Osteology and Arthrology (L2)
Name all bones included in upper appendicular bones.
Clavicle (2), scapula (2), humerus (2), ulna (2), radius (2), capus/ carpals (16), metecapus (10), phalanges (28)
Clavicle
Collar bone (ไหปลาร้า)
Vertebral notch
Concavity of vertebral arch
Bregma
Coronal suture and sagittal suture intersect
What are important properties of cervical vertebrae (C2)?
Dens/ odontoid process with large bifid spine (spinous process)
Fibrous joint
Dense fibrous CNT --> connect bones without allowing any movement (like sutures)
Atlanto-axial joint
Joint between atlas (C1) and axis (C2) --> permits rotation of the head
Shoulder joint
Joint formed by humerus and clavicle
Elbow joint
Joint formed by humerus, ulna, and radius
Wrist joint
Joint formed by ulna, radius and capus
Pterion
Junction of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones
True ribs
Ribs2 1-7 --> connected to sternum directly by costal cartilage
Transverse processes
Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch (left and right)
Hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue while being attached to muscles of larynx
Basal nasal septum
Upper and lower --> vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Femur
Upper leg bone --> longest bone in the body
Manubrium
Upper portion of the sternum --> has a jugular notch
Humeras
upper arm bone
Zygomatic bones
Cheek bones
Sternum
Chest bone --> consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process
Foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Cartilaginous joints
Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage --> synchondrosis and symphysis
Incus
Anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
Facets
Articular surface of vertebrae used to articulate with other bones
Xiphoid process
Attach to body body of sternum and diaphragm
Body of sternum
Attach to manubrium + costal cartilage of ribs 2-7
Sagittal sutures
Between 2 parietals bones
Coronal suture
Between frontal & 2 parietals
Lambdoidal suture
Between occipital & 2 parietals (P)
Parietal bone
Bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull (x2)
Temporal bone
Bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity (x2)
Frontal bone
Bone that forms the forehead
Occipital bone
Bone that protrudes at the base of the skull
Synchondrosis
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage --> costal cartilage
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers and toes
Nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose
Vertebral foramen
Canal through which spinal cord passes
Vertebral spinous prominens
Cervical vertebra (C7)
What are the five levels of vertebrae?
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), sacral vertebrae (S1-S5 --> 1) and coccyx (Co1)
Vertebrochondral ribs
False ribs
Metacarpus/ metacarpals
Five bones forming the palm
Plane joints
Flat articular surfaces with single plane direction of motion; movement restricted by tight fibrous capsule
Metatarsals
Foot bones
Inferior nasal conchae
Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity
Palatine bones
Form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
Maxillary bones
Form the upper jaw
Sphenoid bone
Forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit --> butterfly-shaped that forms part of the pterion
Vomer
Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
Synovial fluid
Found in synovial membrane --> present in synovial joint
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Synovial joint
Freely movable joint characterized by a joint cavity between bones consisting of synovial membrane and fluid
Name all the bones included in the cranial bone.
Frontal, parietal(x2), temporal(x2), occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
Malleus
Hammer; first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
What are important properties of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)?
Heart-shaped body, circular vertebral foramen (and something with costal facets idk)
Epidural hematoma
Hematoma caused by trauma at pterion --> rupture of frontal branch of middle meningeal artery
Pelvic bone
Hip bone
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Lordosis
Increase of lumbar curvature
Kyphosis
Increase of thoracic curvature
What are important properties of lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)?
Kidney-shaped body, triangular vertebral foramen and thickest compared to other typical vertebraes mentioned in the slide (slide 24)
Patella
Knee bone
Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm
Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of vertebral column to either side
Laminae
Layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers
Ethmoid bone
Light spongy bone between the eye sockets --> contains nerves; forms part of the nasal cavities
Mandible
Lower jaw bone
Lacrimal bones
Make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
Name all bones included in ear ossicles.
Malleus, incus and stapes
Hard palate
Maxillary bones + palatine bones
Floating ribs
Ribs 11-12 --> only connected to vertebrae (no connection to sternum and costal cartilage)
False ribs
Ribs 8-10 --> merge with costal cartilage before reaching sternum
Name all the bones included in facial bones.
Nasal bones(x2), maxillary bones (x2), zygomatic bones (x2), mandible, lacrimal bones(x2), palatine bones (x2), Vomer and inferior nasal conchae(x2)
What are important properties of cervical vertebrae (C1)
No body and spinous process, contains, however, anterior arch and facet
What are important properties of cervical vertebra (C7)?
Non-bifid spinous process with a small foramen transversarium
What are important properties of cervical vertebrae (C3-C6)?
Oval-shaped body, triangular vertebral foramen, foramen transversarium and contains bifid spine(s)
Vertebral body
Part of a vertebra that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column
Name all the bones included in lower appendicular bones.
Pelvic bone (2), femur (2), patella (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), tarsus/ tarsal bones (14), metatarsals (10), phalanges (28)
Spinous process of vertebra
Projection off the posteriorly of each vertebra
Herniated disc
Rupture of anulus fibrosus --> causes posterolateral displacement of nucleus pulposus (ง่ายๆคือเกิด rupture --> leakage --> กดทับเส้นประสาท --> ไม่ไปเลี้ยง skin/ muscle)
What is the landmark for caudal epidural block?
Sacral cornu of the sacral hiatus to alleviate pain during vaginal delivery (acts as anesthesia)
Lambda
Sagittal suture and lambed suture intersect
Name all carpals bones in proximal row.
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform
Tarsus/ tarsal bones
Seven bones of the instep (ข้อเท้า)
Scapula
Shoulder bone
Glenohumeral joint
Shoulder joint
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joint e.g. pubic symphysis
Symphysis
Slightly movable joint held together by fibrocartilage --> intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
Fontanelles
Soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn --> joints of newborn cranium; reflect pulse cerebral arteries and increased intracranial pressure
Vertebral column
Spine/ vertebrae --> 5 levels
Name all bones included in thorax.
Sternum, ribs, costal cartilages and thoracic vertebrae
Stapes
Stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear
Vertebral arch
Structure that encloses the spinal cord
Ulna
The inner (medial) and longer of the two bones of the human forearm
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The joint between the mandibular fossa of temporal bone and the condyle mandible --> only movable joint in the skull
Fibula
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Tibia
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg
Name all carpals bones in distal row.
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
Pedicles
Walls of the vertebral arch
Capus/ Carpals
Wrist bones (ข้อมือ)
Cranium
cranial bone --> skull