Physical Science chapter 9

When naming an ionic compound, the _____ ion is always named first. To name the negative ion, the root of the element name is added to the suffix _____.

metal; -ide

An easy way to produce the electrically neutral chemical formula for an ionic compound is to cross over the absolute ____ numbers and use them as ____.

Charge, subscripts

Match the element with the appropriate valence.

C 4 N 3 H 1 O 2

Covalent

C-C bond

Polar covalent

C-F bond

Substance formed from the chemical combination of two or more elements

Compound

Match the Electronegativity difference between two atoms with the correct type of bond.

1.7 or greater - ionic bond Between 0.5 and 1.7 - polar covalent bond 0.5 or less - covalent bond

Oxygen has a valence of ----- , meaning that it can either make two single bonds or one ----bond.

2 double

When Sr ionizes it forms an ion with the charge ____ and when K ionizes it forms an ion with the charge ____.

2, 1

A generic chemical equation is depicted below. Match the symbols in the chemical equation with their correct identities.

A and B = Reactions -> = Yields C = Products

Which of the following statements correctly describe a polar covalent bond? (Select all that apply.)

A covalent bond between atoms whose electronegativities differ is polar. In a polar covalent bond, the bonding electrons spend more time near the more electronegative atom.

Which of the following statements are true about a molecule with a dipole? (Select all that apply.)

A molecule is a dipole when there is an uneven distribution of electrons. A molecule with a dipole is electrically neutral.

Element

Calcium

In a chemical reaction, energy is ____ if the products have more potential energy than the reactants. If energy is ____, then the products have less potential energy than the reactants.

Absorbed, released

Forms ions of the same charge as the family number

Alkali and alkaline earth metals

Smallest unit of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other elements

Atom

One of the common names for sodium bicarbonate is ____ soda, because it is used as leaving agent in baked goods.

Baking

A covalent compound is a compound that contains only covalent ____.

Bonds

The number of covalent ____ formed by a particular element is called its valence.

Bonds

Two atoms may bond by sharing electrons. This type of bond is called a(n) ____ bond.

Covalent

The number of ____ bonds typically made by a nonmetal can be determined from the periodic table by subtracting the ____ number from 8.

Covalent, family

Ionic compounds are typically ____ at room temperature, and ones that will dissolve in water produce a solution that can conduct ____.

Crystalline solids, electricity

2

Di

A molecule that consists of two of the same atom bound together

Diatomic molecule

A molecule that has a positive and a negative pole is called a(n) ____.

Dipole

What about acetate ions, C2H3O2--, makes them polyatomic?

Each charged group of ions combines to act as a single charged ion.

The relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared electron pairs is called its ____.

Electronegativity

The ____ number, on the periodic table, indicates the number of valence electrons an atom will gain or lose to achieve the same electron configuration as the nearest ____ gas.

Family, noble

7

Hepta-

6

Hexa-

Which of the following statements correctly describe a covalent bond? (Select all that apply.)

If the two atoms in a covalent bond approach too closely, they will repel each other. As two atoms form a covalent bond, the stability of the system increases. A stable covalent bond is formed through nucleus-electron attractions.

Electronegativity tends to ____ from left to right across a period of the periodic table and tends to ____ down a group.

Increase, decrease

Elements combine in three ways. In ____ compounds, electrons are transferred from one element to the other, whereas in ____ compounds, electrons are shared between atoms. Third, in ____ bounding, electrons are shared between a large number of atoms in an electron sea.

Ionic, covalent, metallic

Bonding between atoms in compounds is typically described in one of two ways; by treating the atoms in a molecule as ____ atoms with charges occurring in their outer valence shells, or by describing a new orbital formed upon combining atoms called a(n) ____ orbital.

Isolated, molecular

If energy is absorbed in a chemical reaction, then it appears on the ____ side of the reaction arrow in the chemical equation. If energy is released, it appears on the ____ side.

Left, right

Lithium iodide (Lil) is an ionic compound. The metal lithium ____ an electron to form the ion Li and the nonmetal iodine ____ an electron to form the ion l. The ions are held together by ____ in a crystal lattice.

Loses, gains, a strong electrostatic attraction

When naming an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion, the parent name of the ____ ion is named first and the parent name of the ____ ion is named second.

Metal, polyatomic

Smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic chemical properties of a substance

Molecule

The term ____ is not typically used to describe ionic solids due to the absence of discrete units in their crystal lattice structure.

Molecule

A molecule that consists of one atom

Monatomic molecule

1

Mono-

When writing the chemical formula for an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion, parenthesis are included if ____ polyatomic ion is present. The subscript is included ____ the parentheses to indicate the number of polyatomic ions present.

More than one, outside

In the modern naming system, Roman numerals are used to name ionic compounds containing a metal that can form ____ ion(s). The Roman numeral specifies the ____ on the metal.

Multiple, charge

Dinitrogen monoxide

N2O

Dinitrogen trioxide

N2O3

Dinitrogen pentoxide

N2O5

Nitrogen monoxide

NO

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

Ionic

Na-F bond

Forms ions with a charge equal to their family number

Nonmetals

A covalent bond is typically formed between two ____. This bond involves the ____ of one or more electron pairs between the two atoms.

Nonmetals, sharing

The ____ rule states that when atoms bond, they may gain, lose, or share electrons in order to attain an outer level contains eight electrons.

Octet

An ionic bond results when ____ charges attract. The elements involved in an ionic bond are typically a metal and a(n) ____.

Opposite, nonmetal

5

Penta-

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally is called a(n) ____ covalent bond. The atoms of the bond have partial negative and positive ____ due to an unequal electron distribution.

Polar, charges

An ion that contains two or more atoms bonded together but that has an overall charge is called a ____ ion. Many ____ compounds contain such species.

Polyatomic, ionic

When writing out the chemical formula of an ionic compound, first write the symbol of the ____ ion and then the symbol of the ____ ion. Next include ____ in order to indicate the number of ions needed to produce a neutral compound.

Positive, negative, subscripts

Many transition elements form ____ ions with ____ charges.

Positive, variable

What is the correct name for KCIO3?

Potassium chlorate

Chemical energy describes changes in internal ____ energy.

Potential

When naming a covalent compound, the number of atoms of each element is indicated by a Greek numeral ____. The first element in the name is numbered only when more than ____ atom(s) of that element is (are) present.

Prefix, one

Which of the following options is the correct systematic name for Na2CO3?

Sodium carbonate

Chemical formulas describe what elements are present in a compound and in what proportions. The proportions are indicated by a ____ on the lower ____ of the element's symbol.

Subscript, right

Which of the following is the correct name for the covalent compound SO2?

Sulfur dioxide

To represent an ion, the charge on the ion is written as a right ____ next to the element symbol. If the charge is greater than one, the number I'd usually written ____ the positive or negative sign.

Superscript, before

Which of the following statements about the ions formed by transition elements are true? (Select all that apply.)

The ions formed by some transition elements are not easily predicted from the periodic table. Transition elements produce positive ions.

What is an atom's valence?

The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom

Which statement correctly describes inner electrons?

These electrons are in stable, fully occupied orbitals.

The covalently bonded species shown has ____ bonding pair(s) and ____ lone pair(s).

Three, one

A molecule that consists of three of the same atom bound together

Triatomic molecule

The amount of energy released to form a compound from its elements is the same as the amount of energy required when the same compound is decomposed to its elements.

True

The chemical formula for the ionic compound K2S indicates that there is(are) ____ K+ ion(s) for every ____ S2- ion(s).

Two, one

Elements combine to form ionic compounds by gaining or loosing ____ electrons. The number of electrons lost must ____ the number of electrons gaines in order to form a neutral compound.

Valence, equal

Compound

Water

A(n) ______ bond results if the absolute difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms is 0.5 or less. If the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 1.7, a(n) ______ bond results.

covalent; ionic

A covalent bond arises from the net attraction between the _____ of each atom and the electrons of the other, and results in electrons being _____ between the two atoms.

nucleus; shared

Which of the following statements are true about writing the chemical formula of an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion from its chemical name?

•A subscript of 1 is implied if no subscript is present in the chemical formula. •The metal (or ammonium) ion is written first in the chemical formula.

Which of the following statements about a chemical reaction are true?

•Chemical bonds are broken and/or made during a chemical reaction. •A chemical reaction is the process used to describe a chemical change.

Which of the following options are correct names for ionic compounds?

•Copper (II) sulfide •Rubidium chloride

Which of the following options correctly describe the general trends in Electronegativity?

•Electronegativity tends to decrease down a group of the periodic table. •Metals tend to have lower Electronegativities than nonmetals.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound?

•For single-charge nonmetal ions, the element name is changed to end in -ide. •The positive ion is named first and the negative ion is named second.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a covalent bond?

•If the two atoms in a covalent bond approach too closely, they will repel each other. •As two atoms form a covalent bond, the stability of the system increases. •A stable covalent bond is formed through nucleus-electron attractions.

Which of the following options describe the correct format used to represent a chemical compound?

•If there is no subscript present for an atom in a compound, the subscript is assumed to be 1. •The number of atoms and/or ions in the formula is indicated by a script.

Which of the following statements about writing the chemical formula of an ionic compound from its chemical name are true?

•Include parenthesis and a subscript outside the parenthesis if there is no more than one polyatomic ion in the compound. •Add subscripts to indicate the number of ions needed to produce a neutral compound.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the bonding in the ionic compound KBr?

•Ionic bonds generally form when a metal reacts with a nonmetal. •K loses an electron to form the ion K. •The attraction between oppositely charged ions is called the ionic bond.

In an electron dot structure, what can two dots represent?

•Lone pair •Bonding pair

Which of the following statements about metallic bonds are true?

•Metallic bonds are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of metals. •Metallic bonds are formed in solid metals such as copper.

Which of the following statements is true about the models used to describe bonding between atoms in a molecule?

•The molecular orbital description considers that the bonding electrons belong to the whole molecule. •The molecular orbital representation describes the formation of new orbitals upon bonding

Which of the following statements correctly describe the different types of covalent bonds?

•When atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond. •A triple bond is denoted by drawing three lines between two atoms. •A multiple bond involves the sharing of two or more electron pairs between two atoms.

Which of the following statements are true about the difference in Electronegativity of two bonded atoms?

•When the difference in Electronegativity between two bonded atoms is taken, the absolute value of this number is used for evaluation. •The difference in Electronegativity between two bonded atoms can be used to predict whether a bond is ionic or covalent.