Patho midterm
The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in
fibrinolysis
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they
have no cytoplasmic organelles
A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include
hyperlipidemia
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
hyperventilation
The effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression.
To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke
impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.
If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is
in the normal range
Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.
increases capillary hydrostatic
The major cause of death from leukemic disease is
infection
Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include
intermittent claudication.
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will
kill rapidly dividing cells.
The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is
lack of surfactant
Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of
metabolic acid deficit.
Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both
microcytic
A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation
The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
non-Hispanic black adults.
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by
norepinephrine
The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the
oxygen-hemoglobin affinity
Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by
pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36.
A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs
platelet adhesion to injured tissue
A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for
pneumothorax
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes
Legionnaires disease is characterized by
presence of systemic illness
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
pulmonary stenosis.
Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output
Carbon monoxide injures cells by
reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin
The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms
All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by
resistance to airflow
Cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.
secondary
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of
secondary prevention
The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is
selective IgA.
The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.
sodium
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by
tachycardia
A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with
telangiectasia
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention
The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of
the intrinsic pathway
Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of
thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by
tissue thromboplastin
The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of
tumor necrosis factor
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is
two thirds.
The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation.
Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).
A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of
vitamin K deficiency.
Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.
False
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions.
False
What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?
Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.
True
Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.
True
The liver is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors, with the exception of part of VIII.
True
The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
True
What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?
Vasoconstriction
Viral pneumonia is characterized by
a dry cough
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
a systemic inflammatory response to infection
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes
air trapping
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone.
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics.
Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with
antiplatelet drugs.
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
A 5-year-old patient's parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child's most likely diagnosis is
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
decreased urine output.
The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of
extrinsic pathway.
When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?", the nurse responds that
"Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round."
The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.
19.4
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is an example of a(n)
deficient immune response.
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?
Carbonic
Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?
Class I
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
DNA.
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?
Hemolytic anemia
A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
III
The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type
IV
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?
Liver
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?
Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising
What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?
Resistance increases by a factor of 16
A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is
Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."
What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration?
Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood vessels and interstitial fluid
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without a previous history of MI
Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by
elevated bicarbonate ion concentration
Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium.
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.
capillary osmotic
A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly
check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest.
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload.