Organizational Management Midterm
Which of the following best describes the difference between a terminal value and an instrumental value?
A terminal value refers to a desirable end state; an instrumental value refers to behavior that helps achieve that end state.
When Jay's company investigated opening a sales office in Lisbon, Portugal, he was astonished to learn that, according to law, employees are entitled to 13 paid holidays and 22 days of paid vacation. Which issue confronting managers would this best reflect?
Adapting to differing cultural/regulatory norms
Eric has been at his job for more than five years but has been passed over for promotion three times. Each time Eric was not considered he became angrier and angrier at the situation, until he started thinking about getting a new job. Eric's anger about being passed over for promotion represents which component of his attitude?
Affective
Employees are emotionally affected by incidents that occur at work. What theory supports the influence of emotions on job performance and satisfaction?
Affective events theory
Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance? Agreement between the beliefs of any two people An incompatibility between the opinions of any two people An incompatibility between two of a person's beliefs, behavior, or attitudes The rejection of an employer's belief system Disagreement between the beliefs of any two people
An incompatibility between two of a person's beliefs, behavior, or attitudes
Although individuals are unique, some generational values seem to exist based on research. According to the text, the dominant work values of success, achievement, and ambition are most often associated with which generation?
Baby boomers
In physical science, laws such as the law of gravity allow scientists to predict a behavior in a wide range of situations. For example, an apple, an orange, and a pinecone will all eventually fall from a tree. Why are laws of behavior difficult to apply in the field of organizational behavior?
Because contingency variables impact individual action
Maria has been at her job for three years but is very dissatisfied and is ready to find a new job. When she goes home she tells her partner that she is going to look for a new job that has better benefits and pay and in which she can grow her career. This statement is an example of what part of Maria's attitude toward her job?
Behavioral
As the manager of a workforce with particularly stressful jobs, you plan to present techniques to help your workforce more effectively regulate emotions. Recognizing that these are individuals working in situations where they are not able to control the sources of stress, what technique would be most appropriate to teach your workforce?
Cognitive reappraisal
The ABC Company is redesigning its training programs. Managers have been increasingly concerned with an inability of many employees to work together on tasks as a team to negotiate a final product reflecting their joint actions. What employability skill would you recommend that the company begin offering?
Collaboration
Managers need to be aware of exit and neglect behaviors in response to dissatisfaction because they impose a negative influence on the organization and its employees. These behaviors are initiated and felt by the employee rather than imposed by management. In addition to these behaviors, which are generally perceived to have a negative effect, voice and loyalty are also possible responses initiated by the employee. With this information, what can an HR Director do to maximize the possibility the dissatisfied employees will respond with voice or loyalty or both, rather than an exit or neglect response?
Conduct regular employee surveys to better understand what employees feel about their jobs.
Often, two people act very differently in the same situation, and the same person's behavior changes in different situations. For example, not everyone is motivated by money, and people may behave differently at a restaurant than they do at a back yard BBQ. Which of the following would describe an individual's behavior in the situation in which x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z?
Contingency variable
Jerome is the HR manager for the XYZ Company. He has committed to monitoring more HR activities (such as time to hire and cost of hires) to be sure he has sufficient time to take corrective action as needed to improve performance. Which management function is Jerome engaging in when he monitors his HR activities?
Controlling
Mintzberg divided managerial activities into ten different roles. Managers engaged in transmitting information to employees would be engaged in which of the following informational roles?
Disseminator
EI has been shown by researchers to lead to improved workplace performance, yet the use of EI testing may be dismissed and is not always recommended during the selection process because ________________.
EI tests are not necessarily predictive of performance for all types of jobs
During which point in the week are people in the United States usually in the worst mood?
Early in the week
Job satisfaction ratings were consistently high over a thirty-year period, and then job satisfaction ratings declined dramatically in 2007. What might be the reason for this decline?
Economic conditions.
Peggy and Sean are in terrible moods when they arrive at the office. Which of the following best explains why their coworkers will probably be in bad moods by the end of the day? Emotional labor Emotional repression Emotional transfer Emotional contagion Emotional dissonance
Emotional contagion
Which of the following best describes the difference between emotional labor and emotional dissonance?
Emotional labor is displaying emotions because your job requires you to do so; emotional dissonance is the tension between your displayed and felt emotions.
Which of the following best describes affective events theory? Job satisfaction affects rational reactions to events at work. Job performance affects emotional reactions to events at work. Emotional reactions to events at work affect self-esteem. Job satisfaction affects emotional reactions to events at work. Emotional reactions to events at work influence job performance
Emotional reactions to events at work influence job performance.
Jeremy has been dissatisfied in his job. He has revised his resume, updated his LinkedIn profile, and accepted an invitation to interview with a competitor firm. Which response to dissatisfaction is Jeremy engaging in?
Exit
A grocery store has job openings for stockers. These positions require workers to unload shipments and stock shelves, and workers must be able to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with his/her arms, body and/or legs. Which basic physical ability would be most important in this job?
Extent flexibility
Which of the following best describes the difference between felt emotions and displayed emotions?
Felt emotions are the employee's real emotions; displayed emotions are the emotions an organization requires an employee to show.
Which of the following value dimensions identifies a culture with little distinction between male and female roles?
Femininity
The director of the county's humane society participates in the groundbreaking ceremony for the humane society's new facility and delivers a speech thanking those who donated to the building fund. Which of Mintzberg's managerial roles does this best describe?
Figurehead
Gertrude prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, which of the following jobs would suit her best?
File clerk
Which of the following jobs would be considered a customer service job?
Flight attendant
An overall intelligence factor, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual abilities, is known as which of the following?
GMA
Alex's team is extremely diverse in terms of age. He is especially surprised by the differences among his team members in their loyalties. Joan is very loyal to her career. Mark is exceptionally loyal to the relationships he has forged while Alex is loyal to himself and his relationships. Mark is most likely a member of which generation?
Gen Xers
Mary is the Chair of the Board of Directors for a private equity company. She is leading the team selecting a new CEO. She has asked you for advice on what characteristics she should seek out in candidates that may be important to their job success. What trait would you recommend that she look for in candidates?
High conscientiousness
A country's culture is observed as one in which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups. There are well defined separate roles for men and women. Laws are used extensively to reduce uncertainty and large inequalities of wealth are tolerated. According to Hofstede's framework, which of the following dimensions of culture is reflected in this country?
High power distance
Annette has been told that she is critical, skeptical, determined, and sometimes stubborn. She has also been told that she has great drive and an original mind. Annette might best be described by the MBTI as a(n) _____________________.
INTJ
As outlined in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality framework, someone with vision, drive, and originality might be classified as a(n): ________________.
INTJ
Rebecca has noticed that the female attorneys at her law firm are interrupted significantly more than the male attorneys in meetings. Male attorneys also regularly cut off the female attorneys before they are able to complete their ideas. Rebecca's law firm is experiencing which type of discrimination?
Incivility
Keith is a married, bilingual, African-American construction worker. Based on the organizational behavior model, this data represents which of the following to Keith's new employer?
Inputs
High-performance employees are most attracted to organizations that have managers who excel in which of the following skill areas?
Interpersonal skills
Keith is an African-American construction worker who goes to college at night and studies construction management. One day while getting ready for his shift, Keith opened his locker and found that a coworker had placed a Confederate flag inside. Keith is a victim of which of the following forms of discrimination? Intimidation Exclusion Sexual harassment Mockery Incivility
Intimidation
Jenna is a store manager currently engaging in her leadership role by creating conditions within which productive work can be achieved. In which of the following activities is Jenna most likely to be engaging?
Jenna is helping motivate her employees.
According to the ADA's definition of a disability, which of the following would NOT be considered a disability?
Kleptomania
A manager who is working with a supplier who better understands a unique customer need is engaged in which of Mintzberg's ten management roles?
Liaison
Since polygraphs cannot be used to hire summer seasonal retail associates, Gail is seeking advice for improving her selection process. Last year, she terminated more than 50 percent of her seasonal hires for theft. This year, she wants to identify personality traits in candidates that may indicate a relationship to "cheating." What characteristic would you recommend that she avoid in applicants?
Low levels of conscientiousness
Victoria has been experiencing increasing levels of dissatisfaction in her job. While not outspoken within her firm, she has been passionately vocal in defending her organization when attending local chamber events that have criticized her firm for a recent workforce reduction that was highly publicized. She continues to hope that things will get better. Which response to dissatisfaction is Victoria engaging in?
Loyalty
Which of the following best describes the difference between Machiavellians and narcissists?
Machiavellians are more manipulative than narcissists.
Vivian is the CEO of a large corporation. She has identified hidden barriers to advancement for minorities in her company and wants to improve the diversity of her managerial force. Which of the following strategies should Vivian use?
Make advancement-selection systems more transparent.
Generations within a population share many characteristics based on societal experiences. Which of the following would generally be viewed as being more narcissistic than their parents?
Millennials
Which of the following identifies a key difference in the way minorities and Caucasians perceive workplace discrimination?
Minorities perceive discrimination to be more prevalent in the workplace than Caucasians do.
Jerome is the HR manager for the XYZ Company. Which management function is Jerome engaging in when he restructures the entire HR department with a detailed description of what tasks are to be done and who is to do them?
Organizing
Management functions include which of the following?
Organizing
Culture influences personality testing responses both positively and negatively. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the influence of culture on personality test responses?
People in individualistic countries trend toward self-enhancement.
A person's measurable behavior traits are collectively known as which of the following? Affect Heredity Personality Competition Emotion
Personality
Which of the following disciplines focuses on the individual as a unit of analysis, rather than on the group or organization system?
Psychology
Organizational leaders should examine their workforce to determine whether target groups have been underrepresented. If that is the case, which of the following can be an effective way to correct the problem?
Recruiting materials to show the minority individuals in positions of power within the organization.
Two employees were very different in terms of age, gender, and other demographic data but they shared a common love of dogs and gardening as well as family commitment. What other commonalities might bond these employees in terms of deep-level diversity?
Similar personality
Which of the following identifies the most important difference between social psychology and anthropology?
Social psychology focuses on people's influence on one another; whereas, anthropology seeks to understand differences in people's fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of social sharing? Social sharing can help individuals to regulate their emotions. Social sharing affects other people. Social sharing involves continuing to bottle up emotions. Social sharing requires caution when selecting the listener to be sure the individual will respond sympathetically. Social sharing is also known as venting
Social sharing involves continuing to bottle up emotions.
Adam is a 25-year old Millennial who is considered a super-star manager at a technology company. He has been asked to hire a team of IT specialists to launch a new product. While reviewing the stack of applications, he noted only one candidate, Jason, who has work experience of over 20 years. Adam realizes that this candidate is probably his dad's age and he considers his dad outdated, with poor IT skills, and slow to learn new skills. All the other candidates cite 1 to 3 years of work experience after college. Adam decides not to interview Jason. What is the likely basis for Adam's decision?
Stereotyping
Which of the following statements about the U.S. culture is correct?
The U.S. is very individualistic.
Evidence-based management bases decisions on which of the following?
The best available scientific information
Which of the following is the best description of job involvement? The degree to which people identify with an organization. A person's belief that his or her job performance is meaningful. A negative feeling about one's job based on evaluating its characteristics. A positive feeling about one's job based on evaluating its characteristics. The degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs
The degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs.
Research has shown that women and minorities have greater interest in employers that make special efforts to highlight commitment to diversity. Which of the following demonstrates the best way to apply diversity efforts when building a diverse team within the organization?
The selection process
Much research has been conducted on measuring and recording employee satisfaction, and there are numerous intricate techniques for gathering information. Which of the following is the most helpful to management to record this type of information? Online surveys Oral interviews The single global rating Polls Likert Scale
The single global rating
Which of the following identifies a typical difference between the way men and women perform on the job?
There are no consistent differences between men and women relevant to job performance.
Several notable leaders, including Jeff Bezos, exhibit the physical trait of _____________ which has been noted as a hallmark of some very successful leaders.
a bald head
Affect describes _______________.
a broad range of feelings and includes both emotions and moods
Jennifer and Matthew are colleagues who began work in the accounting department on the same day. At the end of the 60-day probationary period, they were both given outstanding ratings and a 5% increase. Jennifer was exceptionally happy dancing around the office and planning a celebratory dinner. Matthew said he was very happy and worked diligently in his office for the rest of the afternoon to complete a project and then went home alone. He never shared his news with his coworkers like Jennifer did. Jennifer and Matthew are opposites in their ________.
affect intensity
Deep-level differences between individuals include all of the following EXCEPT _____________. cultural identity personality age values sexual orientation
age
Ginger works for an organization that requires employees to engage in a variety of socially responsible projects as part of the job, although work hours are not reduced by this participation. In order to have a positive impact on job satisfaction, the organization may choose to ___________.
allow Ginger to decide whether she wants to participate or not
Fatima is struggling in her job and is experiencing increased dissatisfaction. She related to you that her manager has been unfair to her because her manager gave a promotion to a coworker who deserved it less than she did. She has also said on numerous occasions that she does not like her manager. Just yesterday, Fatima shared with you that she intends to continue in her job. You have also been hearing from several other coworkers that she is complaining about her manager to anyone who will listen. Fatima's statement that she intends to continue in her job in spite of her dissatisfaction makes you think that Fatima will likely experience _______________.
cognitive dissonance
A nonprofit team attempting to reduce your state's unemployment rate is partnering with an outplacement firm to host workshops on getting people back to work. The team leader has asked you how they might gain insight into which individuals might be more likely to attend the workshops and networking events in an effort to land a job. What characteristic would you recommend he seek out in candidates to ensure a pool of individuals more motivated in the job search process?
conscientiousness
In order to explain human behavior or make valid predictions, organizational behavior (OB) concepts must reflect: _______.
contingency variables
If an organization is currently concerned about low commitment from employees who are demographically different than other employees within the organization, the employer can________.
create a positive diversity climate
Because of both global and changing labor and trade markets, organizations are now much more aware of the importance of ______________.
cultural differences
One of the diversity challenges managers have to deal with is that, in addition to differences in the employee groups that make up their staff, people are much more mobile in today's world. If an American manager, James, were to accept an assignment in Latin America, for example, he would need to be particularly aware of the _____________ of the workforce.
cultural identity
The attitudes relationship can be modified by all of the following EXCEPT _________________. cultural identity its accessibility social pressures direct experience with the attitude the importance of the attitude
cultural identity
The summation of job facets measurement of job satisfaction identifies key elements of the job including all of the following EXCEPT _________________.
cultural identity
An HR Director wants to institute a new plan that will increase employee job satisfaction. This will not only improve profitability overall, but it will do so by improving ________.
customer satisfaction
The majority of research studies have shown a correlation between age and _____________.
decreased turnover
A feeling caused by a specific event is called a(n) ________.
emotion
Amber noticed that one of her employees, Ahmed, was increasingly short-tempered at work and didn't seem to enjoy his job as much as he used to. After watching Ahmed for a few weeks, Amber realized that a change in the way that Ahmed was receiving critical information was leading to frustration and anger. Amber decided to sit down with Ahmed and work through some ideas to reduce his frustration. Amber's ability to recognize these emotions in Ahmed is an example of __________________.
emotional intelligence
Several studies have indicated that _____________ plays an important role in job performance.
emotional intelligence
Teresa is acutely aware of her own emotions and has invested considerable time in learning to read the emotions of others. She has also become adept at understanding the meaning of emotions and how she can best regulate her own emotions. Teresa's manager has noticed on more than one occasion that Teresa is very skilled in understanding why she is angry and how to express herself without violating any organizational norms. Teresa's manager has determined that Teresa has a high level of _____________.
emotional intelligence
Jeff was recently hired as a flight attendant. He is expected to use both mind and body to be cheerful on the job. Jeff's flight attendant job requires ________.
emotional labor
Jamie has discovered that her firm is dumping toxic waste into a local stream at night. She has approached 3 executives (including her own manager). No one seems inclined to change any organizational procedures and she is troubled by what her next step should be. Her significant other has suggested she needs to go public with this information. Jamie is experiencing a(n) ______.
ethical dilemma
Rather than looking at individual characteristics, unfair discrimination assumes _____________.
everyone in the group is the same
Emotional labor represents an employee's _________________.
expression of organizationally desired emotions
A number of researchers have indicated that moral judgments are largely based on ____________.
feelings
Management by Walking Around (MBWA) has several limitations including ___________.
focus
After some diversity training at work, Bob has decided that he needs to make more of an effort to understand surface-level diversity traits such as _____________.
gender
Companies known as good places to work_________.
generate superior financial results
The role of management has changed over time. Working with people from different cultures, regulatory norms, and holiday variances are all examples of the impact of _______.
globalization
Factors that are determined at conception are known as _______________.
heredity
Individuals who have trouble regulating their emotions tend to be ______________.
high in neuroticism
The effects of dissonance can be reduced by __________________.
high rewards
Employees with proactive personalities __________________.
identify opportunities and display initiative
The fact that most people believe that weather impacts mood, despite evidence that suggests weather and mood are not connected, is an example of ________________.
illusory correlation
The Director of HR at Multimedia Corporation is concerned about some stereotyping which has occurred in the work environment. To combat this stereotyping the HR director has decided to _____________.
institute a diversity training program
The degree to which a person has a positive feeling about a job after evaluating the job's characteristics is known as ______________.
job satisfaction
Sleep quality affects mood, and increased fatigue puts workers' health at risk of disease, injury, and depression. Studies show that adults report sleeping less than adults a generation ago. As a result, a large portion of the U.S. workforce suffers from sleep deprivation, sleeping ________ per night.
less than 6 hours
Person-organization fit involves _______________________.
matching organizational and employee values and personality
Researchers today are less concerned about matching individuals to specific jobs and more concerned about _________.
matching the individual's personality and values to the organization
In several different studies, researchers have shown a relationship between corporate social responsibility and increased job satisfaction. This relationship is particularly true for ___________.
millennials
Groups benefit from diversity when they _____________.
mix different types of expertise
Identifying with the goals of an organization and a desire to stay with that organization is known as ______________.
organizational commitment
According to the organizational behavior model, attitudes, task performance, profitability, employee behavior, and cohesion are all examples of __________.
outcomes
Zappos works to improve customer service employee satisfaction by ________________.
paying employees to leave after training
Researchers have indicated that people in a good mood are more creative than people in a bad mood because ____________.
people in a good mood produce more ideas
Miguel has been working for his organization for about 10 years and has developed a plan to move forward in the company. His ultimate goal is to achieve economic success. In order to achieve that goal Miguel might need to exhibit the instrumental value of _____________.
personal discipline
Deep-level diversity traits might include ______________________.
personality
An HR Director would be wise to recruit and hire individuals who like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. These individuals would likely possess ________.
positive core self-evaluations (CSE)
A retail store owner trying to increase market share might be most interested in the fact that employee satisfaction is related to _______________.
positive customer outcomes
Positive emotions are related to effective leadership for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ____________. leaders are more effective when they share positive emotions. followers are more creative in a positive environment. positive emotions from a leader lead to more positive social interactions from followers. leaders who focus on inspiring followers encourage cooperation. positive emotions in leaders increase analytic performance of followers.
positive emotions in leaders increase analytic performance of followers
The area of organizational behavior (OB) research that is concerned with how organizations can facilitate employee engagement and the development of human strengths and potential is referred to as:
positive organizational scholarship
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) includes _______________.
positive talk, helping others, and going beyond normal expectations at the job
A marketing department at a large international organization is engaged in the statistical analysis and compilation of information on users who logged into the organization's website and made purchases within the last year. The marketing department may be using big data to _______.
predict behavior of current customers
The systematic study of organizational behavior relates to ____________.
predicting behavior
Gayle is part of a new team at work with a goal of developing a training program for new employees. Based on the organizational behavior model outlined in this chapter, Gayle's communication with her new group is an example of _________.
processes
The local hospital has been focusing its efforts on lowering its costs. Its recent initiative targeted a reduction in the average number of days that a patient is confined to a bed and an increase in the number of staff-patient contacts on a daily basis. With the achievement of these goals, the hospital has gained ________.
productive efficiency
An employee's belief in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competencies, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is known as ________.
psychological empowerment
Research has indicated that tenure and job productivity are _____________.
related but not linear
Surveys indicate that more than 90% of all Fortune 500 companies have some sort of policy that covers _____________.
sexual orientation
When Shawn started at the new company, almost everyone within the organization was quick to offer suggestions at meetings and get involved in the decision making process. Although Shawn was normally not a very talkative person, the constant involvement of everyone else eventually had Shawn offering ideas as well. This is an example of _____________.
situation strength theory
Jessica is attempting to regulate her emotions on the job. She has been trying to suppress her anger about being overlooked for a promotion. She has been talking about the situation and her feelings to her significant other who has been extremely supportive. She has also opted not to talk with her manager about the situation now. Jessica is using the emotional regulation technique of ____________.
social sharing
The nine basic physical abilities described in the textbook include all of the following EXCEPT_______.
stationary strength
Research indicates a correlation between cognitive ability and _____________.
task performance
You have just been promoted to manage a team of production specialists at work. You soon realize that many of the employees seem withdrawn from their work and the team, citing issues such as stress, negative attitudes about a supervisor, and poor interactions with co-workers. To combat these problems you examine group cohesion, which focuses on _________.
the ability of the group to stick together
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude, which is viewed to be the more critical part of an attitude, is called ________.
the affective component
Fatima is struggling in her job and is experiencing increased dissatisfaction. She related to you that her manager has been unfair to her because her manager gave a promotion to a coworker who deserved it less than she did. She has also said on numerous occasions that she does not like her manager. Just yesterday, Fatima shared with you that she has started applying for other jobs. You have also been hearing from several other coworkers that she is complaining about her manager to anyone who will listen. Fatima's statement that she does not like her manager reflects _______________.
the affective component of her attitude about her manager
The cognitive component of an attitude is best described by _______________.
the belief or description that underlies an attitude
Fatima is struggling in her job and is experiencing increased dissatisfaction. She related to you that her manager has been unfair to her because her manager gave a promotion to a coworker who deserved it less than she did. She has also said on numerous occasions that she does not like her manager. Just yesterday, Fatima shared with you that she has started applying for other jobs. You have also been hearing from several other coworkers that she is complaining about her manager to anyone who will listen. Fatima's statement that her manager has been unfair to her and her reasons for this unfair evaluation reflects _______________.
the cognitive component of her attitude about her manager
The EEOC has held that discrimination based on sexual orientation violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, current federal regulations only specifically prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation if the employee is employed by: _____________.
the federal government
Someone who relies on logic and reasoning ability would score high in _________ on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
thinking
Henry realized that he no longer looked forward to going into work after a mandatory reorganization shifted both the specific tasks he was doing and how the tasks were accomplished. According to the summation of job facets measurement of job satisfaction, Henry's job satisfaction was impacted by a change in _________________.
type of work
Jamal has become very quiet at work. He no longer actively participates in team meetings and organizational functions and seems to be the first one out the door every night. Jamal is exhibiting ________.
withdrawal behavior
Research conducted on smiling within the workplace has indicated _______________.
your feelings about power dictate whether you return a smile
Which of the following best describes the difference between surface-level acting and emotional suppression?
Surface-level acting doesn't change the emotion and the individual simply puts forth what they believe the correct emotional response should be, while emotional suppression allows the individual to feel and deal with the emotion, but at a later time.
Core self-evaluations (CSEs) represent the conclusions that people have reached about their _____, _____, and _______.
capabilities, competencies, self-worth
Sean has been praised for his commitment to manage diversity. He has included personality assessments in his recruitment efforts and interviews include specific questions on candidates' values and work preferences. Sean's efforts focus on _____________.
deep-level diversity
In the United States, research on felt and displayed emotions indicates that employees should display positive emotions like _________, and suppress negative emotions like _________.
happiness; anger
A negative response that passively allows conditions to worsen (chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate) is a condition normally associated with subordinates rather than management personnel. The HR Director is attempting to minimize the negative ramifications of this response, known as ________. In concert with this goal of reducing the negative, she is also striving to increase ________, which generally results in employees going beyond the normal expectations of their jobs.
neglect; organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)
The broad dimensions of fit are sometimes referred to as __________________.
person-environment fit
Sarah has been attempting to make diversity management a central part of her division's policies and practices. She has been paying particular attention to the age, race, gender, ethnicity, religion, and disability status of job candidates. Sarah is addressing _____________.
surface-level diversity
