p 180-192, sources 2-13

3 'walls' that Romanists put up to stop any reformation of the church (martin luther)

- when pressed by the temporal power, they have made decrees and declared that the temporal power had no jurisdiction over them, but that spiritual power was above temporal - when the attempt is made to reprove them with scriptures, they raise the objection that only the pope may interpret scriptures - if threatened with a council, they say that no one may summon a council but the pope

Leonardo Da Vinci

A scientist, engineer, inventor, anatomist, naturalist, and a great artist who was an expert at fortifications and gunnery. He brought careful observation of nature to his paintings and combined it with powerful phycological insight. He used sfumato in mona lisa, his most famous painting

calvinism

A spinoff of lutheranism started by john calvin during the reformation that said that- - emphasized the power of god (old testament god) over sin and corrupt humanity - gods laws must be rigorously obeyed - social and moral righteousness must be earnestly pursued - political life must be carefully regulated - human emotions must be strictly controlled - emphasized predestination calvinism gave a sense of self-assurance and righteousness that made the saint, or the truly predestined man or woman, into a new kind of european who knew of their relationship with god

predestination

God, who grants grace for his own inscrutable reasons, knows in advance who will be saved and who will be condemned to hell. This theory was proposed by calvinists who also argued that although people are predestined to salvation or damnation, they never know their fate with certainty in advance

Leonardo Bruni primary source

He essentially expresses the humanists (and especially his) love for greek literature Chrysoloras the byzantine, one of the only greek teachers still left (as it had not been used for 100 years), came to town. Leo was studying law at the time, but he has an internal dilemma on whether to study the dying language which was the basis for all knowledge. He decided that this was a once in a lifetime opportunity so he went to study greek he believes that carefully and thoroughly analyzing literature is the best way to avoid becoming inartistic and debased in writing style. he also says that studying history and orators is essential to making knowledge complete because writers are admirable for both their work and literary power

Martin Luther on justification by faith

In a sense, he believed that people could be saved if the just had the belief in jesus christ, but his other ideas are as follows: - to preach christ means to feed the soul, make it righteous, set it free, and save it, provided it believes the preaching - faith cannot exist in connection with works. if you at the same time claim to be justified by works, whatever their character, that would be the same as 'limping with two different opinions' - our faith in jesus does not free us from works, but from false opinions concerning works (like the foolish presumption that justification is achieved by our works)

Martin luther on papal power

Romanists put up walls to stop the reformation of the church. They have also given the pope full authority over all decisions of a council, so that it is the same whether there are many councils or no councils. The council would be truly free if men could overrule the pope if he is being an offense to christendom

Martin Luther

The german augustinian theologian and monk who instigated the reformation of the western church in the 16th century. He was educated in the tradition of the new devotion as well as being a theology professor in germany. He opposed rationalistic, scholastic theology but also sought to reform the morals and to end the abusive practices within the church (such as indulgences). He founded a new church and overthrew the political and ecclesiastical order of late medieval europe He also argued that the papacy was blocking any reform of the church! He appealed to the nobility of germany to intervene by summoning a 'free council' to reform the church His main point against the church, however, was that one could achieve salvation by faith in jesus christ alone, and not by doing all of the works that the church wants

sola fide

a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes the Lutheran and Reformed branches of Protestant Christianity. it means that all you need for salvation is the bible, nothing more

Leonardo bruni

a florentine humanist who extolled both intellectual study and active involvement in public affairs (civic humanism)

Niccolo Machiavelli

a florentine statesman and political theorist, who broke with medieval political theory. He he ascribed no divine origin to the mysterious will of god, and he explicitly rejected the principle that kings should adhere to religious moral teachings because the state was purely of human creation he recognized that italian princes made no effort to justify their policies on religion grounds: war was endemic, powerful cities took over weaker ones, and diplomacy was riddled with intrigue, betrayal, and bribery. Survival was the state's main concern to him, and when survival was at stake, the prince should use any means necessary to save it he also didn't think that the universe was divided into a higher and lower realm, and he removed the political thought from a religious frame of reference.

françois rabelais

a former french monk who exemplified the humanist spirit and asserted that the essential goodness of the individual and the right to enjoy the world rather than being bound by the fear of a punishing god he believed in innate goodness and that once free from dogmatic theology, with its irrelevant concerns and narrow minded clergy, who deprived them of life's joys, people could build a paradise on earth and disregard the ones dreamed up by theologians. He imagined a monastery where men and women would not spend their lives "not in laws, statutes, or rules, but according to their own free will and pleasure. They slept and ate when they desired and and learned to read, write, sing, play several musical instruments, and learn to speak five or six languages. His main rule was "do what thou wilt"

John calvin

a french scholar and theologian who mane the spread of the reformation outside of germany and Scandinavia successful. He converted when he met some of luther's followers and within a year, he and his friends were in trouble with the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. he also became a preacher of the reformation.

erasmus

a human educator and biblical scholar who made renaissance humanism an international movement. was educated by the brethren of the common life. he also trusted the power of words and used his writing to attack scholastic theology and clerical abuses (also to promote his philosophy of christ). He thought that the reformation was both a personal and a historical tragedy

Leon Battista Alberti

a humanist, scholar, and art theoretician, who brought the renaissance trend toward perspective art to a summation by advancing the first mathematical theory of artistic perspective.

Giotto

a major contributor to renaissance painting who created figures delineated by light and shade. He also developed several techniques of perspective, representing three dimensional figures and objects on two dimensional surfaces so that they appeared to stand in space. They are drawn and arranged to tell a story, and their expressions and the illusion of movement they convey heighten the dramatic effect. His best works were frescoes

New devotion

a movement heightening spirituality in the reformation. Martin luther was a part of this

Petrarch

a poet and scholar who is often called the father of humanism; he inspired other humanists through his love for classical learning, his criticism of medieval latin as barbaric in contrast to roman writings, and his literary works based on classical models petrarch saw his own age as an age of classical brilliance after an age of medieval darkness. he also brought about individualism through talking about himself and probing his own feelings in his writing. He was also a christian humanist he followed cicero's example of maintaining that education is should consist not only of learning and knowing things but also of learning how to communicate ones knowledge and to use it for public good. Rhetoric and moral philosophy should be stressed in education

Henry of Navarre

a protestant leader that became king henry IV after he agreed to reconvert to catholicism

universal man

a renaissance man who distinguishes himself as a writer, artist, linguist, and athlete a many sided man who not only showed mastery of the ancient classics, an appreciation of and even talent for the visual arts, and a concern for the day to day affairs of his city, but also aspired to mold his life into a work of art

geneva

a small prosperous city near the french border where calvin established a protestant church that closely regulated the citizens' personal and social lives. within the city, elders imposed strict discipline in dress, sexual mores, church attendance, and business affairs; they severely punished irreligious and sinful behavior became the center of international protestantism

northern humanists

after the renaissance spread to germany, france, england, and spain, these were people who were chiefly interested in the question of what constituted original christianity. They sought a model in the light of which they might reform the corrupted church of their own time they used humanist scholarship and language to satirize and vilify medieval scholastic christianity, and to build a purer, more scriptural christianity

michelangelo

an artist who created artistic harmony in his paintings by using his background of anatomy and drawing. His model in paintings came from sculpture and he was also a sculpture himself, whose approach to his art was poetic and visionary. He was also an architect, who was picked by the pope to design the dome of the new saint peter's basilica in rome. Arguably, his most famous work is on the ceiling in the sistine chapel in the vatican. In four years, with little help, he covered the empty space with one of the most monumental sculpted paintings ever painted (tells the story of the old testament)

Lorenzo valla

an educated classicist who trained the guns of critical scholarship on the papacy in the 'declamation concerning the false decretals of constantine.' he basically proved that the donation of constantine, the document that gave the pope dominion over the western empire when he moved the capital to Constantinople, was based on eighth century forgery because the language at certain points was unknown in constantine's time and did not come into use until much later

humanist movement

an educational and cultural program based on the study of ancient greek and latin literature it aimed to revive the worldly spirit of the ancient greeks and romans, which they believed were lost in the middle ages

2 methods of fighting according to machiavelli

by law- of men, insufficient by men- of beasts, backup for law

elect

choose (someone) to hold public office or some other position by voting

William shakespeare

considered the greatest playwright the world has ever produced, gave expression to conventional renaissance values: honor, heroism, and the struggle against fame and fortune. His greatest plays, especially the tragedies, expressed the common theme of men, even heroic ones, despite virtue, who are able to overcome human weaknesses only with the greatest difficulty, if at all. He was fascinated by the contradiction between the renaissance image of nobility, which often is the self-image of shakespeare's heroes, and human beings' capacity for evil and self destruction. The plays are thus intensely human, but so much humanism fades into the background; art transcends doctrine to represent life itself

erasmian humanism

created by erasmus who argued that true religion did not depend on dogma, ritual, or clerical power, but is revealed clearly and simply on the bible. It should be directly accessible to all people, rich and poor. this type of humanism stressed toleration, kindness, and respect for human rationality. eventually however, erasmian emphasis on the individual's natural capacities succumbed to a renewed emphasis on human emphasis and dogmatic theology. it survived these horrors as an ideal, and during the next two centuries, when thinkers sought toleration and rational religion, they looked back to erasmus for inspiration

three greatest renaissance artists

da vinci, Michelangelo, and raphael

Filippio Brunelleschi

designed churches reflecting classical models. He believed that we owe a scientific discovery of the first importance in history to art: the rule of perspective (mathematical terms).

petrarch primary source

essentially criticizes his contemporaries for their ignorance, mockery and disbelief in ancient writers and shows his commitment to classical learning "not content with losing the words of the ancients, they must attack their genius and their ashes. They rejoice in their ignorance, as if what they did not know were not worth knowing. They give full reign to their license and conceit, and freely introduce among us new authors and outlandish teachings"

dialecticians

experts in logical argument

what is important about studying poets (bruni)?

familiarity with the great poets of antiquity is essential to any claim to true education. from them we can find deep speculations upon nature, and upon the causes and origins of things. after studying all orators, poets, and historians, our learning will become full

education of women in the renaissance

fathers believed that learned daughters brought prestige to the family, so some hired tutors to instruct their daughters in the classics. The downside was that these fathers believed that education for females would simply make them better wives and household managers. even educated and talented women were barred from entering professions and teaching in universities. several educated women wrote works calling for equal education for women and the right to engage in the same scholarly pursuits as men.

what was the leading city in the renaissance

florence

where did calvinism spread in the second half of the 16th century?

france, england, the netherlands, and parts of the holy roman empire

What do we gain from studying the great orators of antiquity (bruni)?

from them we learn how to express consolation, encouragement, dissuasion or advice. we learn how to employ emotions such as indignation or pit, in driving home their application in individual cases. Also, we derive our store of elegant or striking turns of expression which are used with so much effect in literary compositions. Lastly, we find that the wealth of vocabulary, that clear easy-flowing style, that verve and force, which are invaluable to us both in writing and in conversation.

paradigm shift

fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline, its what the reformation was in the renaissance (think about how a shift happens and what the consequences can be)

clergy of god

god's heritage and chosen people who must help other christians by their sacrifice and worship. Martin luther basically says that this is BS

Martin Luther on the Interpretation of the bible and the nature of the clergy

he thinks that the roman catholic popes want to be the only masters of scriptures, who assume sole authority for themselves and would persuade us with insolent juggling of words that the pope, whether he be good or bad, cannot err in the matters of faith. He also argues that because the 'keys' were not just given to peter, but the whole of the christian people. Therefore, through baptism, every christian is a priest, because christ himself has begotten him one.

calvinists

individuals who assumed that only unfailing dedication to god's law could be seen as a sign of salvation; thus, calvinism made for stern men and women, active in their congregations and willing to suppress vice in themselves and others. there also were revolutionaries who were willing to defy any temporal authorities that the perceived to be in violation of god's laws. obedience to the christian law became the dominating principle of life. they became the first political theoreticians of modern times to publish cogent arguments for opposition to monarchy and eventually political revolution.

what does bruni say we can learn from history?

it enlarges our foresight in contemporary affairs and affords to citizens and to monarchs lessons of incitement or warning in the ordering of public policy. we also get a store of moral precept examples from history

where did protestantism spread to during the reformation?

it grew strong in Northern Europe, mainly norther germany, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and and England, but it failed in the latin countries it was an urban phenomenon, and it prospered where local magistrates supported it and where the distance from rome was the greatest

How and where did the renaissance spread in the late 15th and 16th centuries?

it spread to germany, france, england, and spain, which was largely aided by the invention of the printing press

what happened to religion during the renaissance

it was still prominent, but it did not have as much of a role in art or the political system

why did the renaissance begin in italy

italian city states had grown prosperous from the revival of trade in the middle ages. italian merchants and bankers had the wealth to acquire libraries and fine works of art, and to support art, literature, and scholarship

Catholic church's argument against Luther concerning justification

justification not only came through faith, but through hope and love as well, obeying god's commandments and doing good works

Machiavelli primary source

machiavelli did not seek to construct an ideal christian community, he merely wanted to discover how politics were really conducted. He studied politics in the light of reason. He basically says that because a prince should not try to be all of the qualities that are considered good, as thats not the way to run a kingdom. Some things which seem virtuous can lead to ruin and others that seem malevolent can result in ones greater security and well being (he later gives examples of how caesare borgia was merciless but his kingdom thrived). They should be feared and loved, but if they have to choose, it should be feared, as subjects are more likely to obey if their life is on the line, rather than just a weak promise. This will prevent uprisings as well, as if kings are merciless with executions, it affects individuals, while revolts affect the whole community with bloodshed he says that you can execute a man's father but never take his property, because the death of a father is easier to forget. he also introduced the fox and the lion metaphor, saying that people should be both he ends with the fact that he wasts people to SEEM merciful, faithful, humane, sincere, and religious, and also to be so to maintain the state. Everyone will see what you appear to be but few will now who you really are, so at least put up the facade

2 important differences between the twelfth century awakening and the renaissance

many more ancient works were restored to circulation during the renaissance than during the revival of the middle ages medieval scholastics had tried to fit the ideas of the ancients into a christian framework and used greek philosophy to explain christian teachings -renaissance scholars on the other hand, valued ancient works for their own sake, believing that the greek and roman authors could teach about living

renaissance art

medieval art expressed the christian view of the universe and the individual, while renaissance art, particularly sculpture, architecture, and painting: - shattered the dominance of religion over art, shifting the attention from heaven to the natural world and the human being - dealt with religious themes often, but they placed their subjects in a naturalistic setting - developed perspective - often dealt with nude figures and a heroic vision of human beings - gave original expression to classical humanism and represents a conscious revolt against the art of the middle ages

battle of 1572

on st Bartholomew's day, it was a gruesome slaughter of thousands of protestant men, women, and children. the religious hatred of protestants was so strong that the massacre inspired the pope to have a mass in thanksgiving for a catholic 'victory'

Brethren of the common life

one of the most advanced religious movements of the renaissance age, emphasizing education and practical piety. It was intensely christian and anticlerical at the same time, and people in movements like this one found renaissance culture tools for sharpening their wits against the clergy, not to undermine faith, but to restore it to apostolic purity it combined mystical piety with rigorous humanist pedagogy

Raphael

one of the three greatest artists of the renaissance period who is especially famous for the sweetness in his madonnas. He also painted the school of athens, in which he painted himself in the picture

giovanni pico della mirandola primary source

oration: unlike other creatures, human beings have not been assigned a fixed place in the universe , as god has bestowed upon us the liberty to determine the form and values of our lives shall acquire. people having power to shape their own lives and destinies is a key element in the emergence of the modern outlook. he examines why humans are so much more brilliant than other creatures and decides that god put us on the earth to explore the world he created, as he has no one to enjoy his masterpiece. He gave us free will/choice, and the power to degenerate into lower forms of life or be reborn to higher divine forms, depending on these choices.

2 sides of learning (bruni)

proficiency in literary form and broad acquaintance with facts ad truths these should always be put together, as they afford mutual aid and distinction

who played the leading role in political and cultural life

prosperous businesspeople

why did humanists attack scholastic philosophy?

scholastic philosophy had hairsplitting arguments and preoccupation with trivial matters. They stressed instead a purer form of christianity based on the direct study of the bible and the writings of church fathers. they accused scholastics of corrupting the latin style of ancient rome and of dealing with useless questions

indulgences

started by the papacy in 1515 to finance the rebuilding of the church of St. Peter in Rome. Its a mitigation or remission of the penance imposed by a priest absolving a penitent who confessed a sin and indicated remorse. They were just little slips of paper that the church sells to sinners to get a path to salvation. They were granted by papal decrees for those who agreed to perform an act of charity, almsgiving, prayer, pilgrimage, or other pious work. People were deceived that a purchase of this would secure them in a place in heaven

Giovanni pico della mirandola

super smart renaissance dude who mastered 27 languages by the time he was our age, and aspired to synthesize the hebrew, greek, and christian teachings

reformation

the division of europe into catholic and protestant, which ended medieval religious unity. it accentuated the importance of the individual, a distinctive feature of the modern outlook it stressed the individual conscience rather than clerical authority, insisted on a personal relationship between the person and god, and called attention to the individual's inner religious capacities

purtianism

the english version of calvinism the basically performed the same function in the 17th century

How did the medieval church determine who was right about the meaning of church texts? (and luther's argument against it)

the final authority in any dispute over the meaning of scriptural texts of church doctrine was ordinarily the pope alone, speaking as supreme head of the church or in concert with the bishops in an ecumenical council Luther on the other hand, argued that the literal text scripture was alone the foundation of christian truth, not the teachings of popes or councils.He also said that all believers were priests, and that the clergy did not hold any power beyond that of the laity; therefore the special privileges of the clergy were unjustified

Edict of nantes

the first document in any national state that attempted to institutionalize a decree of religious toleration for protestants

Sir Thomas More

the most influential humanist of the early english english renaissance. He was trained as a lawyer at oxford and was a successful civil servant and member of the parliment. In his book, 'utopia', he called for elimination of private property. he did not think that people could become perfect, but he used 'utopia' to call attention contemporary abused and to suggest radical reforms. However, he was executed for treason because he refused to swear on an oath acknowledging the king's ecclesiastical supremacy

huguenots

the protestant minority in france that grew as a well organized underground movement even though protestantism as illegal. Huguenot churches, often under the protection of powerful nobles, assumed an increasingly political character in response to monarch sponsored persecution

renaissance

the rebirth of interest in the humanist culture and outlook of ancient greece and rome in the late 14th century (began in the italian city states). renaissance individuals valued worldly interests to a much greater degree than did the people of the middle ages, whose outlook was dominated by christian otherworldliness. renaissance individuals were fascinated by this world and by life's possibilities they aspired to live a rich and creative life on earth and to fulfill themselves through artistic and literary activity individualism was also a hallmark at this time- the urban elite wanted to demonstrate their unique talents, to assert their own individuality, and to gain recognition for their accomplishments. The individual should be freed from otherworldly concern, theological dogma, and ecclesiastical authority, and should concentrate on the the full development of human talents and on improving the quality of earthly existence. individuals were seen as free to shape their own destinies and history itself. the renaissance set the cultural standards of the modern age

sfumato

the renaissance technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms

perspective

the standpoint of the individual observer the artist, using mathematics and reason, portrayed the essential form of the object as it appeared in three dimensions to the human eye

urban elite/patricians during the renaissance

they became patrons of the arts and provided funds to support promising artists and writers. They also wanted to be portrayed in art, which became a separate genre for the first time since antiquity. This showed their wealth and achievement. They also showed less heed to religion and payed attention more to their own life. They wanted to assert their personalities, demonstrate their unique talents, and gain recognition for their accomplishments

christian humainst

they combined an intense devotion to christianity with a great love for classical literature, which they much preferred to the dull and turgid treatises written by scholastic philosophers and theologians

merchants' view of calvinism

they particularly approved of calvin's economic views, for he saw nothing sinful in commercial activities, unlike the catholic clergy

renaissance artists

they portrayed the individual character of human beings, captured the rich diversity of human personality, produced the first portraits since roman times, and affixed their signatures to their works

renaissance writers

they probed their own thoughts and feelings and manifested a self-awareness that characterizes the modern outlook. This new outlook was exclusively for elite, however

How did northern christian humanism not contradict with the concepts of humanism?

they used humanist scholarship and language to satirize and vilify medieval scholastic christianity, and to build a purer, more scriptural christianity

renaissance humanists

thought that the ancients had written brilliantly and incomparably about the enrichment of human life. they also believed that a refined person should know the literature of greece and rome they strove to imitate the style of the ancients, to speak and write as eloquently as the greeks and romans. they also valued ancient literature for its own sake and for its insights into human nature these classics that the ancients wrote were the new path to the good life. Some humanists even dared to think that might even surpass the greatness of greece and rome

romanist

traditional catholics loyal to the papacy

Masaccio

used perspective to paint statuesque figures and to endow his paintings with a grandeur and simplicity (inspiration was classical)

frescoes

wall paintings painted while the plaster was still wet, or fresh

condotierri

when republican institutions gave way to rule by despots, city states had to rely on mercenary troops, who were led by the condotierri. They were unschooled in and owed no loyalty to the republican tradition, they simply seized power during emergencies.