Period 3 Overview

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. "Large State" proposal for the constitution. Introduced by James Madison. Called for proportional representation (based on population) in two houses of congress. Population based on free inhabitants. Creates the issue of slaves counting in a colonies population representation. Three Fifths compromise (every slave is ⅗ of a person). Brings into light:should slaves be counted as part of the american population? Introduces the idea of population having significance to the power of a state in government rather than the state having a fixed and proportional amount of power in government (regardless of size). Prompted smaller states to respond with their own plan (see below). Impact: Led to the foundations of the electoral college. led to the great compromise which created the house and the senate

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law. A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

John Locke (1632-1704)

- argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. - Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience - Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" - Insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights - Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights

Battle of Yorktown

1781 American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender. Marked the conclusion of the last major battle of the american revolution. Start of America's independence Would lead to the signing of the treaty of paris. This recognizes America's independence from Britain. Defines America as an independent nation and plants seeds of the possibility of independence all around the world. Set example of independence/fighting back and winning.Grew George washington's fame internationally. Impossible victory yet he was victorious. Cemented Washingotns leader reputation. Would lead to his election as the first president. Opportunity to become the hero of America. Valiant soldiers wouldn't be recognized but because of his wealth, ethnicity and gender he is a powerful man. Cornwallis (the English) surrendered. Following this parliament passed a resolution for Britain to end the war. British had a demoralizing loss at the battle. Would continue to fight the rebels. The Revolutionary war officially ended on September 3, 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Collaborative battle victory. French navy blocked. England's escape root by guarding the Chesapeake bay

Stamp Act Congress of 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies. Met in New York City to protest the Stamp Act; nine of the thirteen colonies petitioned the king and organized a boycott that eventually helped to force the repeal of the tax. This meeting and action was a major step to colonial unity and resistance of British authority. also known as the Continental Congress of 1765. Convened in New York, New York by nine moderate colonial representatives. They met about/because of the stamp act. Objective was to devise a unified protest met to frame resolutions of "rights and grievances" and to petition the king and Parliament for repeal of the objectionable measures. Major decision was that parliament had no right to tax the colonies in order to regulate trade. First unified meeting of the colonies to discuss and respond to British colonies. The gesture of unification is significant.

XYZ Affair (1798)

: A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats: A commission had been sent to France in 1797. Three french agents told the American delegates that they could meet with French (prime minister) only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. This was an insult to the American delegation. Americans were anger at France. Reports that US merchant ships were being seized by French warships and Privateer. a diplomatic incident where American peace commissioners were sent to France by President Adams in 1797. To prevent all out war between US and France. Were insulted by bribery demands from their French counterparts, dubbed X,Y, and Z. heightened war fever against France in America. Slogan became "millions for defense but not one cent for tribute". Americans paid millions for defense but didn't want one cent to go to the bribe demands of the french. Faction of the Federalists (led by alexander hamilton) believed that going to war could gain more lands in North America. Incentive for bloodshed and economic instability. John Adams prevented all out war in the aftermath of the XYZ affair. Recognized that the US army and navy were not strong enough to fight a major power. Sent new ministers to Paris. Caused tensions to increase between France and the US. Caused congress to increase defenses. Resulted in a limit and undeclared war → Quasi-War. pushed the United States into a serious debate about the nature and extent of neutrality, the limits of presidential power, and the role of the military in America

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes (tea prices) in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped hundreds of chests of valuable tea into the into Boston Harbor. Protests against British taxes in Boston. Colonists refused to buy tea from Britain and were angered when it arrived. Didn't buy any of it. Colonists disguised as mohawks and dumped valuable tea into the boston harbour. These colonists were the Sons of Liberty. Fueled the tension that was already brewing between America and Britain. Some colonists thought that the destruction of private property was too radical, others though it was a justifiable defense of liberty. Act of aggression against Great Britain and its tax policies. Visible example of American revolt and also the loss of interest of American colonists as consumers. Resulted in the intolerable acts. Basically the punishment to Boston and Massachusetts for their acts of defiance. Defying Great Britain will lead to punishments

"Citizen Genêt"

A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt.

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution. A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. Founded by Samuel Adams. American patriots. Led resistance movements. Murder, lynching, ransacked houses, tarring and feathering. These were all targeted toward british officials. Acts of violence against british authorities in America. Integral part to resistance of the colonists. (even though some colonists didn't support their extreme measures). Instilled rebellion and resistance values into the fabric of American society Resistance movements were happening and it is possible to rebel mindset. Played significant role in battling the stamp act of 1765

Judiciary Act of 1789

A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. One of congress's first laws. Established a multitiered federal court system prevalent in today's structure. Three parts: 1. District courts, circuit courts and the supreme court. Supreme court was established in the constitution but this structured the rest of the judicial branch beside its founding. Set the number of supreme court judges at 6. (one chief justice, five associate justices). Created office of attorney general. Argues on behalf of the states before the supreme court. Brought the supreme court and judicial branch into. existence/complete formation. Remained structured in this manner for the next century. Amendments and changes to the act are still rooted in the fundamental principles established by this act

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.. A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. Standardized system where settlers could buy property in the West. Mechanism for settling and selling the land. Foundation land policy until the homestead act of 1862. Profits used to pay off national debt. the government did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the citizens. Did not want to be viewed as england collecting money for the government → found their own way to raise revenue. Made lots small and affordable. Available to more American citizens. Encouraged settlement. By the lots being more affordable, this opened the opportunity for more Americans to journey west and start a new life. Not exclusively for those who were rich and already land owning. Written by thomas jefferson. Helped promote education in new territories. In every township there would be a school. Allowed slavery to occur in the northwest territory. Created In the hopes that the territory would become and additional 10 states Restored the american idea of a better life with land and promises of new beginnings. Benefits farm and marketing purposes of america. American character→ always strive for better: this land was the new start or the "better" that some people needed. Opportunity for land ownership in the west by slaves

Vice-Admiralty Courts

A maritime tribunal governing the high seas and run by British-appointed judges. In these courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries. Juryless courts → British appointed judge. BIASED: had incentives to give a guilty verdict (seizure of property→ profits and 5% rewards). Separate part of the court system.Granted jurisdiction of legal matters concerning smuggling and customs violations. Basically, it tightened the smuggling consequences. They argued that the lack of a trial-by-jury was an infringement of their "constitutional" rights. British were now dealing justice to the colonists rather than the colonists deciding what was right. Act of british control over the colonists. Acts of smuggling (defiance)

Shay's Rebellion

A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. Backcountry farmers in a rebellion because they were losing their farms. Armed revolt. Highlighted problems between east and west interests. Country had large debt but couldn't tax. Short of hard money from the revolutionary war. Farmers could not pay their mortgages which were leading to foreclosures. No unified currency/policy about currency. States print paper money. The rebellion urged that Paper money should be cheaper. Lighter taxes. Suspension of mortgages and foreclosures. Highlighted that the federal government was weak. Convinces many people that the articles (of confederation) needed to be changed. Needs stronger federal government (to have the power to collect taxes or constitute a national curreeny) → unify the states under one "power" Catalyst for the creation of the constitution

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Document that established the functions of the national government after America declared independence from Britain. The first US Constitution. Named the new nation "The United States of America". Legal symbol of union. "United" the states. Foreign recognition. Growth of national identity. Way to see a new type of government to function. Foundation for other countries to follow. What democracy looks like in a nation. Each state was independent and sovereign. Weak federal/central government. Issues led the constitutional convention of 1787. New federal laws for the US constitution. At that time, central authority reminded the americans too much of the regime that they fought for independence from. Fought against the monarchy government and the idea of a central power dictating. President is not your majesty, or your grace, (not above the people in name). Article drafted by property-owning white males. Government by the people and for the people was created by a select group of our society rather than everyone represented equality. It was by the property-owning white males and for them as well rather than american people as a whole. Legislators would disconnect with what the rest of America would like to have in a government → would focus on themselves. Established the northwest ordinance of 1787. Established land ordinance of 1785

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties. Required the local government of the American colonies to house and feed British soldiers. If barracks provided by the colonies were too small, the soldiers would be expected to be housed in the homes, inns, ect.. Expensive burden for the colonists to have Made britain a burden to them not only in taxes but their everyday lives. Colonists had to pay taxes on the soldiers provisions and barracks. Housing an unnecessary standing army in a time of peace. Represents Britain's authoritative presence. Represents Britain's mistrust of the American colonies. Expectation before this act but now it was put into law. One of the acts to represent the end of salutary neglect. Frustrated colonists

Sugar Act of 1764

Act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties. adopted provisions that would ensure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts, and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies. An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties. Import tax on foriegn sugar and certain luxuries (monopolized british sugar to make it the cheapest sugar). reduced the rate of tax on molasses. also known as the American Revenue Act 1764 or the American Duties Act or Plantation Act. Affected merchants mostly Aimed to end the smuggling trade of molasses and sugar in the Americas. Provided a stricter enforcement of the navigation laws. Those accused of smuggling would go to admiralty courts (below). Funded Britains "responsibilities after the French Indian War. Basically provided money to the crown. To protect the Americans from the natives. This was one of the first acts reinforcing Britain's presence in the Americas. One of the acts contributing to ending salutary neglect. The tax was forced on the colonists. Led to attempts of colonial resistance (smuggling). Colonists believed it was their right impose taxes (not Britain)

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain. Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Federalist No. 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. It argued that a geographically expansive national government would better protect republican liberty. Warned about the power of factions and competing interests over the government. Everyone has their own self interests → clash and relate in some capacity to others. Factions are developed on the basis of liberty: liberty is essential to political life. People share common impulse of passion. Factions are inevitable, undesirable. Basically outlines peoples differing interest and how that contributes the community as a whole. Governments should pass laws for the common good rather than anyone specific group. Part of the federalist papers which persuaded americans to ratify the US constitution. Defended the form of the republican government put in place by the constitution Strong central government can guard factionism of smaller republics. A broad and strong national government should remain unbiased. Also incorporates the difference between a democracy and republic in his writing. Minority faction → voting can fix it. Majority faction → a large republic can fix it. Argument for a republic. Key word: factions

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women. The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children Mothers educated children on what it means to be a patriot. Mothers responsible for children's well being, schooling, household chores etc.. Indirectly contributing to government via their sons. Influenced their beginning political opinions (how it might affect families like them). Still confines women to the house. Private sector had much less opportunities than public. Relied on spouse to be in the public sector. Public sector involved politics, advancement, decision making, importance → more power over your own life. America founded with beliefs of sexism prevalent/important to american culture. women should serve as educators of young men. to teach them to become productive American citizens. To embrace the Enlightenment ideas that fueled the concept of Republicanism. Republican motherhood done "properly" -- proper education of republicanism and enlightenment ideals passed on to sons would make them a "perfect"/responsible citizen. Value found in sons and children rather than themselves (as people)

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767)

Argued that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies for revenue. Written in response to the Townshend Acts by John Dickinson, this discourse asserted the idea that "no taxation without representation" was an essential part of English government, and that Parliament had no right to impose duties on British colonies. The essays argued for reconciliation with Britain, with the colonists enjoying all the traditional rights of Englishmen. They were first published in a Philadelphia newspaper in 1767 and 1768 and then widely circulated in pamphlet form.

Federalist No. 51

Argues that separation of powers within the national government is the best way to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of one person or a single group. Written by james madison, argues for a republican government with a system of checks and balances. Agreed that there should be three independent branches of government. Legislative branch would be bigger though. Divide legislature into separate branches. Each department would be separate from the other as much as possible. Will of its own. Government should control the people and itself. Individual rights should be protected. One person cannot commutate all power in government. Ideal society wouldn't need government → people have the ultimate power. Can be traced back to enlightenment thinker Montesquieu Federalism -- division of power between state and federal government. Led to the incorporation of checks and balances in ratified government. Led to separation of powers (in three branches) in ratified government

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

Author of Common Sense: American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution. American patriot. Published the bestselling pamphlet Common Sense. Had and shared the idea (with critical and convincing arguments) that America should seperate from England. England was not protecting America from their enemies; some say that england was the enemy. Antagonizes england with convincing arguments → encourages americans to side with the patriots rather than Britain. Used enlightenment ideals. America should found its own government to protect a man's natural rights. American government is new, an experiment. His arguments swayed those not distinctly a royalist or patriot but 'on the fence'. More support for the American revolution. Fueled the fire of American independence desires and boosted the spirit of american liberty. Impacted thousands, gained momentous support for American independence/revolution. First pamphlet to advocate for American Independence. Also wrote the "American Crisis" papers during the revolutionary war

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence. Member of the House of Burgesses (in virginian government). Wrote the Declaration of Independence During the revolutionary war, was part of the Virginia legislature, Continental congress and was the governor of Virginia. Lots of power and influence to america founding principles and values. Interpreted the wills of others and formatted it. → power behind the words to decide the values of the country, the american principles that would shape america for centuries to come. His interpretation; important because he was the author and his beliefs would influence what would be drafted and later adopted by America. White land owning males making all of the decisions. Composed the documents and formed opinions and argued with people who were allowed to be part of the discussion rather than every American. American principles that he established might not resemble that of the average colonist. Large influence in Virginia. Would encourage/prefer what would be best for Virginia. Favored limited central government. Restricted and delegated power to different authorities. Anti-federalist → more power to the state rather than the federal government. Argued that states should not expand themselves but there should be equal new states

Naturalization Act (1790)

Citizenship limited to whites only, made all those born to U.S. citizens automatically citizens / required a set of period of residence prior to naturalization, made all those born to U.S. citizens automatically citizens / required a set of period of residence prior to naturalization restricted citizenship to any alien, being a free white person. Excluded indentured servants, slaves, women, native americans, free black people (anyone that wasn't a white male of "good character"). Part of laws by the Federalists to restrict the (political) power of the Democratic-Republicans. Since their supporters were poorer and immigrants/settlers voted for the opposing party they decided to limit their influence in politics Favored the federalists. increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years Decreased the amount of power the lower tiers of society had on government. People who had substantial wealth, power and foundings in the US had more influence and weight to politics compared to the poorer immigrants. Immigrants would have immigrated to america to exercise their role in politics (opposed to where laws/taxes would be decided for them). Not free to exercise that right for a long time after they first immigrated.

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain. American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. Also known as Whigs. Colonists who fought for independence from great Britain. Reasons for success in the revolutionary war: Home advantage, good military leadership, fighting for ideal rather than king. Rejected inherited power (monarchy and aristocracy). Divide and conquer: labels (Loyalist vs. Patriot) defined and divided colonists against one another rather than motivated them towards their one specific goal → have their rights protected Beginning to the american identity. No longer a british royal subject but a patriot of america. Name separates the colonists from other british subjects, thus, giving them a separate identity

Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

Common Sense was pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy, calling for American independence from Britain. Phamplet that helped convince colonists that revolution was the best solution to the issues with Great Britian.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery. a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union. Addressed the political needs of the expansion. Agreed that laws would be made by the governor (the state) Established a government for the northwest territories. First recognized incorporated territory past the appalachian mountains. Allowed for the settling where britain had previously forbidden them. Outlined admission of a state into the union. New states were equal to the original 13. Accelerated westward expansion. Frobode slavery in the region (north of ohio -- northwest). Once it was admitted into the union then its inhabitants could vote on the legality of slavery Ohio river was the boundary between free and slave states. By doing so addresses that it is a problem yet take no action because of slaverys economic and political role in american society (especially in the south). This division of free and slave states would eventually foster drastically different opinions in the states and lead to civil war. Sectional differences between the states over slavery. Listed bill of rights guaranteed in the new territories. American values/principles still maintained in the new regions (even if they were not states yet they were still american territory). Established the pattern in which the rest of the states would settle (in the future)

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Advocated for colonial rights.

Revolution of 1800

Election between Adams and Jefferson and the first time in American history where political power switches from one party to another; Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. Federalists rapidly lost popularity during Adams presidency. Disliked alien and sedition acts. Disliked new taxes imposed (preparation for war against France). Building up national defenses. Swept federalist power from executive (president) and legislative (senate and house of representatives) branches of government. Majority of presidential electors cast their vote for the two democratic-republican candidates. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were tied (both had 73 electoral votes). Special election in the house of representatives to break the tie (stated in the constitution). Federalists controlled the house at that point (decided which opposing candidate to make president). Hamilton (a federalist) urged for Thomas. Jefferson to be president since he was less dangerous with that Aaron burr who had a stronger character. Democratic-Republicans took majority in executive branch, senate and house of representatives. Significant peaceful transition of power. Rare event that it would happen without violence. US constitutional system would endure various strains. Federalists had the ability to refuse and fight the other party from taken power but instead decided to be peaceful. democratic -republicans would hold the majority for. Change from federalist power to democratic-republican power First peaceful transition of power. Major change in philosophy by federal government leaders. Outlook from strong national government to a government with limited powers

Proclamation Line of 1763

England issued this to limit westward expansion to separate Indians and colonists prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens: Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution. Also called the declaration of or character of rights Consist of the first ten constitutional amendments (label for the first 10 amendments). Add on for anti federalists as a safeguard for individual liberties. Guarantee these certain rights to all american citizens in all circumstances. Put forth by anti federalists Protects personal liberties from intrusion by the US government. Lists the most important rights to the citizens of america (most prevalent). Protects citizens from the power of political officials compromising liberties. Ensures that the people will not have their fundamental rights taken away from them. Guarantees civil liberties and checks on state power. Ensures the intentions of government. Protects the government from having king-like authority (politicians can do whatever they please). Ensures greater constitutional protection for civil liberties

Prohibitory Act (1775)

George III's dismissal of the Olive Branch Petition which declared the colonies to be in rebellion; later forbade all trade and shipping between the two areas

Massachusetts Circular Letter

In 1768, this document was distributed to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts.) Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. This would mean that the United States would remain neutral in the French Revolution (1793); Thomas Jefferson resigned from the cabinet because of this order. Announcement made by president George Washington Declared that the United States was a neutral nation in conflicts between Great Britain and France. Young nation was not strong enough for (large scale) european war. Balance between show of strength and proving itself vs. growing unity and power before making steps to be significant to other countries. Needed to focus on the development of itself rather than its perception of being weak. This was dangerous since spain, britain and france were occupying lands east of the mississippi river → showing their strength meanwhile the USA was struggling to unite over government. Not prepared for war. Neutrality was a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778 (defensive french and american alliance created during the revolutionary war. Led to Thomas Jefferson's resignation from cabinet. sparked debates about neutrality, foreign policy, and constitutional authority Set precedent for future foriegn policy

The Jay Treaty (1794)

In 1794, this treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. Potential source of conflict (war) and a key reason for the treaty was the disturbance of americans at sea and problems in the best. Capturing and forcing american sailors for their cause. Stealing american cargo and ships. Treaty that addressed the differences between the United states and Britain. signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. Controversial treaty with Britain negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794. All to end American grievances and avert war (with Britain). dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River Under the provisions, the British agreed to remove royal troops from the western frontiers of the United States. to establish a commission to examine the debts owed to the United States. In hindsight, it helped decrease the possibility of war in the 10 years it lasted failed to realize key diplomatic goals. provoked storms of protest. Settled issues/knowledged issues left untouched from the american revolution. Established a sound foundation for american to grow off of (without the econcomc, social and political stress of war) Contributed to america's commercial prosperity in the long run. Unpopular with most Americans. Did not punish british for attacks on american ships. Unpopular with France. Accepted American neutrality. Kept the US at peace.

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment. which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government. llegal for newspaper editors to criticise either the president or congress and imposed fines or imprisonment for editors who violated the law. Made opposition (politically and in thoughts and ideas spreading about the government) illegal Violation of the first amendment (freedom of speech, freedom of the press). Unconstitutional. Limited people's constitutional rights. Brought to light the extent of the executive (president's powers). Federal government's power over state governments laws. Virginia and Kentucky would chose not to have these powers since they were unconstitutional. Federal and state government conflict. For political interests instead of the good of the people. The U.S. Supreme Court never decided whether the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional. Didn't recognize that they had that power. Power to recognize when something was unconstitutional as an example to be used in future court arguments and cases. Judicial review. Result of federalists view of implied powers

Pontiac's Rebellion

Native American revolt against the British colonies. A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. Example of Native American resitance.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. (in favor of a weaker government) Argued that stronger central government would destroy the work of revolution (independence and liberties), limit democracy and restrict the states rights. This means they argue for stronger power to the state rather than central. Advantages: appealed to popular distrust of government. From colonial experience (under the British). Disadvantages: poorly organized, slow to respond to federalist challenge. Strategy: proposed constitution contained no protection of individual rights; gave the central government more power than the British had. Liked articles of confederation. Opposed strong central government Constitution favoured the wealthy. Favored minorities which at the time were the wealthy. Ingrained in society that the wealthy would remain protected and on the upper crust of society. Lacked bill of rights Thought the president had too much power Would lead to checks and balances. Concerned of too much power invested in national government at the expense of the states. Supported generally by small farmers and settlers. Don't believe in implied powers

Declaratory Act of 1766

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. Reasserted Britains power over colonies, response to Boston Tea Party Declaration by the British parliament accompanied by the repeal of the stamp act. Stated that Britain's taxing authority was the same in America as it was in Great Britain. Britain has the right to tax and make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever". Changed and lessened the sugar act. Leads to renewed conflict between the colonists and the British government. Political victory for Britain. Reinforced their power in the Colonies. Basically, is was a formal statement that bound the the colonies and people of America to Britain so they would be subjects of the crown of Great Britain. Laid the groundwork for future laws of British authority in the Americas. Eventually enough would be enough and the colonist would revolt against this very ideal. Led to colonial anger. According to this act they didn't have the power in their own colonies but Britain did

Peace of Paris (1763)

Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (1763) Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada, Florida, and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba and territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans.

Tories (Loyalists)

People who were against independence and wanted to remain loyal to England. Colonists who favored remaining under British control. fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy) Loyal to the British crown. Represents that all colonists were not willing to resort to a revolution for their problems to be solved. May still be angered by parliament through acts like the stamp act but did not see independence and war as the best plan of action. Would rather like to repair and maintain the relationship with Britain. Opposed rebellions against the crown. Hated Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Since it urged colonists to adopted revolutionary principles and essentially become an American patriot. Divide and conquer: labels (Patriots vs Tories) defined and divided colonists against one another rather than motivated them towards their one specific goal → have their rights protected

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition. Major turning point in the american revolutionary war. Paved the way for America's ultimate victory. Proved washington, trained troops, boosted confidence. Led to victory in the Battle of Monmouth a week after they left valley forge. Site of the encampment of the Continental. Army soldiers during the winter of 1777-1778. Conditions were harsh and cold with provisions on short supply (freezing and starving). Previous string of defeats led the continental congress to replace george washington as general. Valley forge proved washington's ability to push through tough times and emerge victorious in some respect. Transformed the continental army into a unified and world class fighting force. Emerged with a rejuvenated spirit and confidence as a well-trained soldiers. Exposure, disease, and starvation killed nearly 2,500 by the end of the armies occupation

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. (envisioned a council of all the colonies for their common defense.) British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, NY, to provide for an intercolonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Set a precedent for other revolutionary meetings.

First and Second Continental Congress

Response to the Intolerable acts, agreed to an economic boycott of Great Britain, sent a petition to the king. brought together delegates from each of the thirteen colonies except Georgia; represents first time colonists actually met together; served as a model for forming the U.S. government. Met after the Revolutionary war had begun. Established the Continental Army, coordinated the war, issued the Declaration of Independence, and designed the Articles of Confederation. Meeting of delegates chosen from the thirteen colonies. First Continental Congress convened in 1774: Met in response to the Coercive Acts (intolerable acts), Determined how the colonies SHOULD react, Dictated the american response to increasing british control. The boycotts were successful. Wanted to protest parliamentary acts. No talk of secession from England. wanted to repair relationship with Britain (like it was before the French and Indian war). More of a loyalist mindset rather than an american patriot -- not separate american identity yet. Second Continental Congress of 1775-1781: After the revolutionary war had begun. Declared independence from Britain in 1776. Declaration of Independence drafted. Didn't actually give the colonists their independence (AKA the break up note). Appointed washington as lead general.They wrote the Articles of Confederation. First national constitution. Governed by this until 1789 with the US national constitution. Power and voice given to white land owning males and those are the ones who decided the values of the country

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

Statements authored secretly by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. They declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. The Resolutions asserted the right of states to veto federal legislation. The failure of other states to join the resolutions showed that most Americans did not believe states had the power to nullify federal legislation. Democratic republican leaders challenged of legislation of the federal congress. Enacted nullifying laws in their own state legislatures. Nullification. States would look at a federal law and argue that that law was not constitutional so they didn't have to follow it. Nullifying -- not having to follow those particular laws. Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Kentucky Legislature -- Written by Thomas Jefferson. Virginia Legislature ---Resolution of James Madison adopted by legislature Resolutions declared that the "compact" made by the states and federal government (protection of constitutional rights) was broken. Broken compact for that law means that the state could nullify the federal law. Not stated in legislation until this point. Set forth argument of nullification -- rationale would be used in the nullification conflict in the 1830s. Growing conflict between states rights and federal rights. Took position that the alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional protests against the limitations on civil liberties contained in the Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption. Leaders included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton. Argued for a stronger central government to maintain order and preserve the union. Advantages: strong leaders, well organized. Disadvantages: constitution was new and untried; lacked a bill of rights as originally written. Strategy: emphasized weakness of articles of confederation, painted opponents as negative with no solutions. Articles of confederation were ineffective and weak. National government needed to be stronger in order to function. Example would be to provide strength to the new country via a military. Strong government to control uncooperative states. Men of experience and talent (the rich/minority at the time) should govern. Ensured their protections in the government. Created a lasting environment that favored the rich rather than the majority/poor. Constitution and state government protected individual freedoms. Separation of church and state. Believed the need for strong executive power. Related their foundations on the tolerance/authority of British rule. Essentially created a new philosophy which would defend the social gains of the revolution. Wanted to "start over again" and scrap the old government (aka the articles of confederation. Common in large cities along the atlantic coast. Urban environment where more ideas are circulated. Generally wealthier and more educated. Argue for implied powers. Powers that expand beyond those established by the constitution → it was implied Ex: IRS, national bank

New Jersey Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. Meant for small states. "Small State" plan. Introduced by William Patterson. Proposed equal representation of the state regardless of population in a single house of congress. Same principle as under the articles of confederation. Small states feared that the populous states would dominate. the agenda under a proportional representation. Idea that states entered the United States of America freely and individually, so this would remain in government (as one vote per state rather than based on population). Impact: Led to the foundations of the senate, led to the great compromise which created the house and the senate

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

The victory ensured the diplomatic success of Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. Turning point of the American revolution. Proved to the French that the Americans had the potential to beat Great Britain. American victory that convinced the French to openly join the war on the Americans side. Gave the Americans military support. French navy, finances, supplies, etc.. Also the dutch and the Spanish. Proved to the world that America had that ability to defeat Great Britain (at the time one of if not the most powerful countries in the world). Americans/America were a force to be reckoned with. Lifted american spirits (morale boost). Ended British threat in New England. Took control of the Hudson river.

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items; placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies. Affected a greater number of colonists than the sugar act. Internal tax on legal documents and printed materials. Paper, playing cards. Smuggling and acts of resistance continued. Led to mass resistance. Boycotts, mob violence. Colonists argued no taxation without representation. Everyday people being taxed with no say in their government/tax amount or what it affects Frustrated colonists. colonists greeted the arrival of the stamps with violence and economic retaliation. Colonists wanted authority/representation in American Colonies. In britain they would be outnumbered Wanted new government policies that Britain refused Ideas of american government by the people and for the people ideas are beginning to brew. Self government that they had before insignificant to Britain's law (no say)

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. 1) port act closed the port of boston until the tea was paid for. 2) MA Gov't act reduced the power of the MA legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3) Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. 4) expanded the quartering act to enable british troops to be quartered in private homes--applied to all colonies. Also known as the intolerable acts. Series of laws directed to punish the people of Boston and Massachussetss and to keep them under control. The Port Act. Prohibited trade in and out of boston harbour until the tea was paid for. Enormous economic effect because that was a major source of income/economy for massachusetts. The Massachusetts Government Act. Reduced the power of the Massachusetts Legislature and gave power to the Royal Governor. By revolting colonists had reduced their voice in government. The Administration. Justice Act. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain. Would be treated gentler there. Colonists saw this as an avoidance of justice. Easier for royal officials to violate the law knowing that they would have protection from the crown. Fourth law to the quartering act. Applied to all colonists. Enabled British troops to be quartered in private homes. Expensive soldiers could burden anyone

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory. Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America. Treaty of "peace and friendship" between the native Americans and the US. Ended a brutal war. Drawn up after the battle of fallen timbers. Resulted in northwest territory. Near great lakes and ohio river valley. Established a clear boundary between native american lands and land open for US settlers. 12 tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. Allowed more settlers to move into the region. Local Indian tribes relinquished their land in the ohio territory in this treaty. In exchange for a reservation and 10,000 dollars. Agreed to give up lands and claims to land in Ohio. Set precedent for future treaties with native americans. Led to the clear a redfinded border in the ohio territory. Increased american settlement in the west. US was able to govern all of its territories for the first time

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Not to be confused with the 1763 version which ended the French and Indian war. Formally ended the American Revolutionary War. recognized U.S. independence. granted the U.S. significant western territory. Officially ended the revolutionary war. patriots no longer became radicals rebelling against the crown but became americans. America won → powerful nation. Spread the seed of independence across the world. Becoming a separate nation from the. imperialist/controlling nation is possible. British gave up power in the western world. Gave up all land east of the mississippi river. Doubled the size of America. British wanted to end the costly war. Peace negotiations stalled when declaring America its own country. Americans refused to budge in that respect (american principles). Patriots rather than loyalists (independence rather than repaired relationship). Speaks to the Americans ambitions that they were not willing to give up their independence (rights) for a peace agreement of more sizable economic prospects. War fought for independence so they demand independence

The Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney, in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississipi River and New Orleans to American trade. Spain also accepted that Florida's northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel instead of north of that line treaty between the US and Spain. gave the US the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River. Duty free transportation in Spanish controlled river. also gave the US the ability to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orlean. negotiated by Thomas Pinckney for the United States and Manuel de Godoy for Spain. increased trade with Spain. Resolved territorial disputes between the countries. Defined the border between the US and Spanish Florida. US and Spain would jointly survey the border. Spanish were concerned that a possible British american alliance could be emerging(from the Jay Treaty of 1794). Strengthened holdings in the west (via Catholic missions) but this strengthened their southeast colony Florida from America. Placed the USA in a stronger position. enabled/encouraged american westward expansion

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

The Northwest Confederacy

a loose confederacy of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region of the United States created after the American Revolutionary War. Formally, the confederacy referred to itself as the United Indian Nations, at their Confederate Council. --> Native American Resistance Northwest Indian association. Loose confederacy between native americans in the northwest. In great lakes region (ohio territory). Present day Illoniois, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin. To better defend themselves against encroaching settlers'. Attempt to resist expansion of the US. NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE effort. Resulted in the northwest Indian war. Fought for british in american revolution. They were basically "sold to congress" (quote from mohawk chief). Still being fed military resources by British and were encouraged to fight the americans by them. British wanted to encourage conflict to weaken itself. Together won a series of bloody battles over the militia. Defeat led to the treaty of Greenville. Release of land to the Americans to make it a settlement

The French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. Social and political revolution in France that toppled the monarchy. Created a dilemma for the united states. France had become an ally in the American. revolutionary war and had begun a civil war. Some americans felt obligated to honor the alliance and helped the monarchy and helped them. Others wanted to stand with the frenchmen who were fighting for the same revolutionary ideals that they (americnas) had fought to be free from. Others remained neutral. Generally supported the french revolutionaries cause but were horrified by the violence (mob hysteria and mass executions. Jefferson and followers stressed need to join revolution. Reason was that Britain was seizing american merchant ships and seamen for their cause Should join france as a defensive war against britain Americans divided (on a large scale political, economical and social issue). Resulted in the proclamation of neutrality (below). Resulted in Thomas jefferson's resignation from cabinet. This was after the proclamation of neutrality but related to America's role in the French Revolution

Non-Importation Movement

a widespread colonial boycott of British goods; resistance effort by English colonists. A tactical means of putting economic pressure on Britain by refusing to buy its exports to the colonies. Movement by radical colonists to stop the importation of British goods. Women played a major role in this movement. Reduced their use of american goods more women acquired spinning and weaving skills engaged in political discussions. contributed to the colonial economy. Reduced american dependence on Britain for its resources. effective tactic to protest British policies. pushed Boston Patriots into prominence demonstrated to other colonies the potential for united action.

Public Land Act (1796)

established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. Large swaths of land available from Jay's Treaty + victory of the Battle of Timbers. Established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands (at reasonable prices). Encouraged rapid settlement of the new lands. Process for adding new states to the union (set forth by the Constitution) worked. Vermont became the first new state. Other states included Kentucky and Tennessee authorized federal land sales to the public in minimum 640-acre plots at $2 per acre of credit. set up an orderly procedure for dividing and selling public lands

Alien Act (1798)

gave the president the power to order out of the country any foreigners and made it more difficult for foreigners to become citizen. which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens. From a dangerous nation or deemed dangerous. authorized the president deport any male citizen of a hostile nation above the age of fourteen during times of war. Increased executive power. Brought to light the extent of the executive (president's powers). Federal government's power over state governments laws. Virginia and Kentucky would chose not to have these powers since they were unconstitutional. Federal and state government conflict Adams never signed a deportation yet many aliens fled in fear of retribution and loss of citizenship/homes/safehaven. For political interests instead of the good of the people. The U.S. Supreme Court never decided whether the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional. Didn't recognize that they had that power. Power to recognize when something was unconstitutional as an example to be used in future court arguments and cases. Judicial review. Result of federalists view of implied powers

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) (1756-1763)

global conflict between France and Great Britain for power and control of land. pitted a coalition of Great Britain and its allies against a coalition of France and its allies. The war escalated from a regional conflict between Great Britain and France in North America, known today as the French and Indian War. the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government. The army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. Protests in 1794 by PA farmers resisting payment of a federal tax on whiskey. Posed a major challenge to the viability of the US government under the constitution. Hamiliton persuaded congress to pass excise taxes particularly on whiskey. Revenue lost because tariffs were lower than desired (by him). Rebelling farmers refused to may the excise tax. Could ill afford the tax on whiskey. Made from distilled surplus corn. Rebels claimed to be defending their liberties. Attacked revenue collectors. Washington militarized 15,000 state militiamen as a result. Show of strength caused the rebellion to end with almost no bloodshed. Helped end the rebellion. New government ended the rebellion vs. the helpless government from shays rebellion. Examples of farmers rising up. Military action resented by westerners → unwarranted use of force (by the government) against the common people. Argument by Thomas Jefferson → gained popularity

Daughters of Liberty

organization of colonial women formed to protest British policies. Supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers American Patriots. Had a real economic and social impacts on american colonial society. Promoted non-importation by making and wearing homespun cloth Supported the american boycotts by establishing another source of materials like textiles. Organized several boycotts of British goods. Played significant role in battling the stamp act of 1765 and intolerable acts

Committees of Correspondence

organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. Organizations in each of the American colonies created to keep colonists abreast of developments with the British; served as powerful molders of public opinion against the British. organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams. system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies against parliament. Great Britain's deteriorating relationship with America highlights the importance for the colonists to share ideas and information. Committees of correspondence were the beginning of that untied communication between the colonies. Supporting one another against great britain. Promoted manufacturing in the colonies to reduce dependence on Britain. Informed voters of the common threat they faced from their mother country. Helped enforce and promote the independence commerce of America

The Federalists Party

political party established by Hamilton wanted a stroger central government (expanding the powers of the central government) to promote manufacturing (supported industry and trade) Political party in the United States. Made of mostly Wealthy North-easterners. Strongest in the northeast favored a strong centralized federal government. Growth of federal power. Favored a commerce-based economy. Favored a loose construction of constitution Favored a national bank, GB sympathy.. Rivalry/debates with anti-federalists and democratic-republicans created a political party system. Next rivalry would be between democratic-republican party. Indication that this would serve as core feature of american politics. Dominated early american politics

Townshend Act of 1767

similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes. import tax on glass, paper, tea, paint imported into the colonies. The Townshend duties led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies. led to Boston boycott of English luxuries. Tax on imports (china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea). Passed by British parliament shortly after the repeal of the stamp act. Prompted resistance by the colonists to boycott British goods. Revenue was to pay the salaries colonial governors and judges. Ensures their loyalty to the British crown. Made them independent of the colonial assemblies that previously paid the salaries Provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. Didn't need a judges warrant to only search. specifically named property. Relates to the 4th amendment. led to more protests by the colonists. including agreements not to import products from Great Britain. Britain regulating colonists trade. Again, the colonists argued no taxation without representation Colonists lacked representation in the legislative body. Because of these taxes, John Dickoson wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. No taxation without representation was an essential principle to english law. Colonial resistance via the Circular Letter. Britain threatens to dissolve the legislature. Colonists increased smuggling (defiance). Britain increased its military presence in Boston. Would eventually lead to the boston massacre

Sam Adams

was a member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence. Expressed colonists are "more attentive to their liberties". Key role in defending colonial rights. Was the leader of the sons of liberty. Suggested the committees of correspondence. Crucial in spreading colonial rights (and independence ideals) throughout the colonies. Leader of defiant ideas and independence idea sources that would eventually enable the American Revolution

The Democratic-Republicans Party

worked to oppose the Federalist Party and their views of a highly powerful US government. Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. was characterized as the party of the "common man" Believe in a more limited role of central government and strict constructionist. Political party of the United states. Made of mostly Southerners. Strongest in the South and Westerners. led by Thomas Jefferson. Favored a weak central government and strong state government. believed the people should have political power. favored strong state governments. emphasized agriculture. favored strict interpretation of the constitution. were pro-french, opposed national bank, opposed protective tariff. Rivalry/debates with federalists created a political party system. Indication that this would serve as core feature of american politics. Made the first transition of parties possible (party it transitioned to)