OB MNGT Exam 2

What are major factors in determining why employees experience differing levels of stress?

the nature of the stressors the personality type of the employee the amount of social support the employee receives

when a former or current employee exposes illegal or immoral actions by their organization

whistle-blowing

What is the term for the amount of obligations a worker has regarding others?

work responsibility

challenge stressors most often trigger ______ emotions.

positive

The perceived fairness of the processes used in reaching decisions is known as______ justice

procedural

Which of the following needs would likely be labeled as "relatedness" needs?

romantic attachments friendship affection

elements of ability

skills competencies expertise

Which factor is predicted by an employee's level of trust in authorities?

ability to focus

Three common symbolic meanings of money are

achievement, respect, and freedom

According to Kohlberg, when does moral development begin?

at the preconventional stage

What do learners exhibit when they concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model?

attentional processes

the steps in the behavior modeling process in order, with the first step at the top.

attentional processes retention processes production processes reinforcement

What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?

availability bias

allows you to restore balance mentally, without altering your behavior in any way

cognitive distortion

how well one's actions fit in with generally accepted moral standards.

ethics

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

What are simple, efficient "rules of thumb" that we use to help us make decisions more easily?

heuristics

What quality is associated with someone who keeps promises?

integrity

What term is used to describe the permanent change that results when an employee's experience increases a knowledge or skill?

learning

Types of Goal Orientation

learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid

______ _____ relationships involve a connection with another person and fosters trust and expectations that the other person will honor his or her obligations.

social exchange

reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes

task complexity

Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. What process does Alana use to develop an approach to reaching this goal?

task strategy

An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?

Self-efficacy

four-component model

A model that argues that ethical behaviors result from the multistage sequence of moral awareness moral judgment moral intent ethical behavior (in that order)

The extent to which consequences of the act are focused

Concentration of effect

Which dimension of psychological empowerment is experienced by employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks?

self determination

Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills and experience

people in organizations have the ability to learn through observation of others

social learning theory

What is the term for the negative consequences associated with stress?

strains

In a ______ ______, managers study the positions in their workplaces to determine if stress is negatively impacting employees.

stress audit

Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with Blank______ and a weak correlation with Blank______.

task performance, organizational commitment

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. What term is used to describe these kinds of plans?

task strategies

When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in

cognition-based trust

What rule of fair process is ensured by having procedures that employees can use to appeal their performance evaluation ratings?

correctability

What is the moral principle that holds that the individual's self-interest and freedom should be the motivation and the goal of action?

egosim

There are two major types of social support that people may receive when they are confronted with stressful demands:

emotional and instrumental

an internal tension that can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the ratios, often takes form of negative emotions such as anger and envy

equity distress

An employer who removes a consequence following an unwanted behavior by an employee engages in ______.

extinction

Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

What is the name for the type of stressors that prevent people from achieving personal success or goals?

hindrance

what are the three dimensions by which we gauge an authority's track record?

integrity benevolence ability

Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?

motivation

Which branch of business ethics is focused on how people ought to act?

prescriptive

depression and anxiety are examples of what kind of stressors

psychological

What type of reinforcement schedule is used when desired behaviors are reinforced at arbitrary points in time?

variable interval

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom.

1. self efficiency 2. specific, difficult goals 3. increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perceptions of equity

What term describes the tendency to continue with an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a failing course of action?

Escalation of commitment

What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?

Extrinsic motivation

What type of motivation is involved when an employee finds internal satisfaction in doing a job well?

Intrinsic motivation

According to Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral development, which is true of moral development at the conventional stage?

It involves an emphasis on laws, rules, and orders that govern society.

Which of the following can facilitate a climate for transfer within an organization?

Perceived supervisor support Opportunities to use newly learned skills Peer support

The interval between when the act occurs and its consequences

Temporal immediacy

T or F Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

True

T or F Moral identity is the extent to which an individual considers oneself to be a moral person.

True

ensures that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge.

behavior modeling training

Which of the following are necessary for true learning to occur?

behavioral changes are repeated over time behavioral changes become permanent

What quality is demonstrated by someone who shows a desire to do what is in your best interest rather than their own interest?

benevolence

The term ______ refers to exhaustion of the body and mind due to excessive and prolonged stress.

burnout

The type of stressors linked to the attainment of education and achievement are known as______ stressors.

challenge

To capitalize on the expertise of its employees in developing new products, a multinational consumer electronics company established groups of engineers in its various divisions to share knowledge, design methodologies, and design successes and failures. What term describes this action?

communities of practice

According to equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?

comparison others

Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that they can perform their job successfully?

competence

Which element of attribution is involved when people assess whether a number of other people have behaved the same way in a similar situation?

consensus

When we judge whether a person's behavior was the result of internal or external elements, we examine the person's behavior on all of the following dimensions

consensus. distinctiveness. consistency.

an approach to business that recognizes that companies have responsibilities that extend to being a good corporate citizen in the community.

corporate social responsibility

Which branch of business ethics involves the scientific study of how people tend to act when presented with a moral problem or dilemma?

descriptive

What is the first step in managing stress?

determining the amount of stress in an organization and its causes

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

The three factors that influence trust levels are

disposition-based trust cognition-based trust affect-based trust

Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.

engagement

Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?

equity theory

Which of the following moral principles judge the morality of an action solely on its honorable qualities and respect for others rather than on its outcome?

ethics of rights virtue ethics

An individual's belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

According to Expectancy Theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors:

expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

Types of Knowledge

explicit and tacit

True or false: Companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants.

false

True or false: If any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is higher than zero, motivation will be higher than zero.

false

When ground beef is advertised as "75% lean," sales are higher than when it is advertised as "25% fat." What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?

framing

believing that another person's behavior is due to internal factors.

fundamental attribution error

The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called

goal commitment

What is the term for employer practices that are intended to help employees with personal problems, such as alcohol and drug dependencies, financial problems, or marital difficulties?

health and wellness programs

What dimension of justice is defined as the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees by authorities?

informational

A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing

instrumentality

What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?

intensity

In terms of equity theory, a(n) Blank______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.

internal comparison

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?

intrinsic

In which type of orientation is building competence more important than demonstrating competence?

learning

The level of impact of the outcome

magnitude of consequences

In the context of work, what quality results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions?

meaningfulness

What is the term for cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences?

needs

What type of decisions address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined?

nonprogrammed

work-family conflict is an example of a

nonwork hindrance stressor

The transactional theory of stress attempts to explain stress in terms of three components:

perception, response, appraisal

High blood pressure, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and heart disease are examples of ______ strains caused by stressors.

physiological

What is the term for the phenomenon in which workers are on the job but are not fully functioning due to illness or other medical conditions? presenteeism

presenteeism

When stressors enter our lives, our bodies quickly judge situations and decide whether or not they are stressful. What is the name of this process?

primary appraisal

The likelihood that the act will occur or cause harm

probability of effect

employees can judge the fairness of an authority's decision making along 4 dimensions

procedural justice interpersonal justice distributive justice informational justice

What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past?

programmed

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause? Multiple choice question.

psychological empowerment

What term is used to describe a paid or unpaid leave of absence provided for study and research, travel, community service, or personal renewal?

sabbatical

What type of decision making are you engaged in when you are not looking for the very best alternative, but instead accept the first alternative that meets minimum requirements?

satisficing

Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs?

shelter and safety

Mara has worked in her company's office for many years and over time has learned who the best people are to talk to when certain issues arise. What type of knowledge does this represent?

tacit

Hospitals may offer stress management programs for its employees to help them recognize sources of stress and teach them stress-reduction skills. What is the name for this type of program?

training intervention

What term is used to describe a person's general belief that others can be relied upon?

trust propensity

What term is used to describe the characteristics or attributes of a person that inspire our trust?

trustworthiness

Which of the following are consequentialist moral principles, which judge the morality of an action according to its goals, aims, or outcomes?

utilitarianism egoism

According to researchers, people pay more attention to stimuli that are

vivid recognizable significant

Rules of Procedural Justice

voice correctability consistency bias suppression representativeness accuracy

What is one major factor people consider when choosing coping strategies?

whether they believe the strategies have a good chance to succeed

In the process of hiring a specialist, at what point should ability be considered?

in the beginning of the process

the degree to which an authority's decision making is considered fair.

justice

Autonomy, self-sufficiency, and responsibility would be categorized as ______ needs.

control