p Schedules of reinforcement
how is it used in golf and baseball...
-Golf students can learn putting by starting with very short putts, and then, as they build mastery, eventually stepping back farther and farther. -Batters can begin with half swings at an oversized ball pithed from 10 ft away, giving them the immediate pleasure of smacking the ball
Four major drawbacks of physical punishment
-Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. This temporary state may (negatively) reinforce parents' punishing behavior -Punishment teaches discrimination among situations -Punishment can teach fear -Physical punishment may increase aggression as a way to cope with problems
How did skinner explain superstitious behavior
Superstitions are created by interpreting accidental rewards - -If a baseball or softball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he or she will be more likely to do so again -if a Skinner box food dispenser gives a pellet of food every 15 mins whatever the animal happened to be doing before the food arrives it is more likely to be repeated and reinforced
Positive punishment
addition of something unpleasant Ex- The coach yells at you for a mistake
Reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
INTERVAL
clock time
FIXED
exact
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Hardest behavior to extinguish Ex- Slot machine or fly fishing RANDOM NUMBER OF TIMES
variable-interval Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Ex- checking for "likes" on social media RANDOM CLOCK TIME
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Ex- Buy 10 coffees, get one free EXACT NUMBER OF TIMES
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Ex- Tuesday discount prices EXACT CLOCK TIME
RATIO
number of times
VARIABLE
random
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement Includes: Fixed ratio Fixed interval Variable ratio Variable interval
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Behavior is quick to learn and quick to extinguish Ex- The soda machine gives you a soda every time you put a dollar into it EVERY TIME
Negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior Ex- your parents take away your computer for failing math
