Patho midterm

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in

fibrinolysis

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

hemophilia

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop

hypercalcemia

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include

hyperlipidemia

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

hyperventilation

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression.

To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke

impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

in the normal range

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

increases capillary hydrostatic

The major cause of death from leukemic disease is

infection

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include

intermittent claudication.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells.

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is

lack of surfactant

Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by

lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave.

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of

metabolic acid deficit.

Thalassemia may be confused with iron-deficiency anemia, because they are both

microcytic

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

mitral regurgitation

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in

non-Hispanic black adults.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the

oxygen-hemoglobin affinity

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36.

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

platelet adhesion to injured tissue

A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for

pneumothorax

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

positioning the arm above the heart level.

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of

premature ventricular complexes

Legionnaires disease is characterized by

presence of systemic illness

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis.

Beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they

reduce cardiac output

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of

reentry mechanisms

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by

resistance to airflow

Cor pulmonale refers to

right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension.

secondary

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention

The most common primary immune deficiency that affects only B cells is

selective IgA.

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

sodium

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in

systemic vascular resistance.

The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by

tachycardia

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with

telangiectasia

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of

the intrinsic pathway

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of

thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

tissue thromboplastin

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

two thirds.

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

vasodilation.

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of

vitamin K deficiency.

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

β-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy.

False

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions.

False

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?

Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water

Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?

Sodium

Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease.

True

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes.

True

The liver is responsible for the synthesis of coagulation factors, with the exception of part of VIII.

True

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

True

What results when systemic blood pressure is increased?

Vasoconstriction

Viral pneumonia is characterized by

a dry cough

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

a systemic inflammatory response to infection

COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes

air trapping

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone.

The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with

antibiotics.

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

antiplatelet drugs.

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

A 5-year-old patient's parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk as a result of pain. The child's most likely diagnosis is

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include

decreased urine output.

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of

extrinsic pathway.

When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?", the nurse responds that

"Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round."

The arterial oxygen content (CaO2) for a patient with PaO2100 mm Hg, SaO2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL.

19.4

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome is an example of a(n)

deficient immune response.

A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

Begin antihypertensive drug therapy.

Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete?

Carbonic

Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?

Class I

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA.

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

HIV/AIDS

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Hemolytic anemia

A child with a history of recent strep throat infection develops glomerulonephritis. This is most likely a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

III

The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type

IV

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

Liver

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising

What is the effect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

Resistance increases by a factor of 16

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."

What form of oral rehydration, bottled water or salty broth, is best suited for a patient who is demonstrating signs of clinical dehydration?

Salty soup, because it will provide some sodium to help hold the fluid in his blood vessels and interstitial fluid

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

Septic

A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n)

elderly woman without a previous history of MI

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by

elevated bicarbonate ion concentration

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium.

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure.

capillary osmotic

A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest.

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to

decrease left ventricular afterload.