Oral Comm Final Exam (December 11)

Define and give examples of each of the Thomas Killman conflict management style: (9G:136)

*Competing*- you are more concerned being right than getting the right answer for the situation *Collaborating* - individuals attempt to have both parties reach consensus *Compromising*- achieved when each person give up something in order to come to an acceptable solution *Accommodating*- give in or sacrifice completely to the other party *Avoiding*- to evade conflict through silence or removing themselves from the situation

Briefly define Robert Greenleaf (1991) leadership concept and describe it (10N:155)

-A servant leader: serves and grows the team and is modeled off of Christ and his leadership -Elements: Treats the followers with empathy

Describe and give examples for Altman and Taylor Social Penetration Theory (5E:80)

-Altman and Taylor Social Penetration Theory: a theory that says that we share information about ourselves in layers (onion) -Breadth vs. Depth

Define and differentiate analogy, example and illustration(13K:201)

-Analogy: using an idea we understand to help us with one that we don't get. -Example: One item in a large group that enables the audience to better understand the larger group -Illustration: Stories that demonstrate an idea by showing how it played out in someone's life.

Define and give examples of inclusive language ...(11L:175-176)

-Avoids expressions that highlight how a person or group is different. -Usually deals with gender (i.e. Chairman v. Chairperson)

Define and give examples of code switching (7B:97-103)

-Code switching - adapting our communication style to the culture of the people with whom we are interacting. Example: If you were talking to a Chinese person, you might address them and adapt to their communication style whereas with your American friends, you may be a little bit more laid back.

Define and give an example for the dialectical tension known as autonomy-connection. (9C:128)

-Dialectical tension arises between opposing relational needs -Autonomy-connection: wanting to be independent while staying connected with others

List tips on how to improve skills for listening for fun (5H:68)

-Engage in listening -Be aware of what you are hearing -Enjoy silence

Define and give examples of low and high self-monitor. (2H:22-23)

-High self-monitor: Those who are very attentive to what they're doing and why they're doing it. Example: Honest with themselves about themselves. -Low self-monitor: People who are not self-aware and are often clueless about how others perceive their actions. Example: Someone who talks about themselves all evening when they're out with friends.

Define immediacy behaviors and give examples of it. (14J:226)

-Immediacy behaviors: verbal and nonverbal behaviors that a speaker uses to build closeness and connection with audience members to promote a sense of closeness and likability. -Examples are Humor, telling stories and sharing personal examples, calling audience members by name, being available to talk to audience, and using inclusive language.

Define and give two examples of nonverbal communication used as an illustrator, emblem and adapter (4F:49-55)

-Nonverbal: Illustrator: illustrate the message and adding to the message ex. hand quotations item being talked about Ex. pointing to the choices of food on the menu and explaining how the food tastes Emblem: culturally recognized gestures that have a direct interpretation into a few words Giving someone the middle finger (don't do that) Making the "A-okay" sign in the US would be translated in Russian culture as a sexual insult

Define proxemics and give examples (4F:49-55)

-Proxemics: the way we use space to send messages -Example: nonverbal (proxemics, artifactics, chronemics, scent, vocalics, haptics)

Define and differentiate self-awareness from self-concept (16)

-Self-awareness: what you know and understand about yourself. -Self-concept: Stable image you have of yourself over time.

Differentiate self-disclosure from small talk: (6A:78-79)

-Self-disclosure: process of telling someone information about ourselves that is not public knowledge -Small-talk: sharing superficial information

Define and give examples of contempt. Differentiate it from stonewalling (9D:130-133)

-Stonewalling: ignoring the other person's argument completely, silent treatment -Contempt: insulting a person through name-calling, sarcasm, hostility, not the argument

List and give examples of how vocal qualities can be used to emphasize important points (14M:229-230)

-Volume: How loudly or quietly one speaks. -Rate: How fast or how slow one speaks during a speech. -Pitch: The highness or lowness of ones voice, comprising the natural range of highs and lows in which the voice operates -Pauses: A temporary stop or rest within the speech used to deliberately by the speaker to emphasize a point or catch a breath.

What is a purposeful, helpful type of movement for a presentation? (14K:227-228)

-Walk-Stop-Talk Method: match the transitions of your speech to your movement around the room. -When you incorporate hand gestures shoot for large expressive gestures (not small, repetitive gestures) that highlight key ideas, are varied, and are natural. -Head up, shoulders back, and arms open is a good goal for confident speaking posture.

Define and give two examples of nonverbal communication used as verbal message regulators, verbal message illustrators, and verbal message substitution. (4C:46-48)

-verbal message regulators: stops or changes the flow of the conversation -verbal message illustrators: pointing at the object that is being talked about -verbal message substitution: like waving goodbye rather than saying goodbye

Identify and give examples of each Knapp's relationship stages (6J:84-86) (Differentiating, Open communication, Terminating, Exclusivity, Stagnating).

1. Coming together: a. Initiation: meeting and small talk b. Experimentation: offering info to see how the other will react c. Intensification: share hopes, dreams, fears d. Integrating: increasingly relevant self-disclosure e. Bonding: formal commitment that makes it difficult to dissolve the relationship 2. Growing apart: a. Differentiation: realizing significant differences b. Circumscribing: conflict forms a rift between partners; recognizing differences but putting them off until a later time c. Stagnating: not wanting to go on like they have been but they don't break up; they're stuck d. Avoiding: actively refusing to acknowledge each other's presence e. Terminating: one person ends the relationship permanently; sad then relief

Describe the characteristics of the leadership style proposed by Charles Duhigg (10I: 153)

1. Good leaders are good coaches 2. They empower their teams and don't micromanage 3. They express interest and concern for the well-being and success of their team members. 4. They specifically orient themselves to create results. 5. Good leaders listen to their team and share information with them. 6. They help their team foster their own career development. 7. They have a clear mission and strategy to accomplish it. 8. A good leader has key skills necessary to complete the tasks at hand.

List all the elements of an apology and give an example. (9:138)

1. I'm sorry for... (be specific.) For being late to class 2. I was wrong because... (Often the reason it's wrong because you have betrayed the other's trust. 3. In the future, I will (Relate what you will, not what you won't, do.) 4. Will you forgive me? 5. Ex. I'm sorry for being late to class. I was wrong because I did not value your time. In the future, I will more properly manage my time. Will you forgive me?

Give tips for the successful incorporation of visuals into your speech... (14N:231)

1. Maintain the same confident delivery all while connecting and engaging with your audience. 2. Do not push the pause button on good delivery when using a visual aid during your speech. 3. Don't turn your back on the audience to read your visuals from the projector screen, turn the lights off, stand in a corner, or only look at the powerpoint while you speak. 4. Keep good eye contact with the audience while you speak, practice with your visuals before your speech, and arrive at your speaking location early to set up your visuals.

What is a concise communicator and how can you be one? (11A:177)

A concise communicator is someone that gets to the point of the subject by cutting out cluttering words like, "that being said", "in order to" etc.

Define ambiguity and differentiate from double talk. (11D:167)

Ambiguity uses wording that leaves an uncertain meaning. Double talk is using ambiguous words to deceive the audience in order to protect the speaker.

Define and give examples of cultural artifacts (4F:49-55)

Artifacts - the use of objects to tell something about someone. Ex. clothes, jewelry, the books you read. Cultural artifacts are tangible expressions of a culture. Examples: using chopsticks and eating slowly in Chinese culture

Please identify and give examples for: (8C:115-116) Attractiveness Bias

Attractiveness Bias: the tendency to ascribe better motives for actions to attractive people than you would to less attractive people in the same circumstances

Explain Fischer's (1989) theory in relation to fidelity and coherence in truth and storytelling. (3G:39)

Coherence: the quality of forming a unified whole Fidelity: Faithfulness to a person, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support

Mention the three elements that make communication a process

Communicators, senders and receivers (but is actually past present and future.)

Define and list components of audience analysis (8E:121)

Components of audience analysis: audience attitudes, expectations, demographics, and the occasion

Describe the characteristics of Self-confirmation Theory (Emotional Intelligence is the focus) (2I:23)

Emotional intelligence: the ability to recognize, understand, use, and control our emotions and those of others

Define and distinguish these three components: feedback, message, and channel (1E: 5-6)

Feedback- response to a message Message- idea one communicator wants to give to another Channel- sensory medium that carries the message

Please identify and give examples for: (8C:115-116) Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to assume any negative behavior by another person is internal rather than external

Mention all the cultural differences proposed by Hofstede and describe the Collectivist-individualistic (7E:98-102) dimension. Give an example of it Describe

High vs. Low Context, Monochronic vs. Polychronic Time Orientation, Collectivist vs. Individualist, Power Distance, Masculine vs. Feminine, and Uncertainty avoidance. Collectivist focuses on the group before the individual, Individualist focuses on the individual before the group. Eg: Socialism and Capitalism.

Define and give examples of intrapersonal communication, public communication, interpersonal communication, internal communication (1K:11)

Intrapersonal communication- communication within yourself, internal dialogue Public communication- public speaking, one person talks while audience listens Interpersonal communication- communication between 2+ people in a relationship

Explain and give examples of empathic listening (5F:64)

It is an opportunity for you to engage. Help them- Feel their feelings without jumping into their emotions to the point of being unable to control yourself EX: Your friend has been dumped & needs to talk/ cry it out; Your sister is unsure if her job will work out

List sources of speech anxiety and what they produce in the speaker. (14G:222-223)

Low self-esteem and a history of negative public speaking. Self fulfilling prophecies

Define all panes of the Johari window (2G:22) (Open; Unknown; Hidden; Blind).

Open: What you and others know about yourself. // Unknown: What you and others DO NOT know about yourself. // Hidden: What you know but others don't. // Blind: What you do not know but others do

Please identify and give examples for: (8C:115-116) Similarity Bias

Similarity Bias: assuming that a person who is like you in one way will be like you in other ways

all categories of informative speeches (descriptive, explanatory etc.). (12C:180-181)

Speeches that describe, explain, demonstrate, and narrate. Speeches that describe gives details on a subject.

Define the Sapir and Whorf Hypotheses, known as Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (7D:97)

The theory that the words we learn from those who rear us transmit the mindset of the culture in which we grow up and that affects how we see the world

What is a Specific Speech Purpose and how do you identify one ) 13E:195)

What you hope to accomplish in the speech. In identifying one, first it is labeled.( this puts the goal of the speech before the eyes of the speaker right away.) Secondly, it uses an infinitive clause. ("To" plus a verb") Thirdly, it is geared towards the audience. Lastly, it should only have one idea, the one you want to get across to the audience. Ex. To inform the audience about the effects alcohol on the body.

Identify family communication style based on Kantor and Lehr, (6N:89) (Open, Closed, Random)

a. Open family communication style: values flexibility, authentic interaction, responsiveness b. Closed family communication style: values predictability, structure, consistency, & tradition c. Random family communication style: values spontaneity, happiness, & individuality

Listening for judgment differs from listening for information because the listener: (5G:67) a) Allows himself to react emotionally. b) Paraphrases what has been said. c) Evaluates and challenges what he hears. d) Is proactively competitive. e) Paraphrases what has been said and gives advice.

c) Evaluates and challenges what he hears.