Period 6 (Chapter 16 & 17)

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

The frontier contributed to

American identity and helped make American society different from Europe.

Ohiyesa (Dr. Charles Eastman)

An Indian student who grew up to be a doctor and advocate for his people.

"rain follows the plow"

An unfounded theory that settlement of the Great Plains caused an increase in rainfall.

13. President Theodore Roosevelt addressed all of the following issues during his presidency EXCEPT (A) unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry (B) monopolization and consolidation in the railroad industry (C) railroad freight rates (D) insider trading on the stock market (E) unsafe drug products

D

Radical Republicans

Charles Sumner in the Senate, Thaddeus Stevens in the House.

Compare the development of mining, ranching, and farming in the West. How did their environmental consequences differ?

Farmers had to deal with a pile of pests like tornadoes and bugs destroying the crops while the other two are more serious than the farmers' situation.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

After the Civil War, President Grant sought treaties aimed at

assimilating Indians who would cooperate and exterminating those who would not ** By the late 1800's, most tribes faced defeat and moved to reservations, though they persisted in their efforts to maintain their tribal identity.

_______ was the primary cash crop

cotton

What difficulties did farmers on the Great Plains and in the South face in the 19th century?

drought, extreme weather, tornadoes, blizzards, not enough irrigation, loneliness, grasshoppers

Because of the surplus of crops, people were able to go from selling on just a local scale to selling on a

global scale

A lot of the public believed in Western and American Stereotypes leading them to

ignore what was actually happening in the world.

The Ghost Dance Movement in the 1890s was a

last ditch effort by Plains tribes to make a united stand against the U.S. military, but it ended once and for all by the slaughter of more than one hundred Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

Assimilation for Native Americans meant

boarding schools for children, life in near poverty on reservations, and efforts by well-meaning missionaries to substitute Christianity for native religions.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.

1950's-1960's Civil Rights Movement

Brown v Board education

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided south into 5 districts * States must provide suffrage for blacks and deny it to ex- confederates

15th Amendment (1870)

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

Ghost Dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead. Hoped to see return of bison. US government ended it, but some of the Isakota Sioux Natives continued to practice it. They fled to Canada but were caught and killed.

Barbed wire allowed farmers to

abandon long drive approach and altered the open ranch ranching environment to enclosed farming.

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery

Gold Standard

backing dollars solely with gold

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which enabled

blacks to sit on the jury, use public accomodations, and public transportation.

The Dawes Act of 1887 sought to

break up tribal lands into individual homesteads, another step along the road to assimilation.

America expanded into Pacific by

building naval bases and stations

US foreign policy became more expansive through

buying Alaska and increased international trade with the Pacific, Asia, and latin America.

Range wars were common between

cattlemen and the newly arriving farmers, who fought over access to grazing land and water. **Minerals added another layer of competition, as the mining frontier began to move from West to East, encroaching on lands claimed by both farmers and cattlemen.

Matthew Perry

commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

The new railroad companies transformed American capitalism with the creation of

coorporations

Post Civil War, America sought to extend its borders. An example of this is Japan where we ______ .

created diplomatic relations and the Treaty of Kanagawa.

Congress during the civil war

created new banking systems, instituted a protective tariff- republicans want to give US manufacturers a competitive advantage.

Slaughter-House Cases

distinguished between the privileges of US citizens and those of state citizens; the only privileges of national citizenship are those owed to the existence of the Federal Government, its National Character, its Constitution, or its laws; eg: right to use navigable water of the US, protection on the high seas, assemble peacefully, petition for redress of grievances, right to vote if qualified to do so under state laws, travel through out US

Most homesteaders struggled with

extreme environmental conditions, inadequate homestead allotments, and backbreaking labor as they worked to carve out a living from grasslands that often defied easy settlement.

By the 1870s, the federal government was working to force most Plains tribes onto reservations with

false promises and increasing violence.

New technology altered the Great Plains such as

the steel plow ** Farmers could grow crops where they couldn't before (wheat)

Cowboys came to be because

they needed a way to heard cattle to the stocks in Kansas to be shipped to meat packing districts in Chicago.

Waning

to decrease/ become weaker (Reconstruction efforts waned in the 1870's)

Although the 13-15th amendments were restricted in the short term, they later would be used to _______

uphold civil rights

The nation also prospered from the discovery of

vast mineral wealth, particularly gold and silver. ** These discoveries strengthened U.S. currency in the international markets and attracted European investment.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

when 10% of voters in southern states pledged allegiance to U.S. and approved 13th amendment, it would become part of union.

In the West, the Irish and Chinese helped build many

railroads

congress's radical reconstruction plan included the _______

reconstruction act of 1867 + military reconstruction

Homesteaders transformed the western environment to the point that the federal government

set aside land for natural preserves

land-grant colleges

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

Blacks were eventually voted into

state office and congress

Munn v. Illinois

states could regulate certain businesses (RRs); later overturned

Republicans favored tariffs because

tariffs protected manufacturing industries

tariff

tax on imported goods

Racial Uplift

the idea that educated blacks are responsible for the welfare of the majority of the race

Bison rapidly depleted in the 1870s (less than 200) due to

the killing of bison to starve out/ deplete the resources of the Native American population.

redemption

the overthrow or defeat of Radical Republicans (white and black) by white Democrats, marking the end of the Reconstruction era in the South

Congress worried that

Johnson would fire some radical republicans so Congress impeaches Johnson.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

Gunn v US

Repealed Grandfather clause

Nez Perce

Native American Tribe that tried to flee capture to Canada. They were caught before they reached the border.

Look at 1865 cartoon by Thomas Nast. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of the cartoon? (A) Southern politicians (B) Radical Republicans (C) Northern opponents of the war (D) Veterans of the Confederate Army The sentiments expressed in the cartoon above most directly contributed to which of the following? (A) The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments (B) The movement of African Americans away from the farms where many had been held as slaves (C) The prevalence of the sharecropping system (D) The passage of segregation laws in Southern states The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above most directly led to the (A) emergence of more vigorous Southern resistance to African American rights (B) industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy (C) issuance of court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioning racial segregation (D) development of African American efforts to support vocational education The ideas expressed in the cartoon above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? (A) Debates about federalism and states' rights (B) Debates about access to voting rights (C) Debates about the role of the federal government in the economy (D) Debates about the proper role of political parties Which of the following 20th-century issues most closely parallels the controversy depicted in the cartoon above? (A) The opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s (B) The growth of conservatism in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (C) The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s (D) The expansion of migration to the United States after 1965

(B) Radical Republicans (A) The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments (A) Emergence of more vigorous Southern resistance to African American rights (B) Debates about access to voting rights (C) The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s

What happened to black communities?

* Black churches doubled just as schools and meeting places * Civil Rights Act of 1875- "full and equal" access to political accommodations

Transcontinetal Railroad started in ____ and finished in ______

1830s, 1869

Reconstruction Rolled Back

* Democrats gained control of the House in 1874 * Most of the country (including the Grant administration) was no longer concerned with the South * The supreme court rejects equal rights: - US v Cruikshank- Says the Fourteenth Amendment protects individuals rights from the State, not from other citizens. - Civil Rights Cases- 14th amendment did not prevent Private discrimination, only government discrimination. * The Political Crisis of 1877: - Hayes (Republican) v Tilden (Democrat) - Tilden received 184 electoral votes to Hays 165; 185 needed to win (20 votes were in dispute) - Eventually, all 20 were given to Hayes - Importance of the Compromise of 1877 - Reconstruction ENDS!!! The military is withdrawn from South.

How was the women's rights group split?

* Lucy Stone and the American Suffrage Association hoped to achieve suffrage after Reconstruction *Elizabeth Cady Stanton feared suffrage was not likely near, National Woman Suffrage Association advocated an amendment for women's suffrage.

Counterrevolution in the South

* Redeemer governments - Local and state governments that ousted Republican governments - Often done through violence and intimidation * KKK terrorized blacks and Republicans * Enforcement Acts: 1870-1871 formed: - Response to KKK - Federal government could now prosecute criminals of federal law - Presidents could use the military to protect individual rights

The Disillusioned Liberals

* Republican Party split into different factions- Liberal Republicans ( Horace Greeley) advocated laissez-faire and smaller government * Credit Mobiler- the 1867-1868 scandal in which Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad *Whiskey Ring- a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Congress stepped in to take control of reconstruction when

* South passed black codes- laws that restrict rights of free blacks * Georgia elected Alexander Stephens as their Senator

Teachers embarked on ______ and black entrepreneurs catered to ______

- "racial uplift" - black clientel

Wars between the army and the Indians on the Great Plains began before the _____ and intensified during _______ .

- Civil War - Reconstruction

The Quest for Land!

- Many former Confederates gained gained their land back via Johnson's amnesty plan - Most congressmen believed former slaves would work plantations, not owning their own land - Without land former slaves were left susceptible to rich land owners; -Many former slaves had to work for former slave owners since they had no land - SHARECROPPING!!!!!!

From 1854 to 1890 the US expanded to the ______ and linked _________ and _____ with the ______

- Pacific Coast - East Coast - West Coast - transcontinental railroad

Andrew Johnson becomes president as a ______ ______. His reconstruction Plan, called _______, amnesty to all, except _______, and adopt the ________. The South enacted _______. For example, if a freedman did not have a job, he would leave town. So, if the only job he knew how to do was to work in the _______, he was still tied to the land.

- Union democrat - Restoration - Confederate Leaders - 13th Amendment - Black Codes - Fields

Frederick Douglas, who supported women's rights, convinced Lucy Stone to accept the idea of _________. However, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony did not accept this idea and formed the ________.

- black vote (over women's vote) - Americans Women Suffrage Association trying to get the vote on a national level.

Environmental Challenges in the Great Plains

- blizzards, tornadoes, and grasshoppers posed challenges to homesteaders. - Not enough irrigation for entire 160 acres of land provided - Removing grass to plant led to erosion of soil

Homesteaders were made up mostly of

- families - mormons who settled in Utah to escape religious persecution b/c of polygamy

Political opportunities for African Americans _____ during Reconstruction. Examples?

- increased examples: * Robert Smalls- former slave, and Civil War hero, became a Congressman * Hiram Reves - 1st African American in the Senate (He took Jefferson Davis' seat)

Johnson vetoed both Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. However, Congress _______. Congress takes over and puts the _______ in place. The Radical republicans in congress, led by ______ and ______ attempt to remake southern society.

- overrides his veto - 14th amendment - Charles Sumner - Congressman Thaddeus Stevens

Under Johnson's plan, Southerners elected their Southern Congressman, but congress __________. With the black codes and violence against freedmen, congress steps in with _______

- refused to seat them - Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Johnson vetoed both)

Republican government built_______. They abolished ___________. They kept _______.

- roads, hospitals, schools (public schools for white children) - black codes and property ownership voting rights - Freedman's Bureau to educate black children

Denial of black rights in the south

1. Redemption 2. KKK 3. Amnesty Act 4. Force Acts 5. In order to vote blacks had to read, write, and pay a poll tax (difficult to do since most of their money was spent on food for their families) 6. Grandfather Clause"

Election of 1868 and 15th amendment

15th amendment- voting/suffrage could not be denied based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" This would help ensure republican support in South b/c after implementing this law, African Americans would vote for republicans. ** Grant won in 1868 election

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres of virtually free land to those willing to move west and improve the property.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet ( unconstitutional )

Southern states rejoined the union by ______, but the ______ still remained in the South

1871; military

Civil rights act of 1875 struck down in

1883

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." - Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 45. Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South? (A) The industrialization of the South (B) The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (C) The process of readmitting Confederate states (D) The extent of federal legislative power 46. The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South (B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South (C) The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy (D) The rise of the Whig Party in the South 47. Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because (A) Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful (B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners (C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment (D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics

45. C 46. B 47. C

11. A distinguishing feature of American society in the early nineteenth century was the (A) increasing readership of newspapers (B) lack of enthusiasm for religious reform (C) embrace of an aristocratic hierarchy (D) creation of original forms of art and architecture (E) dislike of voluntary associations

A

15. "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 The decision excerpted most directly reflected growing belief after the Second World War that the power of the federal government should be used to (A) promote greater racial justice (B) revitalize cities (C) foster economic opportunity (D) defend traditional visions of morality

A

48. Which of the following was true of the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases and the 1883 Civil Rights cases? (A) They weakened the protections given to African Americans under the Fourteenth Amendment. (B) They weakened the protections given to women under the Fourteenth Amendment. (C) They were reversed in Plessy v. Ferguson. (D) They were concerned with the constitutionality of the Emancipation Proclamation. (E) They were deplored by PresidentGrant.

A

6. African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as (A) exodusters (B) homesteaders (C) scalawags (D) jayhawkers (E) the Colored Farmers' National Alliance

A

9. Support for slavery in the Southern states was based on all of the following reasons EXCEPT: (A) Most White families owned slaves. (B) Slaveholders believed that slaves were inferior and required White guardianship. (C) Slavery was condoned in the Bible. (D) White plantation owners feared abolition would destroy the South's economy. (E) Poor White farmers feared the economic competition of four million freed persons.

A

Minor v. Happersett

A Supreme Court decision in 1875 that ruled that citizenship does not give women the right to vote. So women were citizens, but they were not allowed to vote.

Fetterman Massacre

A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. * Renting land and paying via crops * If a drought or poor farming hit, tenants would be in trouble * Crop-Lien: - Sharecroppers and tenant farmers, who did not own the land they worked, obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants. - Usually led to debt for borrowers (former slaves)

Scalawags

A white Southerner in support of radical republicans (seen as traitors)

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

Among the homesteaders were

African Americans who migrated out of the South in search of independence and land in the newly opened frontier. ** Also Mexicans

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Grandfather Clause

Allowed African Americans to vote only if their grandfathers could vote before 1867 (Not one African American had this)

Morill Act

Allowed states to sell land and use $ for colleges and universities (Agricultural colleges)

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

12. In the last half of the nineteenth century, the New South advocates supported (A) elimination of convict leasing (B) expansion of southern industry (C) creation of a southern literature critical of the Old South (D) elimination of Jim Crow segregation (E) limitation on West Indian migration to the United States

B

30. The Republican Party of the 1850s took which of the following positions on slavery? (A) Residents of territories could decide on the basis of popular sovereignty whether to have slavery. (B) Slavery could remain where it existed but should not be extended into territories or new states. (C) The federal government should abolish slavery. (D) The federal government should purchase slaves from their masters and relocate them to the west coast of Africa. (E) Slavery was a state issue, and the federal government should play no role in its regulation.

B

35. During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the (A) creation of large commercial and banking centers (B) spread of sharecropping (C) rise of large-scale commercial farming (D) decline of the textile industry (E) emergence of the cotton economy

B

52. After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over (A) creation of a sharecropping system in the South (B) legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males (C) use of military forces to keep order in the South (D) reliance on female workers in Northern factories (E) redemption of green back dollars for gold currency

B

"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 16. Which of the following sets of Supreme Court decisions demonstrated the strongest continuity with the idea expressed in the excerpt? A-Decisions endorsing the constitutionality of the death penalty, such as Gregg v. Georgia B- Decisions limiting affirmative action programs, such as Regents of the University of California v. Bakke C- Decisions defining individual rights and protections, such as Miranda v. Arizona D- Decisions defining election laws, such as Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

C

Impeachment

Charges against a president for committing a misdemeanor/ high crime while in office. The case would go to the senate for hearing. ** In Johnson's impeachment he was voted not guilty because the act congress said he violated was unconstitutional.

What was central to black communities? Who were the leaders?

Church; ministers

14th Amendment

Citizenship to all those born in US (made the Act of 1866 permanent)

The "Crime of 1873" refers to

Coinage Act- law that put the US on the gold standard, not silver

"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 14. Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision excerpted? (A) Radicals critiqued government actions as doing too little to transform the racial status quo. (B) Education advocates raised awareness of the effect of poverty on students' opportunities. (C) Civil rights activists became increasingly divided over tactical and philosophical issues. (D) Segregationists in southern states temporarily closed many public schools in an effort to resist the decision.

D

17. "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 The Brown decision reversed which of the following earlier decisions? (A) Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review (B) Worcester v. Georgia, which established that the federal government rather than individual states had authority in American Indian affairs (C) Dred Scott v. Sandford, which proclaimed that slaves could not be citizens (D) Plessy v. Ferguson, which endorsed racial segregation laws

D

47. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following was the principal public opponent of lynching in the South? (A) Booker T. Washington (B) Theodore Roosevelt (C) Robert M. La Follette (D) Ida B. Wells (E) Susan B. Anthony

D

67. Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction? A- The passage of the Black Codes B- A permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party C- The creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states D-The formation of the Ku Klux Klan E- Widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves

D

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Defined citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. (Granted blacks rights protected equally by law)

What makes up the Great Plains?

Dry Farming

45. All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s and 1850s EXCEPT the (A) enforcement of a new fugitive slave law (B) decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case (C) imposition of a gag rule in the House of Representatives (D) proposal of the Ostend Manifesto (E) passage of the Wilmot Proviso

E

49. Settlement house workers of the late nineteenth century would most likely have engaged in all of the following EXCEPT (A) establishing day nurseries for working mothers (B) offering literacy and language classes for immigrants (C) publishing reports on deplorable housing conditions (D) teaching classes on cooking and dressmaking (E) organizing women workers into labor unions

E

John Wesley Powell

Geologist, warned people that so little rain fell in the midwest, farming was only possible through mass irrigation

what forces sparked astronomical growth in the 19th century?

Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny, climate, Railroad, job opportunity, diversity

Why was Clinton inaguarated?

He lied to congress about having an affair

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

He violated the Tenure of Office Act that was implemented to keep him from removing republicans from office. However, he really was wanted out of office because of his stubborn defiance against Congress on Reconstruction. Johnson was impeached for removing the secretary of war from office but he was not removed from office!! ** Fell one vote short of removal

What were the main struggles after the Civil War?

How should the South be readmitted? Should leaders be punished or welcomed back?

US joined Europe in using gold (in the 1870s backing paper money with gold). Consequence:

Hurt those in debt (less $ in circulation) and became a major issue of the East vs West

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis

Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Indian Boarding Schools

Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men". ex. Carlisle

In what ways did the outlook of native peoples change in the era after armed resistance had ended?

It changed by the Indians blending with the whites after the resistance had ended.

How did Grant's peace policy fail to consider the needs of Native Americans in the West, and what were its results?

It led to the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Congress vs. President

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau bill. March 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson's vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

Meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war. Said "no malice" towards South

Woman Suffrage Denied!!!! Why?

Most men opposed women suffrage- "Separate spheres" The women's right's group was split!

American Fever

Nickname for the desire to come to America from Europeans.

Carpetbaggers

Northerns that moved South after reconstruction to profit from the Reconstruction. - Doctors, lawyers, teachers

Force Acts

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was eventually struck down by

Plessy v Ferguson

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy until formed back into union then became part of senate.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Provided food, education, and assistance to former slaves and poor whites. - Biggest success was in education (schools in South)

Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings.

In order to vote, African Americans had to be able to

Read, write and pay Poll Tax. This prevented a lot of African Americans from voting because many of them could not read, write, or pay the poll tax (they needed their money to provide for their families) so even though they now had the write to legally vote, they couldn't.

George Armstrong Custer

Reckless U.S. general who lost his life at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war. * Reconstruction Act of 1867 * States must provide suffrage for blacks and deny it to ex.Confederates * Impeachment of Andrew Johnson * Election of 1868 and 15th amendment

Comstock Lode

Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859.

Ex Parte Crow Dog

Ruled Native Americans were not citizens/ wards of the government (Brought down in 1930s by FDR w/ Indian Reorganization Act)

What is missing from the 15th amendment?

The 15th amendment doesn't say anything about gender!!! only race.

Treaty of Kanagawa

US could refuel ships, later could trade

"Seward's Folly" ice box

US purchased Alaska from Russia which later proved to be extremely valuable because of the mineral resources Alaska had hidden.

William Seward

US senator who negotiated purchase of Alaska

Describe the unravel of the Republicans

The Panic of 1878 hurt the country financially, and Republican goals in the south- cost money. Stories of corruption hurt the Republican Party The Disillusioned Liberals

Lincoln/Johnson Plan

The President and Vice President's plan for Reconstruction. It called for treating former Confederates well, and making it easy for the former Confederate States to rejoin the Union. It was meant to be a quick and easy process so that the Union could heal. * Amnesty (pardon/ forgiveness) to most confederates * States could be readmitted once 10% of voters in 1860 pledged loyalty and ratified 13th amendment

Dakota Sioux Uprising

The Sioux weren't given the stuff they were promised by the federal government so they uprose against the federal government and killed some of the settlers. Result: Sand creek massacre where over 100 women and children of the Cheyenne Indians were killed by the CO military

What happened under congress's radical reconstruction plan (reconstruction act 1867/ military reconstruction)?

The South split into 5 military districts under control of Union officers. To re-enter the Union, the states had to give the vote to the Freedman , but not to Confederacy leaders.

Davis Bill

The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was created by the Radical Republicans, who believed that absolute punishment had to be levied against the South as a condition of re-admittance during Reconstruction. The bill called for a complete abolition of slavery to prevent it from surviving in any way after the war. (Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln in 1864).

Brown v. Board of Education

The court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place. The justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

What factors led to the creation of the first national parks?

The factors that led to the creation of the first national parks was the idea of people fearing rampant overdevelopment and Powell's plan of rethinking land use.

What factors led to the warfare between whites and native peoples on the plains?

The factors that led to warfare between whits and native people on the plains were the western whites feeling vulnerable to Indian attacks due to the Union fighting the Confederacy during the civil war and Chivington's attack on the Cheyenne's when they were out hunting.

Republican Governments in the South

Union League Scalawags Carpetbaggers

After Grants election, Johnson became a "lame duck" president. What does that mean?

The official is often seen as having less influence with other politicians due to their limited time left in office after their successor has been elected.

General Mining Act of 1872

United States federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands. - Devastated the land

Buffalo Bill Cody

United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)

How did post-Civil War reformers believe they were improving U.S. Indian policies, and in what ways did that prove to be true and untrue?

They believed they were improving U.S. Indian policies by declaring them as "domestic dependent nations". It was true because they are in the border of the U.S. It is untrue because the U.S. don't have the right to claim the Indians since the Indians were at their land first.

What federal policies lead to the rise of America's industrial economy, and what were their results?

Things such as the gold standard and the Crime of 1873 contributed to the rise of America's industrial economy. The result was Republican policymakers sharply limiting the nation's money supply to the level of available gold.

Timber industries grew in NW.

This altered the environment

Women gained full citizenship in

Utah

Emmeline Wells

Women's right advocate. Served as president of Mormon church

Creation of National Parks starting with

Yellow Stone

Natasha

You are ****ing amazing!!

The rise of big businesses encouraged

large scale migrations, urbanization, and new efforts to reshape the environment and economy. - Westward migration, new farming, and transportation technologies, and economic unrest led to conflicts.

Blizzard of 1886-1887

left many cowboys broke led to collapse of cattle boom

Federal Government gave

loans, subsidies, and land grants

Freed slaves hoped for land ownership, but instead got

low wages, sharecropping, and stuck to the land

U.S. Fisheries Commission

made recommendations to stem the decline in wild fish (We were almost fished out)

The reservations set aside for the Native Americans by the federal government proved to be woefully inadequate with

marginal land, poor supplies, corrupt government officials who were charged with administering them, not to mention the loss of traditional ways of life for the Indian nations.

Although blacks still faced unbelievably harsh conditions, life was mostly better than the Antebellum Era (pre Civil War). Blacks received the rights to _______

marry, be educated, and travel

The Great Plains was also home to

numerous Native American tribes

Emerging industrial and culture =

opportunity and restriction for immigrants, minorities, and women - Transcontinental railroads intensifies westward migration threatening culture identity and very existence of native Americans.

Union League

organization for blacks and white Republicans to share political news and voting procedures for blacks

Greenbacks

paper money

Amnesty Act

pardoned most former Confederates (They could be elected into office)

Yellowstone National Park Act

preserves the watershed of the Yellowstone River for the benefit and enjoyment of the people

Burlingame Treaty

protected US missionaries in China, emigration of Chinese to US (cheap labor)