Oceanography - Chapter 4

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. True False

true

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: less than 30% neritic material. more than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% hydrogenous material. more than 30% neritic material. less than 30% biogenous material.

less than 30% biogenous material

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? phosphorites radiolarians coccolithophores foraminiferans corals

radiolarians

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. gravity coring rotary drilling dredging instrumented probes grab sampling

rotary drilling

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. biogenic ooze red clay halite, gypsum, and anhydrite sand, silt, and gravel basalt fragments and metallic sulfides

sand, silt, and gravel

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Foraminifers Coccolithophores Radiolarians Diatoms

-Coccolithophores -diatoms

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): 2. 2 & 3. 3 & 4. 1. 4.

4

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________. continental rise tropical reef or bank abyssal hills province mid-ocean ridge abyssal plain

continental rise

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. ice rafting depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with glacial deposits particle size classification associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans

associated with glacial deposits

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. coccolithophores hydrogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment cosmogenous sediment biogenous sediment

biogenous sediment

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except : volcanic particles. beach sand. diatom ooze. glacial deposits. clays.

diatom ooze

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. True False

false

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True False

true

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True False

true

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True False

true

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True False

true

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A. siliceous ooze

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. volcanic ash calcium carbonate metal sulfides quartz sand silica

Calcium carbonate

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer. The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading. The deposit undergoes slow burial. Conditions of high salinity are present. The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves. The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment.

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common? They all are restricted to regions of high evaporation overlying the continental shelf. They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals. They all form at deep-ocean sites where lithogenous sediments are rare. They all form from chemical reactions modified by living organisms. They all contain commercially valuable metals that are collected from the sea floor.

They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals.

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. manganese nodules hydrogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. metal sulfides cosmogenous sediment biogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

Phosphate-rich nodules form in: abyssal plains. estuaries. hydrothermal vent areas. mid-ocean ridges. intermediate to shallow depth water.

intermediate to shallow depth water.

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. abyssal clay hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: hydrogenous. volcanogenic. biogenous. lithogenous. cosmogenous.

lithogenous.

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low carbon dioxide concentration low oxygen concentration high oxygen concentration high carbon dioxide concentration low salinity

low salinity

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Wentworth Scale depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) associated with glacial deposits particle size classification associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve

particle size classification

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. halite gypsum quartz aragonite calcite

quartz

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : manganese nodule. stromatolites. evaporites. halites. phosphates.

stromatolites

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

tektites

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s): 1. 2 & 4. 2 & 3. 2, 3, 4, & 5. 2, 3, & 4.

2, 3, & 4.

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True False

False

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Foraminifers Radiolarians Diatoms Coccolithophores

-Radiolarians -Diatoms

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze abyssal clay coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers black volcanic beach sand manganese nodules

-coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers -manganese nodules

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf along the mid-ocean ridge on the continental slope on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface

-in deep trenches not far offshore -on the continental shelf

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

B. calcareous

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

D. oolites

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer) The core was collected from a region where the seafloor is shallower than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected beneath a region of low-productivity at a depth greater than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected from the mid-ocean ridge in water shallower than 4,000 meters. The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters. The core was collected in a warm-water region in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a volcanic eruption. a glacier. a river delta. organisms the wind.

a glacier

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth? chondrites oolites tektites spherules micrometeorites

chondrites

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________. phosphorites clathrates halites coal crude oil

clathrates

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except : methane hydrates. petroleum. sand and gravel. coal. manganese nodules.

coal

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: cosmogenous. hydrogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.

cosmogenous.

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. CCD particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans associated with glacial deposits depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. True False

false

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide. ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life.

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________. oolite slime clathrate mud ooze

ooze