Organizational Behavior Test 2

What happens in equity theory when your ratio and the comparison other's ratio aren't equal?

Equity distress- creates an internal tension that causes an individual to attempt to restore equity

What are the two rules of interpersonal justice?

Respect, propriety (refrain from making improper or offensive remarks)

Punishment

give something bad

Positive reinforcement

give something good

Motivation

A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

Trust

A willingness to leave yourself vulnerable to the acts of another because of positive expectations

Procedural justice

All about how decisions are made, concerned with the decision making process

Psychological empowerment

An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to come larger purpose

Equity Theory

Another approach to what motivates people; equity theory is all about outcomes, inputs, and social comparisons.

What three things are considered in cognition-based trust?

Competence, character, benevolence

Negative outcomes of trust include:

Confirmation bias, less vigilance

Trust is a response to the fundamental social dilemma:

Cooperating leads to better outcomes, but in cooperating, you leave yourself open to being exploited by others

Expectancy Theory

Describes why people are motivated to behave in a certain way:(1) what they expect as an outcome (2) how much they want that outcome, and (3) how likely is that outcome to happen will motivate their behavior.

What are the three reasons we trust?

Disposition, cognition, affect

What are the four dimensions of justice?

Distributive justice, procedural justice, informational justice, interpersonal justice

According to expectancy theory, the link between effort and performance is ____________.

Expectancy: if I exert alot of effort, will I perform well?

Take away something good

Extinction

Moderators of goal setting theory include

Feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment.

What affects the process of learning?

Goal orientation

Goal-setting theory

Goal setting theory is a cognitive model of motivation that assumes there is a direct relationship b/w our goals and our behaviors.

Self-set goals

Goals that are internalized that people use to monitor their own task progress

What are the four basic ideas of equity theory?

Individuals strive to create and maintain their desired state of equity. When a state of inequity is perceived, it creates tension which people are motivated to eliminate which affects the persistence and intensity of motivation. The greater the perceived inequity, the greater the motivation to reduce tension. Unfavorable inequity is a bigger problem for individuals that favorable.

According to expectancy theory, the link between performance and outcomes is ________________.

Instrumentality- the belief that a good performance will result in certain outcomes.

What's useful about Maslow's Theory?

It gives the general idea that needs are important and there are multiple needs. It provides a list of some needs.

What is the relationship b/w trust and justice?

Justice acts as some sort of observable behavioral evidence that an authority might be trustworthy. Justice-relevant acts can serve as behavioral evidence of trustworthiness. Authorities who treat employees fairly are thought to be more trustworthy.

What are the two rules of informational justice?

Justification (are communications comprehensive and reasonable) and truthfulness

What can managers take away from Maslow?

Keep in mind that motivation is determined by multiple needs and that these change from time to time. Also, they must identify the most important needs of a time and link satisfaction to performance.

Task strategies

Learning and problem solving approaches used to achieve successful performance.

Which goal orientation is best?

Learning orientation does help people learn better and perform better, it also builds self confidence and improves feedback seeking behavior

People are motivated by the lowest unsatisfied needs on the hierarchy.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The lower needs have to be satisfied before the higher needs motivate behavior.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The lower the need, the stronger it is and the more important for well-being.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Psychological empowerment is fostered by what four beliefs?

Meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, impact

Self-set goals determine your _____________ and _______________________.

Motivation and task strategies

What's wrong with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

People don't climb in the same progression, it can be influenced by culture, and the needs are not universal.

What are the two ways we learn?

Reinforcement (via operant conditioning) and behavioral modeling

Performance goal orientation (performance-prove)

demonstration of competence, focus on demonstrating competence so others think favorably of of them

SCARF goal setting

Specific, challenging, accepted, rewards, feedback

SMART goal setting

Specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, time sensitive

In expectancy theory, the instrumentality link is usually the weak link in organizations. What can help with this?

Strong culture, feedback, and leadership

Negative reinforcement

Take away something bad

According to expectancy theory, motivation is fostered when the employee believes what three things?

That effort will result in performance, that performance will result in outcomes, and that those outcomes will be valuable.

Distributice justice

The perceived fairness of decision making outcomes (are pay, rewards, etc allocated using the appropriate norms?)

Interpersonal justice

The perceived fairness of the way authorities treat employees during the decision

According to goal setting theory, goals are _________________________________________.

The primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.

Learning

The relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result form experience

Social Comparison

To judge whether you've been treated fairly (according to equity theory), you compare your ratio of outcomes-to-inputs with another person's.

Performance goal orientation (performance-avoid)

demonstration of competence, focus on demonstrating competence so others will not think poorly of them

What link in the expectancy theory varies the most?

Valence link: different people are motivated by different things

What are the 6 rules of procedural justice?

Voice, correctability, consistency, bias suppression, representativeness, accuracy

Behavioral modeling

When an employee can remember a behavior and have the skills and abilities to do it on their own- very effective form of learning

In equity theory, the ratio is

a ratio of your outcomes to inputs (compare what you get with what you put in)

If you're underpaid, according to the equity theory, you would:

ask for a raise (increase outcomes), work less (decrease inputs), encourage the other to work more (increase their inputs), tell the boss the other deserves a pay cut (decrease their outcomes)

According to equity theory, underpayment has ___________ outcomes and overpayment has _____________ outcomes.

behavioral; cognitive

Learning orientation (subset of goal orientation)

building competence is more important that demonstrating competence

Explicit knowledge

easy to communicate and teach; you can read it in a book

Organizational justice

fairness as it relates to the workplace

There are 3 reasons we trust, all _________________ of each other, and any one can determine whether you trust or you don't.

independent

Tactic knowledge

more difficult to communicate; gained with experience, majority of what we learn in an organization, separates experts from non-experts

Trust in organizations results in:

more risk taking, better team processes and performance, and more workplace satisfaction

In expectancy theory, many people have high or low expectancy based on their ____________.

self-efficacy

Social learning theory tells us...

that employees can learn effectively and efficiently through observing competent qualified others

Expertise

the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people

Informational Justice

the perceived fairness of the communications employees receive from authorities with respect to the decision

The third link in expectancy theory is determined by ____________

valence- are these outcomes satisfying?

Your trust propensity is highly influence by:

your culture, your past experiences, and your own trustworthiness