The organizational rewards are based on seniority. D) The employee expects a poor appraisal as he believes that his manager does not like him. E) The employee wants to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Singapore.

E) The employee wants to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Singapore.

In an example, a local church is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who earns the minimum wage. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, and works because he enjoys it. Jane is a 45-year-old lawyer who earns well and is well-respected in her profession. She is extremely career-oriented and is proud of her achievements. Which of the following do you think would motivate Jonathan the most? A) more vacation time B) more responsibility C) greater career growth D) more money E) a greater sense of inner peace

E) a greater sense of inner peace

According to the two-factor theory, ________ is a motivating factor. A) better company policy B) quality of supervision C) responsibility D) job security E) pay

E) pay

Goals seem to have a more substantial effect on performance when the ________. A) goals are generalized (like "Do your best") rather than specific B) tasks are complex rather than simple C) tasks are novel rather than well learned D) goals are easy rather than difficult E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. A) hierarchy of needs B) goal-setting C) self-determination D) cognitive evaluation E) two-factor

E) two-factor

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

E) verbal persuasion

As per Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, social and self-actualization needs would be first priority in countries where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong.

False

Critics have noted that a "dark side" to job engagement might be that an individual becomes overly competitive.

False

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

False

If organizations rewarded individuals according to criteria such as seniority, creativity and initiative rather than for performance, then expectancy theory might be much more valid.

False

People who pursue goals for extrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

False

Under Theory Y, managers believe employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it.

False

Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.

False

According to Maslow, a need that is essentially satisfied no longer motivates.

True

According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.

True

Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

True

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

True

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

True

Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

True

Specific goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalized goal of "do your best."

True

The degree to which an employee believes it is meaningful to engage in work is partially determined by access to sufficient resources to work effectively.

True