Pediatrics: growth and development

Children should not exceed 4 to 6 oz of juice per day between the ages of 1 and 6 years.

Infants who are under 4 to 6 months of age should not be given juice.

A 7-year-old child

prefers playing with groups of friends of the same gender

A charge nurse is reviewing the expected growth and development of school-aged children with a group of staff nurses. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

"A 6-year-old child should be able to count 13 coins." A 6-year-old child should be able to count 13 coins, identify morning and afternoon, and be able to identify right and left hands.

Parents should encourage infants to learn to explore their environment by crawling and rolling over.

"I let my baby play on her stomach when she is awake and I am watching." indicates that the client has appropriate information about the gross motor development of 4-month-old infants.

At this age, the infant is beginning to reach for and grasp objects and place them in her mouth. It is appropriate anticipatory guidance to start reminding older children at this time to keep small objects away from the infant's reach to keep her safe from a potential choking hazard.

"I need to remind my older kids to keep small objects out of the baby's reach." indicates that the client has appropriate information about the fine motor development of 4-month-old infants.

Until the child is 2 years old, she should be in a rear facing car seat in the back seat of the car.

"I put my baby in a rear-facing car seat in the back seat of the car." indicates that the client has the appropriate information about using a car seat for a 4-month-old infant.

A nurse is talking with the parent of a 4-month-old infant about growth and development. Which of the following statements indicates that the parent needs further teaching?

"My baby loves to play with the pillows in her crib." Parents should never place pillows in their infant's crib since they pose a suffocation hazard.

A nurse is teaching the parent of a 12-month-old infant about nutrition. Which of the following statements by the parent indicates a need for further teaching?

"My infant drinks at least 2 qt of skim milk each day." As the infant transitions into toddlerhood, whole milk intake should average 24 to 30 oz per day. Too much milk can affect the child's intake of solid foods and result in iron deficiency anemia. Skim milk is not recommended until after age 2 since it lacks essential fatty acids, which are needed for growth and development.

A nurse is teaching a group of parents of toddlers about growth and development. A parent asks, "Why does my child's abdomen stick out?" Which of the following replies should the nurse provide?

"Toddlers do not have well-developed abdominal muscles." The abdominal muscles are immature and minimally developed at this stage. Therefore, many toddlers have a "potbellied" appearance.

Preschoolers need

13 to 19 g of protein per day to support growth and development

Adding 3 parts to a stick figure is an expected finding in a

4-year-old child

Tying shoelaces is a skill expected of a

5-year-old child

Walking backward is a skill expected of a

5-year-old child

At 12 months of age, infants should be offered finger foods.

Finger foods stimulate the pincer grasp, which aids fine motor development. Cereal is small but dissolves in the infant's saliva and would not cause an airway obstruction. Chilled banana slices are an appropriate food choice and help relieve teething.

Introducing infants to foods prepared for the rest of the family is appropriate and helps them feel included.

Home-cooked foods also provide infants with the nutrients they need. At 12 months of age, infants are able to eat soft table foods such as mashed potatoes, green beans, bread, and finely chopped meat.

A nurse is assessing a 4-year-old child for growth and developmental milestones during a well-child visit. Which of the following findings suggests a possible delay in development?

Speaking using 2- or 3-word sentences A 4-year-old child should be speaking in 4- to 5-word sentences. Speaking in 2- to 3. word sentences is typical of a 2-year-old child.

A nurse at a community health department is discussing the nutritional needs of children with a group of parents and guardians. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include?

Toddlers can be given up to 120-180 mL (4-6 oz) of juice per day. Parents should limit a toddler's juice intake to 120 to 180 mL per day because juice is high in sugar and should not replace more important nutrients.

School-age children usually prefer afternoon snacks but should be

encouraged to make healthy food choices

A spinal deformity

is not generally the cause of a toddler's protruding abdomen

Constipation

is not the cause of the toddler's protruding abdomen

An 8-year-old child

should be able to brush his or her own hair

A child who is 10 to 12 years old

should be able to wash his or her hair independently

Infants and toddlers should avoid low-calorie milk because

the dietary fat in milk is essential for growth and development

A child who is 8 to 9 years old

understands the concept of cause and effect

Toddlers are not growing as rapidly as they did in infancy

weight gain does not cause a protruding abdomen