Phil 102 - Unit One
You decide to buy a bat and a ball. Together they cost $1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? $1 .10 .05 .01
.05
All CSN students are able to find the solution to the math problem 2+2 because: you can't help it your system one 'does the problem for you' it is impossible for you NOT to do the problem the answer occurred to you automatically all of the above
All of the above
Critical thinking or using your system 2 is: difficult takes will power does not come easily or naturally harder when you are tired all of the above
All of the above
How are beliefs in alternative medical remedies (e.g. Airborne) strengthened by confirmation bias? you only remember the times that Airborne 'worked' but you don't remember when it didn't you may attribute improvement to Airborne but it is actually the placebo effect you may attribute improvement to Airborne but you were recovering anyway. all of the above
All of the above
How can individuals, governments and corporations avoid making the planning fallacy They can use reference class forecasting They can consider the things that can and will go wrong They can predict that a project will take more time and money than they would hope All of the above.
All of the above
Jumping to conclusions is efficient if: The jump saves time and effort The cost of mistakes is low The conclusion is likely to be correct All of the above
All of the above
Most CSN students do not opt to figure out 24 x 17 when asked to do so in class because: system two is lazy using system two takes effort system two is not always easy or fun to use all of the above
All of the above
Sometimes racist beliefs are "fed" through confirmation bias. How does this happen? You see what you are expecting to see in the world. You only notice the instances that confirm your belief but do not notice the instances that disconfirm your belief Your memory is selective all of the above
All of the above
System one works best in which of the following scenarios? reading facial expressions in performing habitual tasks recognizing danger to survival all of the above
All of the above
The "fix" for confirmation bias is: Be honest about your prior commitment to your belief: are you willing to be wrong? Are you only searching for evidence that will prove you right? Are you looking for disconfirming evidence? Ask yourself if you did a complete survey of the evidence or did you stop when you got the answer you're wanted. all of the above
All of the above
The phenomena of WYSIATI is what? we disregard important information we don't have we focus only on the information we have to construct a coherent story we are not fully aware of what we don't know all of the above
All of the above
The planning fallacy is the universal human tendency to: overestimate how much we can get done underestimate the time that tasks will take underestimate the energy that it will take the complete tasks believe that we will get better outcomes that we do all of the above
All of the above
What is confirmation bias? looking only for the information that supports your views. biased search for evidence biased interpretation of evidence only seeing the things that have recently been on your mind all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following are examples of the planning fallacy? the construction of the Scottish Parliament building kitchen remodels of American homeowners public and private railway projects undertaken between 1969 and 1998 All of the above.
All of the above
Which of the following factors might make it more difficult to use your system 2 to think critically: skipping meals being on a strict diet having to make a lot of difficult decisions trying to look cool in class all of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of the confirmation bias: believing that your dreams are prophetic because you remember the two times they came true and don't remember the 1,000 times they didn't seeing your car model everywhere on the road it is so weird how people die in groups of three all of the above.
All of the above
Why do most students get the bat and ball problem wrong? They do not check their work They use their system I and not their system II They have a lazy system II All of the above
All of the above
System two works best when: calculating difficult math problems reading body language playing a sport you are good at finding your way around your hometown
Calculating difficult math problems
There is a lake with lily pads on it. Each day the patch of lily pads doubles. On the 48th day, the pond is entirely covered with lily pads. On what day was the pond half-covered with lily pads? Day 24 Day 12 Day 47 Day 9
Day 47
True/False: Jumping to conclusions is an activity of system 2.
False
True/False: Large-scale projects like bridges, highways, railroads and tunnels are often completed on time.
False
True/False: One way people commit confirmation bias is by forming a hypothesis and then working to find evidence that would disprove that hypothesis.
False
True/False: System One is very careful about the quality of information that it is given and will not jump to conclusions without considering sources.
False
True/False: The planning fallacy only affects large government projects, not private or personal projects.
False
The importance of first impressions is explained by the Availability Heuristic Halo Effect Planning Fallacy Post Hoc Fallacy
Halo Effect
If we suddenly lost access to system one and had to use system two to assess threats to our survival, what might happen? humankind would not survive very long humans would have be better at math and statistics humans would have larger brains none of the above
Humankind would not survive very long
The WYSIATI rule generates what state of mind in humans? overconfidence skepticism incoherence none of the above
Overconfidence
When we can easily do two things at once like drive a car and read a billboard, this tells you that we are probably using _______________ for these activities. system one system two both systems one and two
System one
According to the lecture, what is the "critical thinking" system of your mind. System one System two
System two
Multiplying the numbers 17 x 24 is a task for which mental system? System one System two
System two
Why do the majority of students get the bat and ball problem wrong? the problem is hard students accept the answer that the intuitive system 1 gives without using their "critical thinking" system 2
students accept the answer that the intuitive system 1 gives without using their "critical thinking" system 2
What mistake does Kahneman's textbook writing group make in planning? They forget to use the inside view They do not give the outside view the attention it deserves They a lot too much time to their book-writing project They are too pessimistic and plan for the worst
They do not give the outside view the attention it deserves
True/False: According to research on ego-depletion, it is harder to think "critically" after making your self do strenuous and unpleasant physical exercise.
True
True/False: According to the article, the main reason pundits like Rachel Maddow, Anne Coulter, Rush Limbaugh and Bill O'Reilly are so popular is that people tune in to have their beliefs confirmed.
True
True/False: Conspiracy theories are fed by confirmation bias. If you are looking for evidence that the earth is flat, or that the moon landing is faked, or that Bigfoot exists, you will find it.
True
True/False: Even your memories are affected by confirmation bias. You recall those things which support your beliefs and forget about those things that do not support your beliefs.
True
True/False: For "critical thinking," it is more important to be an active and engaged thinker (i.e. not lazy) than it is to be smart.
True
True/False: Humans will often create the most coherent story possible (and believe that story) out of the most partial, slight and biased information.
True
True/False: If your system two can get away with it, it will let system one do all the work and just take it easy.
True
True/False: One way to define "critical thinking" is learning when to use your system two to check up on your system one.
True
True/False: System II is effortful, slow, and difficult to use.
True
True/False: System One is gullible and biased toward belief.
True
True/False: System Two is in charge of doubt, skepticism and disbelief.
True
True/False: System one works really well when it is doing what it is good at but will jump to the wrong conclusions when used for System II activities.
True
True/False: The "inside view" is generated by our feelings and personal experiences. It is subjective, not objective.
True
True/False: The confidence that individuals have in their beliefs depends mostly on the quality of the story they can tell about what they see (coherence), even if they have very little information.
True
True/False: The operation of mental system one requires little to no effort.
True
True/False: Using mental system two (often) takes effort and concentration.
True
True/False: When someone is using the "outside view" they will take a step back from their inner feelings of optimism and use objective base rate information and statistics.
True
What is "search satisfaction" or the "makes sense stopping rule?" The feeling of satisfaction a person gets when they find an object they have lost You stop looking once you find the information that fits with what you already believe You stop researching when you have completed a full survey of all the relevant research none of the above
You stop looking once you find the information that fits with what you already believe
